Degrading Drilling Fluid Filter Cake Using Effective Microorganisms

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Issham Ismail ◽  
Rosli Illias ◽  
Amy Shareena Abd. Mubin ◽  
Masseera Machitin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Effective Microorganisms ◽  
Cleaning Solution ◽  
Viscoelastic Surfactant ◽  
Filter Cakes

The effective cleanup of filter cakes in long, horizontal open-hole completions can maximize an oil well’s productivity. A cleaning solution was formulated which comprised effective microorganisms and a viscoelastic surfactant in order to degrade filter cakes of water-based mud. Generally, the effectiveness of the microorganisms in degrading filter cakes is influenced by temperature and its concentration. To overcome the problem, the viscoelastic surfactant has been used to extend the application of temperature range and increase the viscosity of the cleaning solution. Laboratory studies were conducted to examine the effectiveness of the microorganisms in degrading filter cakes. The apparent viscosity of cleaning solution was measured as a function of shear rate (102.2 s and 1022 s ) and temperature (25 to 80°C). The surface tension of the cleaning solution was measured at room temperature. Static fluid loss tests were performed using the HPHT Filter Press in order to determine the effectiveness of the cleaning solution in degrading filter cake at different temperatures ranging from 100°F to 300°F. Experimental results showed that the cleaning solution could effectively degrade the filter cake. Soaking process was performed until 48 hours and it showed that at temperature 200°F and below, the pure effective microorganisms achieved the highest efficiency of filter cake degradation, i.e. 34.9%. However, at temperature 300°F, cleaning solution that contained effective microorganisms and higher concentration of viscoelastic surfactant was found to perform better. The viscoelastic surfactant succeeded in increasing the viscosity of the cleaning solution, thus enhanced the rate of degradation of filter cakes, i.e. 33.4% at 300°F. The surface tension of the cleaning solution did not change significantly at various concentrations at room temperature.

scholarly journals Experimental analysis of drilling fluid prepared by mixing iron (III) oxide nanoparticles with a KCl–Glycol–PHPA polymer-based mud used in drilling operation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 3389-3397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayem Ahmed ◽  
Md. Saiful Alam ◽  
M. A. Salam
Keyword(s):  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Plastic Viscosity ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Drilling Operation ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Mud Loss

Abstract Loss of drilling fluid commonly known as mud loss is considered as one of the critical issues during the drilling operation as it can cause severe formation damage. To minimize fluid loss, researchers introduced numerous additives but did not get the expected result. Recently, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) in drilling fluid gives a new hope to control the fluid loss. A basic KCl–Glycol–PHPA polymer-based mud is made, and six different concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0 wt% iron (III) oxide or Hematite (Fe2O3) NPs are mixed with the basic mud. The experimental observations reveal that fluid loss of basic mud is 5.9 ml after 30 min and prepared nano-based drilling mud results in a less fluid loss at all concentrations. Nanoparticles with a concentration of 0.5 wt% result in a 5.1 ml fluid loss at the API LTLP filter press test. On the other hand, nanoparticles with a concentration of 3.0 wt% enhance the plastic viscosity, yield point, and 10 s gel strength by 15.0, 3.0, and 12.5%, respectively. The optimum concentration of hematite NPs is found to be 0.5 wt% which reduces the API LPLT filtrate volume and filter cake thickness by 13.6 and 40%, respectively, as well as an improvement of plastic viscosity by 10%.

scholarly journals A Laboratory Investigation on the Way to Remove the Filter Cake Generated by Ilmenite Water-Based Drilling Fluids

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Mahmoud O
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Fluid Mud ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Filter Cakes ◽  
The Way

