COMPARISON OF PHOTOPERIODIC INFLUENCES ON THE SEASONAL CHANGES IN BODY WEIGHT AND ENERGY INTAKE IN THE EASTERN CHIPMUNK AND THE 13-LINED GROUND SQUIRREL*

Twelve adult (10 months old) castrated Korean black goats, with an average initial body weight of 24.98 ± 3.7 kg, were used in this experiment to determine their maintenance energy requirements. Dry matter intakes (g/d, p = 0.945) were not affected by energy levels, but metabolic energy intake (kcal/d, p < 0.002) and average daily gain (g/d, p < 0.001) were significantly increased at higher energy levels. Nutrient digestibility was similar in the treatments, but crude fat digestibility increased with the addition of protective fat powder (p = 0.001). The energy required for fattening the castrated Korean black goats was estimated using the correlation between metabolic energy intake per dietary body weight and average daily gain per dietary body weight. The Y-axis intercept value was calculated to be 108.76 kcal/kg BW0.75 (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.6036), which was the metabolic energy requirement for maintaining the lives of the fattening Korean black goats. The estimated energy requirements of the black goat can improve specification techniques, such as the energy level and the amount of feed supply required for domestic black goats.

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Effectiveness of Oral Nutritional Supplements on Older People with Anorexia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13030835 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 835

Author(s):

Mengqi Li ◽

Si Zhao ◽

Shuang Wu ◽

Xiufen Yang ◽

Hui Feng

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Body Weight ◽

Older People ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Nutritional Supplements ◽

The Elderly ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Oral Nutritional Supplements ◽

Positive Effect

Background: Nutrition plays an important role in maintaining the overall health of older people. Inadequate intake may lead to impaired body function, higher morbidity, and mortality. Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) showed positive effect on the nutritional status of the elderly; however, systematic evidence is currently lacking on the effect of ONS on the elderly with anorexia. Aims: The current systematic review and meta-analysis included randomized controlled trial (RCT) articles to investigate the effectiveness of ONS on the main aspects of anorexia of aging (AA). Methods: By using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method, researchers independently searched PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and other gray literature resources for publications that met the inclusion criteria by October 2020. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tools were used for quality assessment. The inverse-variance method was used for the fixed model (FM) while the DerSimonian–Laird method was used for the random model (RM). Respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) was used for indices in terms of effect size (ES). Results: 2497 records were found through the systematic search, while 17 RCTs (n = 1204) were included, with a mean age of 81.9 years (range: 74–87 years). Supplementation occurred in the morning, mid-day, and evening, while the times varied from one to three times a day. The results of meta-analysis showed that, generally, ONS had a positive effect on the overall appetite, MD = 0.18, 95% CI (0.03, 0.33), p = 0.02, and consumption, MD = 1.43, 95% CI (0.01, 2.86), p = 0.05; but not significant in terms of other aspects of appetite: hunger, p = 0.73; fullness, p = 0.60; desire to eat, p = 0.80; preoccupation, p = 0.15. Additionally, it showed an increase in the overall energy intake, SMD = 0.46, 95% CI (0.29, 0.63), p < 0.001, in protein intake, SMD = 0.59, 95% CI (0.16, 1.02), p = 0.007, and in fat intake, MD = 3.47, 95% CI (1.98, 4.97), p < 0.001, while no positive effect was found on carbohydrates intake, p = 0.06. Significance differences were also found in the body weight, SMD = 0.53, 95% CI (0.41, 0.65), p < 0.001, and body mass index (BMI), MD = 0.53, 95% CI (0.12, 0.95), p = 0.01. Moreover, subgroup analyses were conducted according to the nutrient density with no positive results showed except for the low-density ONS on overall energy intake. Conclusions: The results of the present study indicated that ONS had beneficial effects on overall appetite, energy intake, body weight and BMI.

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Lower-caloric intake but different nutrient profiles in cognition impaired and in frail elderlies

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.219 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

S Y Wu ◽

W H Pan

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Dietary Fiber ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Lower Energy ◽

