The Beneficial Effects of Group-Based Exercises on Fall Risk Profile and Physical Activity Persist 1 Year Postintervention in Older Women with Low Bone Mass: Follow-Up After Withdrawal of Exercise

Aging is associated with a decline in bone mass, muscle mass, strength, and physical function, and women are more likely to suffer from these physical changes than men. The model presented in this paper illustrates the age related changes in anabolic hormones and how this may partly explain the diminished physical function of older women. The model can also be used to identify potential sites of intervention that could delay the atrophy of the musculoskeletal system. Various pharmacological hormone therapies have been shown to be beneficial, but there may be health risks associated with their use. There is evidence that regular physical activity is related to higher levels of anabolic hormones in older persons, therefore exercise could be an alternative to drugs for slowing the age related changes in the endocrine system. However, some research suggests that the hormone response to exercise is blunted in older women. This lower hormonal response may not be a consequence of aging per se but instead may result from secondary characteristics of aging such as a decline in physical fitness and exercise intensity or changes in body composition. Further research is needed to determine whether exercise-induced increases in endogenous hormones have clinical significance in improving muscle or bone mass in aging women. Key words: hormone replacement therapy, exercise, sex steroids, growth hormone, IGF-I

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Both resistance and agility training reduce back pain and improve health-related quality of life in older women with low bone mass

Osteoporosis International ◽

10.1007/s00198-005-1842-3 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 16 (11) ◽

pp. 1321-1329 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Teresa Y. L. Liu-Ambrose ◽

Karim M. Khan ◽

Janice J. Eng ◽

Stephen R. Lord ◽

Brian Lentle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Back Pain ◽

Bone Mass ◽

Older Women ◽

Health Related Quality ◽

Low Bone Mass ◽

Related Quality ◽

Health Related ◽

Improve Health

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Low bone mass and fast rate of bone loss at menopause: equal risk factors for future fracture. A 15-year follow-up study

Maturitas ◽

10.1016/s0378-5122(97)88490-3 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 154-155

Author(s):

B.J. Riis ◽

M.A. Hansen ◽

A.M. Jensen ◽

K. Overgaard ◽

C. Christiansen

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bone Loss ◽

Bone Mass ◽

Fast Rate ◽

Low Bone Mass ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Future Fracture ◽

Rate Of Bone Loss

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Effect of L-citrulline, L-leucine, and multicomponent exercises on body compositions, physical activity, and amino acid concentrations in older Japanese women with low body mass index: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-311313/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mijin Kim ◽

Hiroko Isoda ◽

Tomohiro Okura

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Bone Mass ◽

Older Women ◽

Body Mass ◽

Low Body Mass Index ◽

Amino Acid Concentrations

Abstract Background: The intake of citrulline (CIT) and leucine (LEU) can stimulate protein synthesis. However, the efficacy of the combined intervention of CIT and LEU intake with exercise on body composition and physical activity (PA) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of CIT and LEU intake and weight-bearing exercises (WBE) and square stepping exercise (SSE) for 20 weeks on body composition, PA, and amino acid concentration in older women with low body mass index (BMI) (16 to 21 kg/m 2 ). Methods: A total of 23 participants practiced WBE and SSE once a week for 75 minutes and were administered supplement (Ex + CIT·LEU group: CIT 0.8 g and LEU 1.6 g; Ex + Placebo group: 3.5 g carbohydrate) twice a day for 20 weeks. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. PA, including leisure-time, household, and occupational PA, was assessed using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly. Amino acid concentrations in the blood were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography.Results: Significant interactions were observed in the body weight, BMI, lean mass, body mass, household and total PA, tyrosine, and phenylalanine. The within-group analysis showed that tyrosine of post-intervention measurement (Post) significantly in both groups ( p < 0.05). Body weight, BMI, lean mass, body mass, household PA, total PA, and phenylalanine of Post increased significantly in the Ex + CIT·LEU group ( p < 0.05). Additionally, significant positive correlations were observed between the intake rate of supplements and bone mass ( r = 0.80) and between the practice rate of WBE at home and bone mineral density ( r = 0.66) in the Ex + CIT·LEU group. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the intake of CIT and LEU, with the practice of WBE and SSE, could improve body weight, muscle mass, bone mass, and PA in older women with low BMI, which may prevent sarcopenia and frailty.Trial registration: UMIN000022385. Registered 20 May 2016, https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-39 bin/ctr/ctr.cgi?function=brows&action=brows&recptno=R000025797&type=summary&language=J

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Physical Activity and the Risk of Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Population-Based Longitudinal Follow-Up Study in Taiwan

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2021.791772 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Shih-Hao Feng ◽

Li-Sheng Chen ◽

Kuo-Cheng Yeh ◽

Shin-Liang Pan

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽

Screening Program ◽

Population Based ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Asian Populations ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard Regression ◽

The Relationship

Background: Data on the relationship between physical activity (PA) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS) are limited in Asian populations. This population-based longitudinal follow-up study therefore investigates whether PA is associated with a reduced risk of HS in Taiwan.Methods: A total of 58,857 subjects who had participated in the Keelung Community-based Integrated Screening Program between 2005 and 2012 were enrolled. Information about their PA, obtained using questionnaires, was used to categorize them into three groups according to their average weekly time engaged in it: (1) no PA, (2) low PA (<90 min weekly), and (3) high PA (90 min per week or more). Cox proportional hazard regression was used to evaluate the effect of PA on HS. Stratified analysis by sex and comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia) were conducted to evaluate their impact on the relationship between PA and HS.Results: Compared to the no-PA group, the adjusted hazard ratio of HS for the low-PA group was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.57–0.96, p = 0.0219), and for the high-PA group, 0.72 (95% CI, 0.58–0.90, p = 0.004). The stratified analyses showed that, for the non-comorbidity strata, the beneficial effect of PA on reducing HS risk became stronger as PA increased. However, in the diabetes and hypertension strata, high PA did not appear to have any greater protective effect than low PA.Conclusions: Our findings suggested that even <90 min of PA per week might be beneficial to reduce HS risk. Such a low level of PA is likely to be more achievable and easier to maintain for the general population. Additionally, personalized recommendations based on pre-existing comorbidities may help optimize the beneficial effects of PA on HS prevention.

