Single-Sex Versus Mixed-Sex Classes and Gender Schemata in Children and Adolescents: A Longitudinal Comparison

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret L. Signorella ◽  
Irene Hanson Frieze ◽  
Susanne W. Hershey
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Parochial Schools ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Longitudinal Comparison ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Over Time

Positive effects for women and girls of all-female schools have been proposed, although there is relatively little clear empirical support for these beneficial results. Much of the cited research is based on elite all-female institutions or on parochial schools. This study takes advantage of the change of a private, nonparochial school from all girls to both sexes. Longitudinal data from grades 2 through 12 were collected over the course of the academic year to study the results of this transition. Stereotyping declined with age and over time in both types of classrooms. Girls in single-sex classrooms showed some tendency to be more stereotyped in their perceptions of mixed-sex classrooms than did the girls who were actually in that setting. Thus, none of the measures showed any significant increase over time in stereotyping among girls in mixed-sex classes. Implications of these findings are discussed.

A longitudinal comparison of customer satisfaction and customer-company identification in a service context

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 730-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Hsin Huang ◽  
Zhao-Hong Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Service Firms ◽  
Relationship Dynamics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Complementary Role ◽  
Longitudinal Comparison ◽  
Company Identification ◽  
Over Time

Purpose Customer satisfaction (CS) and customer-company identification (CCI) are two important relational constructs and play a complementary role in the service-profit chain. Drawing from the theory of relationship dynamics, the purpose of this paper is to define CS velocity and CCI velocity as the rate and direction of change in CS and CCI, respectively. A comparison of the relative effects of CCI velocity and CS velocity on customer loyalty is done through a latent growth curve modeling approach. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual model is developed and empirically tested based on four waves of a longitudinal survey of 213 restaurant customers. Findings The results show that both CCI velocity and CS velocity have positive effects on customer loyalty. More importantly, the effects of CCI velocity on customer loyalty over time are stronger than those of CS velocity. The moderation analysis further shows that the higher the frequency of visits to the service firm, the stronger the effects of relationship velocity on customer loyalty. Practical implications The results provide new insights for service marketing managers by suggesting that, to benefit the long-term effectiveness of relationship investments, service firms should shift the priority from increasing CS to engendering CCI. Originality/value This paper contributes to the theory of relationship dynamics by conceptualizing new constructs of CS velocity and CCI velocity and by empirically comparing their relative effects on customer loyalty over time.

scholarly journals Food intake in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study from 2009/2010 to 2015/2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria N. Tell ◽  
Katarina Hedin ◽  
Mats Nilsson ◽  
Marie Golsäter ◽  
Hans Lingfors
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
School Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The aim was to describe food intake over time in children and adolescents, with respect to age and gender. The present study was a repeated cross-sectional study using self-reported data from a health questionnaire. Data were collected from the School Health Services in south-east Sweden from 44 297 students, 10, 13–14 and 16 years of age, 48 % girls and 52 % boys from 2009/2010 to 2015/2016. Reported intakes for eight foods were analysed in relation to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations. Seventeen per cent of the students reported an intake in line with the recommendations for at least six of the eight foods fish, vegetables, fruit, mealtime beverages, juice/chocolate drinks, sugar-sweetened beverages, sweets/snacks and pastries. Intake of at least two fruits a day was the recommendation that was followed by the lowest proportion of students (30 %), and this result was stable over the study period. There was a gradual increase over time in the proportion of students who reported an intake in line with the recommendations. Younger students compared to older students, as well as girls compared to boys, reported intakes in line with the recommendations to a statistically significant larger extent. Few students reported intakes in line with the recommendations, although the quality of food intake seems to improve over time. The present results indicate a deterioration in reported food intake in the early years of adolescence. Finding methods to support all children and especially older adolescents to eat healthier, including eating more fruit, is of great importance to public health.

Conventions and temporal differences in painted faces: A study of posture and color distribution

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (11) ◽  
pp. 267-1-267-8
Author(s):  
Mitchell J.P. van Zuijlen ◽  
Sylvia C. Pont ◽  
Maarten W.A. Wijntjes
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Art Galleries ◽  
Art Collections ◽  
Color Distribution ◽  
Scientific Domain ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

The human face is a popular motif in art and depictions of faces can be found throughout history in nearly every culture. Artists have mastered the depiction of faces after employing careful experimentation using the relatively limited means of paints and oils. Many of the results of these experimentations are now available to the scientific domain due to the digitization of large art collections. In this paper we study the depiction of the face throughout history. We used an automated facial detection network to detect a set of 11,659 faces in 15,534 predominately western artworks, from 6 international, digitized art galleries. We analyzed the pose and color of these faces and related those to changes over time and gender differences. We find a number of previously known conventions, such as the convention of depicting the left cheek for females and vice versa for males, as well as unknown conventions, such as the convention of females to be depicted looking slightly down. Our set of faces will be released to the scientific community for further study.

scholarly journals 234 Sleep quality during the coronavirus pandemic in a Brazilian family-based cohort

