scholarly journals FRAMEWORK FOR ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF RURAL AREAS IN MALAYSIA: A TERRITORIAL APPROACH

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Mohamad Fadhli Rashid ◽  
Ibrahim Ngah ◽  
Siti Hajar Misnan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Economic Equality ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Territorial Approach ◽  
Direct Measures

Rural, poor and marginalized community often face many challenges in achieving economic equality and attaining socio-economic sustainability, especially among rural communities who have limited sources of income. Although it involves complex issues, it cannot be disregarded. Rural areas and its communities are important aspects of a country’s political and economic stability. In countries with emerging and developing economies such as Malaysia, rural populations constitute the majority of citizens. They are generally poorer and more disadvantaged than their urban counterparts. The study determines the factors for the differences in economic performance of the rural areas in Malaysia. The study also provides the framework to revitalize rural areas and the methods to use this framework that measure rural economic performance. Several methods were used to collect the information from rural communities using in-depth interview and structured survey. These two methods are important for this research in order to understand how the rural areas and its communities faced situation of growth or decline. By using this framework, the analysis of differentiation of economic performance provides understanding on how variation of factor influencing economic performance in rural areas and direct measures should be implemented in solving issues of rural decline.

Perverse Politics: The Persistence of Mass Imprisonment in the Twenty-first Century

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 618-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca U. Thorpe
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Class Stratification

I examine the political consequences of prison development in the United States. I theorize that the prison apparatus not only upholds a system of racial hierarchy and class stratification, but also links the economic stability of lower-class, rural whites to the continued penal confinement of poor, urban minorities. Analysis of an original dataset suggests that local reliance on existing prison infrastructure throughout many economically-depressed rural communities strengthens political support for harsh criminal punishments and militates against reform efforts. Political representatives have powerful interests in protecting rural prison investments, regardless of their actual economic impact in host communities. The evidence indicates that rural prison development contributes to the perceived economic viability and political power of rural areas, while reinforcing forms of punishment that destabilize poor urban neighborhoods and harm politically marginalized populations.

scholarly journals Factors affecting prehospital delay in rural and urban patients with stroke: a prospective survey-based study in Southwest Germany

BMC Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias N. Ungerer ◽  
Loraine Busetto ◽  
Nima H. Begli ◽  
Katharina Riehle ◽  
Jens Regula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Stroke Care ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Prospective Survey ◽  
Prehospital Delay ◽  
Educational Campaigns

Abstract Background Reducing prehospital delay plays an important role in increasing the thrombolysis rate in patients with stroke. Several studies have identified predictors for presentation ≤4.5 h, but few compared these predictors in urban and rural communities. We aimed to identify predictors of timely presentation to the hospital and identify possible differences between the urban and rural populations. Methods From January to June 2017, we conducted a prospective survey of patients with stroke admitted to an urban comprehensive stroke centre (CSC) and a rural primary care centre (PCC). Predictors were identified using binary logistical regression. Predictors and patient characteristics were then compared between the CSC and PCC. Results Overall, 459 patients were included in our study. We identified hesitation before seeking help, awareness of the existence of a time-window, type of admission and having talked about stroke symptoms with friends/relatives who had previously had a stroke as the strongest predictors for presentation to the emergency room ≤4.5 h. Patients admitted to the rural PCC were more hesitant to seek help and less likely to contact emergency services, even though patients had comparable knowledge pertaining to stroke care concepts. Conclusions Patients from rural areas were more likely to be hesitant to seek help and contacted the EMS less frequently, despite similar self-awareness of having a stroke. Educational campaigns should focus on addressing these disparities in rural populations. Affected patients should also be encouraged to talk about their symptoms and take part in educational campaigns.

scholarly journals Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural America

2020 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 2019378118
Author(s):  
J. Tom Mueller ◽  
Kathryn McConnell ◽  
Paul Berne Burow ◽  
Katie Pofahl ◽  
Alexis A. Merdjanoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Exogenous Shock ◽  
The North ◽  
Scientific Attention

Despite considerable social scientific attention to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on urbanized areas, very little research has examined its impact on rural populations. Yet rural communities—which make up tens of millions of people from diverse backgrounds in the United States—are among the nation’s most vulnerable populations and may be less resilient to the effects of such a large-scale exogenous shock. We address this critical knowledge gap with data from a new survey designed to assess the impacts of the pandemic on health-related and economic dimensions of rural well-being in the North American West. Notably, we find that the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural populations have been severe, with significant negative impacts on unemployment, overall life satisfaction, mental health, and economic outlook. Further, we find that these impacts have been generally consistent across age, ethnicity, education, and sex. We discuss how these findings constitute the beginning of a much larger interdisciplinary COVID-19 research effort that integrates rural areas and pushes beyond the predominant focus on cities and nation-states.

scholarly journals MIGRASI INTERNASIONAL PEREMPUAN DAN PENGUASAAN LAHAN PEDESAAN DI JAWA BARAT