The increasing demand for deeper drilling and more complicated wells fastens the way for improved drilling fluid (mud) technologies and promising additives. Several studies have shown numerous improvements in mud characteristics upon using ilmenite compared to the commonly used weighting materials. This study aims at investigating the removal of filter cake deposited by ilmenite water-based drilling fluid under harsh conditions using low-concentration (7.5 wt%) of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and chelating agent (HEDTA) to prevent iron precipitation during reaction. API filter press was used to conduct the filtration tests and generate the filter cake at a pressure ~ 300 psi and temperature ~ 250°F. Different sandstone cores of 2.5-in. diameter and 1-in. thickness were used to simulate the formation during filtration. Filtrate fluids were collected for 30 minutes as per API procedures and computerized tomography (CT) scan was used to characterize the cores with the deposited filter cakes. The filter cakes were soaked with HCl–chelate solution for six hours. Cores with the remaining filter cakes were CT scanned again. Effluent solutions resulting from the aforementioned soaking process were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was used to analyze the dried filter cakes and remaining residue. CT scan and SEM-EDS showed two layers of the filter cake with different densities but similar elemental composition. Using 7.5 wt% of HCl can partially remove the filter cake generated by ilmenite water-based drilling fluids. Adding the chelate showed minimal impact on the filter cake removal-efficiency; however, it helped nullify the corrosion issues during the treatment. This study provides a step forward on the way to chemically remove ilmenite-based filter cake using low acid concentration and virtually overcome corrosion issues encountered while acidizing.

Incorporation of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as Drilling Fluid Additives for Improved Drilling Operations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zisis Vryzas ◽  
Omar Mahmoud ◽  
Hisham Nasr-El-Din ◽  
Vassilis Zaspalis ◽  
Vassilios C. Kelessidis
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Fe3o4 Nanoparticles ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Fluid System ◽  
Custom Made

A successful drilling operation requires an effective drilling fluid system. Due to the variety of downhole conditions across the globe, the fluid system should be designed to meet complex challenges such as High-Pressure/High-Temperature (HPHT) environments, while promoting better productivity with a minimum interference for completion operations. This study aims to improve the rheological and fluid loss properties of water-bentonite suspensions by using both commercial (C-NP) and custom-made (CM-NP) iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NP) as drilling fluid additives. Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 NP were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. Both types of nanoparticles were characterized by a High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Base fluid (BF), made of deionized water and bentonite at 7wt%, was prepared according to American Petroleum Institute (API) procedures and nanoparticles were added at 0.5wt%. A Couette-type viscometer was used to analyze the rheological characteristics of these fluids at different shear rates and various temperatures (up to 158°F). The rheological parameters were obtained from analysis of viscometric data using non-linear regression. The API Low-Pressure/Low-Temperature (LPLT) and HPHT fluid filtrate volumes were measured, using a standard API LPLT static filter press (100 psi, 77°F) and an API HPHT filter press (300 psi, 250°F). Observation of the porous matrix morphology of the produced filter cakes was done with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). TEM showed that the mean diameter of the CM-NP was 7–8 nm, with measured surface areas between 100–250 m2/g. The C-NP had an average diameter of <50 nm, as per manufacturer specifications. The XRD of the CM-NP revealed peaks corresponding to pure crystallites of magnetite (Fe3O4) with no impurities. Rheological analysis showed very good fitting by the Herschel-Bulkley model with coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.99. Rheological properties of all samples were affected by higher temperatures, with increase in yield stress, decrease in flow consistency index (K) and slight increase in flow behavior index (n). Fluid filtration results indicated a decrease in the LPLT fluid loss and an increase in the filter cake thickness compared to the BF upon addition of higher concentrations of C-NP, because of a decrease in filter cake permeability. At HPHT conditions, samples with 0.5wt% C-NP had a smaller fluid loss by 34.3%, compared to 11.9% at LPLT conditions. CM-NP exhibited even higher reduction in the fluid loss at HPHT conditions of 40%. Such drilling fluids can solve difficult drilling problems and aid in achieving the reservoir’s highest potential by eliminating the use of aggressive, potentially damaging chemicals. Exploitation of the synergistic interaction of the utilized components can produce a water-based system with excellent fluid loss characteristics while maintaining optimal rheological properties.

Plugging Agent of Shale Base on Nano Flexible Polymer

2016 ◽  
Vol 835 ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Xiu An ◽  
Guan Cheng Jiang ◽  
You Rong Qi ◽  
Qing Ying Ge
Keyword(s):  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Filtration Property ◽  
Flexible Polymer ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Particle Size Analyzer ◽  
Nano Material ◽  
Shale Formation

In this paper, the nano flexible polymer was synthesized and the plugging property of the polymer in the drilling fluid was studied. The characterization and properties of nano flexible polymer were invested by Particle Size Analyzer and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The nano flexible polymer was synthesized successfully and it was flexible nano material both in water and in drilling fluid. The filtration ability of the polymer was studied by drilling fluid filter press and the results indicated that the filtration property was equal to commonly used fluid loss agent in drilling fluid. The plugging ability was studied by specific surface and porosity physical adsorption instrument (BET). The surface area reduced after treated with the polymer, indicating the nano flexible polymer entered into nanopores of shale formation due to the adsorption in the surface of shale. It was further exhibited that nanopores of shale were plugged by the nano flexible polymer.