Trend Test ◽

Impairment Score ◽

Cognition Impairment

Abstract Background Frailty and dementia are two common geriatric syndromes associated with poor nutritional status. The nutritional role in the pathogenesis of frailty and dementia remains unclear. We examined the associations between energy intake and frailty/cognition impairment and also compared the nutrient intake between frail and cognition impaired elderlies by sex. Methods Data of 1,920 elderly adults (≧65y) from the 2014-2017 Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan was used. Frailty was defined using modified L. Fried criteria. The Chinese Mini-Mental State Examination score was grouped into tertiles: cognitive impairment (score ≦ 23), mild cognitive impairment (score = 24-27), and the normal (score ≧28). Total energy intake was grouped into tertiles. Logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, and sampling strata was used for association test. The trend test was performed using generalized linear model with age adjustment to examine whether various nutrient intake indicators had an ordered relationship with the severity of frailty and cognitive impairment. Results Lower energy intake (men <1540 Kcal or women<1182 Kcal) was significantly associated with frailty (odds ratio [OR]: 1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.45-2.66) and cognition impairment (OR: 1.88; 95%CI: 1.43-2.47), respectively. Larger number of micronutrients and food substances per Kg body weight exhibited decreasing trends with MCI (protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, C, E, Ca, P, Fe, Mg, K, Zn, dietary fiber, and cholesterol) than with frailty (protein, vitamin B1, B3, B6, C, P, Mg, K, Zn, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dietary fiber). Conclusions The lower the energy intake, the higher the odds ratio for frailty and for dementia. Dietary quality expressed by nutrient intake per Kg body weight was poorer in elderlies with cognition impairment than those with frailty. Key messages Lower energy intake is associated with MCI and with frailty, respectively. The MCI elderlies involve more micronutrient deficiencies than the frail counterpart.

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Estimating my equilibrium energy intake during lockdown: very introspective study

BMJ ◽

10.1136/bmj.m4561 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. m4561

Author(s):

R A Lewis

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Outcome Measures ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Saturday Morning ◽

Dietary Energy Intake ◽

Body Weight Data ◽

Tuesday Afternoon ◽

Weight Data ◽

At Home

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the daily dietary energy intake for me to maintain a constant body weight. How hard can it be?DesignVery introspective study.SettingAt home. In lockdown. (Except every Tuesday afternoon and Saturday morning, when I went for a run.)ParticipantsMe. n=1.Main outcome measuresMy weight, measured each day.ResultsSleeping, I shed about a kilogram each night (1.07 (SD 0.25) kg). Running 5 km, I shed about half a kilogram (0.57 (SD 0.15) kg). My daily equilibrium energy intake is about 10 000 kJ (10 286 (SD 201) kJ). Every kJ above (or below) 10 000 kJ adds (or subtracts) about 40 mg (35.4 (SD 3.2) mg).ConclusionsBody weight data show persistent variability, even when the screws of control are tightened and tightened.

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Severe protein deficiency induces hepatic expression and systemic level of FGF21 but inhibits its hypothalamic expression in growing rats

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-91274-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joanna Moro ◽

Catherine Chaumontet ◽

Patrick C. Even ◽

Anne Blais ◽

Julien Piedcoq ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Food Intake ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Deficiency ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Growing Rats ◽

Low Protein ◽

Protein Diets

AbstractTo study, in young growing rats, the consequences of different levels of dietary protein deficiency on food intake, body weight, body composition, and energy balance and to assess the role of FGF21 in the adaptation to a low protein diet. Thirty-six weanling rats were fed diets containing 3%, 5%, 8%, 12%, 15% and 20% protein for three weeks. Body weight, food intake, energy expenditure and metabolic parameters were followed throughout this period. The very low-protein diets (3% and 5%) induced a large decrease in body weight gain and an increase in energy intake relative to body mass. No gain in fat mass was observed because energy expenditure increased in proportion to energy intake. As expected, Fgf21 expression in the liver and plasma FGF21 increased with low-protein diets, but Fgf21 expression in the hypothalamus decreased. Under low protein diets (3% and 5%), the increase in liver Fgf21 and the decrease of Fgf21 in the hypothalamus induced an increase in energy expenditure and the decrease in the satiety signal responsible for hyperphagia. Our results highlight that when dietary protein decreases below 8%, the liver detects the low protein diet and responds by activating synthesis and secretion of FGF21 in order to activate an endocrine signal that induces metabolic adaptation. The hypothalamus, in comparison, responds to protein deficiency when dietary protein decreases below 5%.

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Differential effects of dairy snacks on appetite, but not overall energy intake

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114512000323 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 108 (12) ◽

pp. 2274-2285 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Anestis Dougkas ◽