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Ekawati Sri Wahyuni ◽  
Lala M. Kolopaking ◽  
Endriatmo Soetarto
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Female Migrants ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Poor Families ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods

This paper is a result of a research on women in Panyingkiran Village (Karawang) and Ciherang Village (Purwakarta) of West Java-Indonesia who migrate internationally. Paradigm used in this research is Post-Positivism which integrates quantitative and qualitative methods. Primary data is collected through in depth interview and Focus Group Discussion. The result of the research shows that most of female migrants spend remittent from working in Saudi to buy land (dry land and paddy rice fields) of relatively small in size. Land is an interesting choice because: (1) female migrants come from poor families which are the lowest class in rural areas; (2) the livelihood of female migrants’ families are farm labors and landless farmers; (3) occupations of migrants before going abroad are farm labors, jobless and as house wife; (4) farm land is a social status symbol for rural communities; (5) land is a saving and  land ownership is also a capital when one dies, and becomes a standard in the ritual of death  ngamumule or mulasara.

scholarly journals Assessing Heat-Related Mortality Risks among Rural Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Evidence

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Odame ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Shimin Zheng ◽  
Ambarish Vaidyanathan ◽  
Ken Silver
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Included Study ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Related Mortality

Most epidemiological studies of high temperature effects on mortality have focused on urban settings, while heat-related health risks in rural areas remain underexplored. To date there has been no meta-analysis of epidemiologic literature concerning heat-related mortality in rural settings. This study aims to systematically review the current literature for assessing heat-related mortality risk among rural populations. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify articles published up to April 2018. Key selection criteria included study location, health endpoints, and study design. Fourteen studies conducted in rural areas in seven countries on four continents met the selection criteria, and eleven were included in the meta-analysis. Using the random effects model, the pooled estimates of relative risks (RRs) for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were 1.030 (95% CI: 1.013, 1.048) and 1.111 (95% CI: 1.045, 1.181) per 1 °C increase in daily mean temperature, respectively. We found excess risks in rural settings not to be smaller than risks in urban settings. Our results suggest that rural populations, like urban populations, are also vulnerable to heat-related mortality. Further evaluation of heat-related mortality among rural populations is warranted to develop public health interventions in rural communities.

Effect of COVID-19-related reductions in cancer screening in Native Hawaiians and across urban and rural communities in Hawaii.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (28_suppl) ◽  
pp. 109-109
Author(s):  
Randall F. Holcombe ◽  
Jeff Tom ◽  
Michael Morimoto ◽  
Elizabeth Wright ◽  
Izumi Okado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Native Hawaiians ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

109 Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted medical care in all areas of the US and had a profound impact on cancer screening, with a concern that this may lead to excess cancer-related deaths over the next decade. There are existing disparities in cancer mortality among rural US residents and Native Hawaiians (NHs) due to access issues, lower socioeconomic status and lack of a sufficient provider workforce. A reduction in cancer screening may therefore have an oversized impact on these populations. In this study, we examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer screening frequency among NHs and in urban and rural populations in Hawaii. Methods: De-identified data on the frequencies of breast cancer (BCS), cervical cancer (CCS) and colorectal cancer (CRCS) screenings for 2019 and 2020 were obtained for Hawaii residents from several sources, including Hawaii Medical Services Association, the largest private and Medicaid provider in Hawaii, and the two largest state-wide health systems, Queen’s Health Systems and Hawaii Pacific Health. Data was analyzed using Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC) and Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes to define rurality and, along with health system facility location, to ascertain whether there was a differential impact on cancer screening rates for rural populations due to the pandemic. Cancer screening data for NHs in comparison to other groups was analyzed separately. Results: Overall, reductions in cancer screening during the pandemic were seen, with the degree of reduction varying widely across regions of the state and among different ethnic populations. Annual reductions in BCS, CCS and CRCS ranged from 4.0-30.2%, 2.7-3.0% and 9.4-13.2%, respectively, depending on the data source. BCS reductions were greatest in rural areas (p = 0.09) and among NHs (p = 0.0005). The island of Kauai, which is rural but was minimally affected by COVID-19, saw no reduction in BCS. CCS reductions had a reverse urban vs. rural pattern, with reductions of 4.5% urban and 0.8% rural (p = 0.02). CRCS reductions were most profound in rural residents (17.1%; p = 0.0001); reductions in CRCS among NHs were 1.5x greater than other groups. The differential impact across urban and rural areas was consistent for both RUCC and RUCA analysis. The extent of reduction was most significant for CRCS and was directly proportional to the degree of rurality. Conclusions: BCS and CRCS were impacted more significantly by the COVID-19 pandemic than CCS. For BCS and CRCS, greater reductions were seen in rural compaed to urban populations and in NHs. The lack of correlation with rurality for CCS may be because this population is generally younger and screening is often provided as a component of primary care. The greater pandemic-related reduction in screening among rural residents and Native Hawaiians may exacerbate existing cancer mortality disparities in these vulnerable populations.