Utilizing Food Waste Product (Date Tree Seeds) to Enhance the Filtration Characteristics in Water-Based Drilling Fluid System: A Comparative Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abo Taleb T. Al-Hameedi ◽  
Husam H. Alkinani ◽  
Mohammed M. Alkhamis ◽  
Shari Dunn-Norman
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
American Petroleum Institute ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Tree Seeds ◽  
Materials Used

Abstract Practically, to regulate filtration characteristics of drilling fluid, non-biodegradable materials used commonly have a high cost with side effects on personnel safety and the environment. Hence, eco-friendly additives are needed as an alternative to replace or at least support the commonly used filtration control agents. This experimental investigation examines the possibility of using date tree seeds’ powder (DTSP), as a new eco-friendly fluid loss agent. Under surface and sub-surface conditions (fresh and aged conditions), experiments were executed utilizing low-temperature and low-pressure (LTLP) and high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) American Petroleum Institute (API) filter press to comprehend the influence of DTSP on the seepage loss characteristics. The findings were compared with a commonly utilized chemical additive to regulate filtration characteristics of drilling fluid (low viscosity sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-LV)). Two concentrations of DTSP and CMC-LV were added separately to a reference fluid (RF) to understand the effect of concentration variations on filtration properties. The findings revealed that both DTSP and CMC-LV significantly improved the filtrate and the filter cake when comparing them with the RF under fresh and aged conditions. The findings for fresh conditions also showed that LTLP filtration measurements for CMC-LV additives had almost similar performance as DTSP additives, while HTHP filtration measurements exhibited that the two concentrations of DTSP additives were marginally better than those of CMC-LV additives. For aged conditions, CMC-LV additives were relatively more efficient than DTSP additives for LTLP filtration control experiments. However, DTSP additives were more efficient in improving the filtration characteristics as compared to CMC-LV additives for HTHP filtration control experiments. These results are in aid of shifting the oil and gas industry from using conventional harmful additives to using unconventional eco-friendly additives. This also helps in transforming unwanted food wastes into valuable commercial products, which can revolutionize the domestic and international industries and create new job opportunities, hence minimizing the total cost of drilling fluid and the wastes disposed to the environment.

Evaluation of Constitutive Equation for Stress in Solids in Porous Media Composed of Bridging Agents Used in Drilling Fluids

2012 ◽  
Vol 727-728 ◽  
pp. 1878-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Arantes Moreira ◽  
Flávia Cristina Assis Silva ◽  
Larissa dos Santos Sousa ◽  
Fábio de Oliveira Arouca ◽  
João Jorge Ribeiro Damasceno
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Constitutive Equation ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Oil Well ◽  
Well Drilling ◽  
Drilling Operations ◽  
The Stability

During oil well drilling processes in reservoir-rocks, the drilling fluid invades the formation, forming a layer of particles called filter cake. The formation of a thin filter cake and low permeability helps to control the drilling operation, ensuring the stability of the well and reducing the fluid loss of the liquid phase in the interior of the rocks. The empirical determination of the constitutive equation for the stress in solids is essential to evaluate the filtration and filter cake formation in drilling operations, enabling the operation simulation. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the relationship between the porosity and stress in solids of porous media composed of bridging agents used in drilling fluids. The concentration distribution in sediments was determined using a non-destructive technique based on the measure of attenuated gamma rays. The procedure employed in this study avoids the use of compression-permeability cell for the sediment characterization.

scholarly journals A simple NMR methodology for evaluating filter cake properties and drilling fluid-induced formation damage

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1643-1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulrauf R. Adebayo ◽  
Badr S. Bageri
Keyword(s):  
Filter Cake ◽  
Rock Sample ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Secondary Damage ◽  
Volume Porosity ◽  
Filtration Loss ◽  
Cake Removal