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A93-A94
Author(s):  
Tamara Taporoski ◽  
Felipe Beijamini ◽  
Francieli Ruiz ◽  
Sabrina Ahmed ◽  
Malcolm von Schantz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽  
Subjective Sleep Quality ◽  
Full Sample ◽  
Rural Town ◽  
Heart Study ◽  
Longitudinal Comparison ◽  
Family Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Stratified Analysis

Abstract Introduction Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, Brazil adopted measures to minimize the spread of the virus, including quarantine orders where people only left home for essential business. This practice could negatively impact sleep by reducing exposure to daylight and physical activity. We examined subjective sleep quality in Baependi, a small rural town in Brazil during the COVID-19 quarantine order. Methods This sample is from the Baependi Heart Study, a family-based cohort of adults. Participants (n=800, 71% women, mean age 51.6±15.6 years) completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) early in the COVID pandemic (April-May, 2020). They were also asked about their compliance to the quarantine order (yes/no). We compared sleep between quarantined (QT) and not-quarantined individuals (NQT). Longitudinal data was obtained from a subsample of 417 individuals who also completed a pre-COVID PSQI between January, 2010 and September, 2014. Results Individuals compliant with the quarantine had worse sleep quality than non-quarantined individuals [QT PSQI= 6.1 (±3.9), NQT PSQI= 5.0 (±3.5), p<0.01]. Stratified analysis showed that differences in PSQI scores between QT and NQT was greater for women [QT = 6.4 (±4), NQT = 5.2 (±3.7), p<0.01] and older people [QT = 6.6 (±0.1), NQT = 5.5 (±3.3), p=0.02]. Associations were attenuated after adjusting for age and gender. PSQI components demonstrated a higher sleep latency for the QT group in the full sample (p=0.02), women (p<0.01) and young (<50 years, p=0.03). Sleep duration was shorter in the QT young subsample (p=0.03). QT women also reported lower sleep efficiency (p=0.01) and greater use of sleep medication than NQT women (p<0.01). In the longitudinal subsample, PSQI scores were significantly higher during COVID than pre-pandemic [COVID= 5.7 (±3.8), pre-COVID= 5 (±3.3), p<0.01]. The significant change in PSQI was only observed in the QT participants [COVID= 5.9 (±3.7), pre-COVID= 5.2 (±3.4), p<0.01] and not NQT [COVID= 5 (±3.7), pre-COVID= 4.5 (±3), p=0.12. Conclusion Individuals who quarantined during COVID-19 had worse sleep quality than individuals who did not quarantine. Longitudinal comparison demonstrated that participants who quarantined had worse sleep quality during COVID compared to before to the pandemic. Support (if any) NIH 1R01HL141881

scholarly journals The Inclusion of Rights of People with Disabilities and Women and Girls in Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Policy Documents and Programs of Bangladesh and Cambodia: Content Analysis Using EquiFrame

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5087
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Scherer ◽  
Islay Mactaggart ◽  
Chelsea Huggett ◽  
Pharozin Pheng ◽  
Mahfuj-ur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Gender Inclusion ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
And Gender

People with disabilities and as women and girls face barriers to accessing water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services and facilities that fully meet their needs, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Women and girls with disabilities experience double discrimination. WASH policies should support and uphold the concepts of disability and gender inclusion, and they should also act as a guide to inform WASH programs and service delivery. Using a modified version of the EquiFrame content analysis tool, this study investigated the inclusion of 21 core concepts of human rights of people with disabilities and women and girls in 16 WASH policy documents and seven end-line program reports from Bangladesh and Cambodia. Included documents typically focused on issues of accessibility and neglected wider issues, including empowerment and support for caregivers. The rights of children and women with disabilities were scarcely focused on specifically, despite their individual needs, and there was a disconnect in the translation of certain rights from policy to practice. Qualitative research is needed with stakeholders in Bangladesh and Cambodia to investigate the inclusion and omission of core rights of people with disabilities, and women and girls, as well as the factors contributing to the translation of rights from policy to practice.

scholarly journals Weaning Holstein Calves at 17 Weeks of Age Enables Smooth Transition from Liquid to Solid Feed

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1132
Author(s):  
Sarah Schwarzkopf ◽  
Asako Kinoshita ◽  
Jeannette Kluess ◽  
Susanne Kersten ◽  
Ulrich Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Over Time

Development of calves depends on prenatal and postnatal conditions. Primiparous cows were still maturing during pregnancy, which can lead to negative intrauterine conditions and affect the calf’s metabolism. It is hypothesized that weaning calves at higher maturity has positive effects due to reduced metabolic stress. We aimed to evaluate effects of mothers’ parity and calves’ weaning age on growth performance and blood metabolites. Fifty-nine female Holstein calves (38.8 ± 5.3 kg birth weight, about 8 days old) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with factors weaning age (7 vs. 17 weeks) and parity of mother (primiparous vs. multiparous cows). Calves were randomly assigned one of these four groups. Live weight, live weight gain and morphometry increased over time and were greater in calves weaned later. Metabolic indicators except total protein were interactively affected by time and weaning age. Leptin remained low in early-weaned calves born to primiparous cows, while it increased in the other groups. The results suggest that weaning more mature calves has a positive effect on body growth, and calves born to primiparous cows particularly benefit from this weaning regimen. It also enables a smooth transition from liquid to solid feed, which might reduce the associated stress of weaning.

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