Vehicle Maintenance Contracting in Developing Economies: The Role of Social Enterprise

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Chen ◽  
Sang-Hyun Kim ◽  
Hau L. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Operations Management ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Enterprise ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Problem Definition ◽  
Solution Approach ◽  
Social Mission

Problem definition: Difficulties in healthcare delivery in developing economies arise from poor road infrastructure of rural communities, where the bulk of the population resides. Although motorcycles are an effective means for delivering healthcare products, governments in developing economies lack expertise in proper maintenance, resulting in frequent vehicle breakdowns. Riders for Health, a nonprofit social enterprise (SE), has developed specialized capabilities that enable significant enhancements in vehicle maintenance. Riders for Health has engaged with the governments and provided its services using different contracting approaches. However, the effect of such practice on improving vehicle availability—the main social mission of Riders for Health—is not well understood. Academic/practical relevance: This paper presents one of the first rigorous analyses of how SEs achieve their goals through innovations in operations. Our analysis highlights the relationship between a social mission objective and a service contract choice, contrasting it with the choice by a profit-maximizing organization traditionally assumed in the service contracting literature in operations management. Methodology: We construct and analyze a stylized model that combines the elements of reliability theory and contract theory, explicitly accounting for the SE’s social mission in her objective function. Results: We find that the “total solution” approach of providing all aspects of vehicle maintenance, including fleet ownership, is a preferred choice for an SE that prioritizes improving vehicle availability; by contrast, an organization that focuses on profit maximization would find this approach less attractive. Moreover, we show that the total solution approach induces the SE to exert more efforts on failure prevention and repair lead time reduction in equilibrium. Our analysis also suggests that the SE could further improve vehicle availability by the total solution approach if it manages a large fleet that consists of vehicles with high resale values. Managerial implications: Our findings provide theoretical support for Riders for Health’s recent move toward the total solution approach as it expands its service into wider rural areas in many countries. The insights obtained from our analysis offer actionable guidelines to other SEs operating in developing economies.

scholarly journals Economic policy strategy of UNITAB

2008 ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Anita Kerékgyártóné Mislovics
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
International Association ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Seasonal Workers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Social Importance ◽  
Health Regulations

Under the leadership of the International Association of Tobacco Producers – UNITAB – there is a struggle going on for stabilizing the situation of European tobacco growers. UNITAB unites the tobacco associations and tobacco growers of all EU countries.Tobacco production ensures economic stability for more than 100 thousand small- and medium-sized farms in the rural areas of 10 EU countries. In addition, its social importance in the survival of rural communities is emphasized by the 400 thousand direct or related seasonal jobs.Within the framework of the CAP reform, the European Union is gradually changing the regulations of production. This is based on the decoupling of subsidies, which will be implemented in two phases. Between 2006 and 2009. the decoupling will be 40% and then after 2010, 50% (the other 50% will be used for restructuring within the second pillar). The question is raised, how will the second 50% be restructured to the second pillar. Between regions and how it can be ensured that this support would go to tobacco production.With its participation in the principles of the European Tobacco Charta, UNITAB targets for production under economically-balanced conditions, the production of products meeting the customer requirements, consideration of the working conditions (especially for seasonal workers) and adherence to the health regulations related to the consumption of the end product already in the production and environmental protection. They aim to ensure the survival of the sector via tobacco growing with sustainable development and high quality. To maintain the continuity, there is a need for the support of regional, national and EU authorities. Future of the sector is dependent upon adaptation of tobacco growers and upon meeting the social expectations.According to UNITAB, efforts should be made to modify the decisions so that the majority of the funding could be used by the grower. The tobacco industry has been able to effectively fight for its survival.

Mobile Money - A Catalyst for Financial Inclusion in Developing Economies: A Case Study of Zimbabwe using FinScope Survey Data

GIS Business ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
Kingstone Mutsonziwa ◽  
Obert K. Maposa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Mobile Money ◽  
Bank Branches ◽  
Financial Transactions

Mobile money in Zimbabwe has extensively extended the frontiers of financial inclusion to reach millions who were earlier excluded within a relatively short space of time. The growing use of mobile phones in transferring money and making payments has significantly altered the countrys financial inclusion landscape as millions who had been hitherto excluded can now perform financial transactions in a relatively cheap, reliable and secure way. The FinScope results found out that 45% of the adult population use mobile money services. Of those using mobile money, 65% mentioned that is convenient, while 36% mentioned that it is cheap. Mobile money is accessible. These drivers are in the backdrop of few or no bank branches in rural communities as well as time and cost of accessing the bank branches. In Zimbabwe, mobile money is mostly used as a vehicle for remittances. While some people are enjoying mobile money services, it is important to mention that there are still people who are excluded from the formal financial system. The reasons why people do not use mobile money are mainly related to poverty issues. Mobile money remains a viable option to push the landscape of financial inclusion in Zimbabwe and other emerging markets where the formal financial system might not be strong.

TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

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