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Physical activity and exercise training in preventive cardiology

Swiss Sports & Exercise Medicine ◽

10.34045/ssem/2016/7 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Secondary Prevention ◽

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Risk Profile ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Preventive Cardiology ◽

Beneficial Effects

Physical activity (PA) and exercise training (ET) are central and indispensable components for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In healthy individuals, PA reduces all-cause and CV mortality and has confirmed beneficial effects on the cardiovascular risk profile. In secondary prevention, PA counselling und ET are two of the core components of a multidisciplinary cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program. Exercise-based CR is an established strategy in the secondary prevention of CV disease. It improves survival, reduces hospital admissions, improves cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and quality of life (QoL). However, these beneficial effects require regular attendance under professional supervision and adherence to recommended guidelines. In patients with heart disease, proper patient assessment with a standardized exercise test as a basis for a tailored ET prescription is required. In healthy subjects this is advocated only in selected groups. Current guidelines recommend at least 150 min/week of moderate-intensity continuous aerobic PA in both healthy individuals as well as those with cardiac disease. In healthy adults, alternatively intensity can be increased and volume can be halved. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a relatively new training modality and may be used complementary to continuous training in selected patient groups. HIIT seems to be superior compared to moderate continuous exercise in patients with cardio metabolic disease with regard to effects on the CV risk profile, endothelial function, improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness, and a reverse cardiac remodelling in patients with heart failure. One of the major challenges in preventive cardiology is the improvement of long-term adherence to PA recommendations. The aim of this article is to give an overview from the preventive cardiologist’s point of view with a focus on endurance ET prescription for the audience of sports and exercise medicine physicians.

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Changes in Compliance With Physical Activity Guidelines and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2020-0740 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Christianne F. Coelho-Ravagnani ◽

Jeeser A. Almeida ◽

Xuemei Sui ◽

Fabricio C.P. Ravagnani ◽

Russell R. Pate ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Parental History ◽

Metabolic Equivalent ◽

Physical Activity Guidelines ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Cvd Mortality

Background: The effects of compliance with the US Physical Activity (PA) Guidelines and changes in compliance over time on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality are unknown. Methods: Male participants in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (n = 15,411; 18–100 y) reported leisure-time PA between 1970 and 2002. The frequency of and time spent in PA were converted into metabolic equivalent minutes per week. The participants were classified into remained inactive, became active, became inactive, or remained active groups according to their achievement of the PA guidelines along the follow-up, equivalent here to at least 500 metabolic equivalent minutes of PA per week. Cox regression adjusted for different models was used for the analyses, using age, body mass index, smoking and drinking status, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and parental history of CVD. Results: Over a mean follow-up of 6.2 years, 439 CVD deaths occurred. Consistently meeting the PA guidelines, compared with not meeting, was associated with a 54% (95% confidence interval, 0.32–0.67) decreased risk of CVD mortality. After controlling for all potential confounders, the risk reduction was 47% (95% confidence interval, 0.36–0.77). Conclusions: Maintaining adherence to the PA guidelines produces substantial reductions in the risk of CVD deaths in men. Furthermore, discontinuing compliance with the guidelines may offset the beneficial effects on longevity.

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Low Thyrotropin Levels Are Not Associated with Bone Loss in Older Women: A Prospective Study*

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem.82.9.4229 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 82 (9) ◽

pp. 2931-2936

Author(s):

Douglas C. Bauer ◽

Michael C. Nevitt ◽

Bruce Ettinger ◽

Katie Stone

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormone ◽

Bone Loss ◽

Femoral Neck ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Bone Mass ◽

Older Women ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Hip Bmd ◽

Tsh Levels

Abstract The relationship between excess thyroid hormone and bone loss is controversial. To determine whether low TSH levels, indicating excessive thyroid hormone, are associated with low bone mass or accelerated bone loss in older women, we performed a prospective cohort study of 458 women over age 65 yr participating in the multicenter Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Three hundred and twenty-three women were randomly selected from the entire cohort of 9704; an additional 135 randomly selected thyroid hormone users were studied. Medical history, medication use, and calcaneal bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed at the baseline visit. Serum was collected and stored at −190 C. Hip and spine BMD were measured approximately 2 yr later, and follow-up calcaneal and hip BMD measurements were obtained after mean follow-up periods of 5.7 and 3.5 yr, respectively. TSH levels were determined in baseline serum samples using a third generation chemiluminescent assay. After adjustment for age, weight, previous hyperthyroidism, and use of estrogen, bone loss over 4–6 yr was similar in women with low, normal, or high TSH. For example, femoral neck bone loss was −0.3%/yr (95% confidence interval, −0.8%, 0.3%) among women with low TSH (≤0.1 mU/L) and −0.5%/yr (95% confidence interval, −0.7%, −0.3%) in those with normal TSH (0.1–5.5 mU/L). There were no statistically significant differences in baseline bone mass of the calcaneus, spine, or femoral neck or trochanteric hip subregions. Baseline total hip BMD was 6% lower (P = 0.01) in women with low TSH. Similar results were obtained in analyses confined to women not taking estrogens. We found no consistent evidence that low TSH, a sensitive biochemical marker of excess thyroid hormone, was associated with low BMD or accelerated bone loss in older ambulatory women.

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