Anne M. Minihane ◽

D. Ian Givens ◽

Christopher K. Reynolds ◽

Parveen Yaqoob

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Suppressive Effect ◽

Excess Body Weight ◽

Water Control ◽

Dietary Regulation ◽

The Poor ◽

Ad Libitum

Dietary regulation of appetite may contribute to the prevention and management of excess body weight. The present study examined the effect of consumption of individual dairy products as snacks on appetite and subsequent ad libitum lunch energy intake. In a randomised cross-over trial, forty overweight men (age 32 (sd 9) years; BMI 27 (sd 2) kg/m2) attended four sessions 1 week apart and received three isoenergetic (841 kJ) and isovolumetric (410 ml) servings of dairy snacks or water (control) 120 min after breakfast. Appetite profile was determined throughout the morning and ad libitum energy intake was assessed 90 min after the intake of snacks. Concentrations of amino acids, glucose, insulin, ghrelin and peptide tyrosine tyrosine were measured at baseline (0 min) and 80 min after the intake of snacks. Although the results showed that yogurt had the greatest suppressive effect on appetite, this could be confounded by the poor sensory ratings of yogurt. Hunger rating was 8, 10 and 24 % (P < 0·001) lower after the intake of yogurt than cheese, milk and water, respectively. Energy intake was 11, 9 and 12 % (P < 0·02) lower after the intake of yogurt, cheese and milk, respectively, compared with water (4312 (se 226) kJ). Although there was no difference in the postprandial responses of hormones, alanine and isoleucine concentrations were higher after the intake of yogurt than cheese and milk (P < 0·05). In conclusion, all dairy snacks reduced appetite and lunch intake compared with water. Yogurt had the greatest effect on suppressing subjective appetite ratings, but did not affect subsequent food intake compared with milk or cheese.

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Body composition and energy intake — skeletal muscle mass is the strongest predictor of food intake in obese adolescents: The HEARTY trial

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2015-0479 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 611-617 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Jameason D. Cameron ◽

Ronald J. Sigal ◽

Glen P. Kenny ◽

Angela S. Alberga ◽

Denis Prud’homme ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Percentage Body Fat ◽

Obese Adolescents

There has been renewed interest in examining the relationship between specific components of energy expenditure and the overall influence on energy intake (EI). The purpose of this cross-sectional analysis was to determine the strongest metabolic and anthropometric predictors of EI. It was hypothesized that resting metabolic rate (RMR) and skeletal muscle mass would be the strongest predictors of EI in a sample of overweight and obese adolescents. 304 post-pubertal adolescents (91 boys, 213 girls) aged 16.1 (±1.4) years with body mass index at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex OR at or above the 85th percentile plus an additional diabetes risk factor were measured for body weight, RMR (kcal/day) by indirect calorimetry, body composition by magnetic resonance imaging (fat free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle mass, fat mass (FM), and percentage body fat), and EI (kcal/day) using 3 day food records. Body weight, RMR, FFM, skeletal muscle mass, and FM were all significantly correlated with EI (p < 0.005). After adjusting the model for age, sex, height, and physical activity, only FFM (β = 21.9, p = 0.007) and skeletal muscle mass (β = 25.8, p = 0.02) remained as significant predictors of EI. FFM and skeletal muscle mass also predicted dietary protein and fat intake (p < 0.05), but not carbohydrate intake. In conclusion, with skeletal muscle mass being the best predictor of EI, our results support the hypothesis that the magnitude of the body’s lean tissue is related to absolute levels of EI in a sample of inactive adolescents with obesity.

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The Trp64Arg Polymorphism of the β3-Adrenergic Receptor Gene Is Not Associated with Body Weight or Body Mass Index in Japanese: A Longitudinal Analysis

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2003-030655 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 88 (12) ◽

pp. 5914-5920 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Yumi Matsushita ◽

Tetsuji Yokoyama ◽

Nobuo Yoshiike ◽

Yasuhiro Matsumura ◽

Chigusa Date ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Weight ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Body Mass ◽

Longitudinal Analysis ◽

Adrenergic Receptor ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Genotype Frequencies ◽

The Cross

Abstract The β3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) is expressed mainly in visceral adipose tissue and is thought to contribute to lipolysis and the delivery of free fatty acids to the portal vein. Although many studies have examined the relationship between the Trp64Arg mutation of ADRB3 and obesity, the results have been inconsistent. We examined the cross-sectional relationship of ADRB3 variants with indexes of obesity, and their longitudinal changes over 10 yr, in men and women, aged 40–69 yr, who were randomly selected from the Japanese rural population. The study considered both dietary energy intake and physical activity levels. Among the 746 participants, the genotype frequencies of the Trp64Trp, Trp64Arg, and Arg64Arg variants were 483, 224, and 39, respectively. The cross-sectional analysis showed no significant differences in height, weight, body mass index, blood pressure, serum total and high density lipoprotein cholesterols, and hemoglobin A1c among the genotype groups even after adjustments for gender, age, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and energy intake. No significant differences in the weight changes between the genotype groups were evident in the longitudinal analysis. We conclude that the Trp64Arg mutation of ADRB3 has little or no influence on either body weight or body mass index in the general Japanese population.

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