Abstract An efficient drilling fluid will form a filter cake that will minimize the drilling fluid invasion into any drilled formation. Drilling fluid must therefore be adequately evaluated in the laboratory prior to field trial. Filter cake properties such as thickness, porosity, permeability, and pore structure are frequently evaluated using several techniques such as CT scan, SEM, and XRF. However, each of these techniques can evaluate only one or two filter cake properties. This paper presents a simple but novel NMR technique to evaluate filter cake properties such as thickness, pore volume, porosity, and possibly permeability. Furthermore, the amount and particle size distribution of solids that invaded a given rock sample can be obtained using the same technique. The full procedure was tested and verified using four identical rock samples. Drilling fluid invasion and filter cake deposition experiments were conducted on each of the samples, using the same drilling fluid but four different concentrations of fluid loss additive. NMR T2 relaxation measurements were taken at three different stages of each rock sample: before filter cake deposition; after fluid invasion and filter cake deposition; and after filter cake removal. A material balance analysis of the probability density function and cumulative distribution function of the measured T2 profile at the different stages of each sample yielded multiple filtration loss properties of the filter cake. The results obtained showed high accuracy of the NMR versus the current techniques. Moreover, this current method evaluated the majority of the filter cake properties at the same time and in situ hence eliminated the need of using multi-procedures that disturb the sample state. Finally, the presented method can also be used to evaluate secondary damage associated with filter cake removal process.

The Effect of Lemongrass as Lost Circulation Material (LCM) to the Filtrate and Filter Cake Formation

2013 ◽  
Vol 594-595 ◽  
pp. 68-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Aimi Ghazali ◽  
T.A.T. Mohd ◽  
Nur Hashimah Alias ◽  
A. Azizi ◽  
A.A. Harun
Keyword(s):  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Static Condition ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Effective Size ◽  
Filtration Time ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
Lost Circulation ◽  
Cake Thickness ◽  
Control Loss

Lost circulation is one of the most troublesome encountered in drilling due to uncontrolled flow of mud into the formation that likely to be caused of unsuccessful filter cake. The lost circulation material (LCM) is the additives that added to the drilling fluid to control loss of mud to the formation. In this research, the lemongrass was used as LCM. The objectives of this experiment are to investigate the effect of lemongrass as LCM to the filtrate and filter cake thickness and to determine the effective size of lemongrass as LCM. The experiments were conducted to measure the filtrate and filter cake thickness with different size and different based of drilling fluid. Low Pressure Low Temperature (LPLT) filter press is for water based mud (WBM) and High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) filter press is for oil based mud (OBM) were used to perform the filtration process under static condition and constant filtration time which is 30 minutes. Both WBM and OBM are prepared four samples with three difference sizes of LCM and native mud. The sizes of lemongrass are 150 microns, 250 microns and 500 microns. After each experiment, the filtrate volume and filter cake thickness were determined to represent. The result shows that lemongrass able to perform a good LCM in both WBM and OBM based on filtrate volume and filter cake thickness. For WBM, the mud with LCM is lower filtrate volume than native mud which is less than 6.0 ml and for OBM, the mud with LCM is lower filtrate volume than native mud which is less than 5.0 ml. Both WBM and OBM show the thickness of filter cake obtained was in the range of 2 to 25 mm. The result also shows that the effective size of LCM is 150 micron due to less filtrate volume and filter cake thickness compare to other size of LCM which is 250 microns and 500 microns. The findings revealed that then lemongrass with the size of 150 microns is the suitable material to be used as LCM to replace conventional LCM.

Can Titanium and Copper Oxide Commercial Nanoparticles Be Used for HP/HT Applications? A Comparison With the Very Well Performing Fe3O4 NP

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zisis Vryzas ◽  
Vassilios C. Kelessidis ◽  
Lori Nalbandian ◽  
Vassilios Zaspalis
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Yield Stress ◽  
Base Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Custom Made

Smart drilling fluids, which can change their properties according to the flow environment, must be carefully designed so that they can handle the difficult challenges of HP/HT drilling successfully. Due to their unique physico-chemical properties, nanoparticles (NP) are considered as very good candidates for the formulation of these smart drilling fluids. This study presents filtration and rheological results of newly developed high-performance water-based drilling fluid systems containing different nanoparticles, commercial (C) titanium oxide (TiO2) and commercial (C) copper oxide (CuO) NP and compares them with results from using custom-made (CM) iron oxide (Fe3O4) NP and commercial (C) iron oxide (Fe3O4) NP, previously reported. Novel nano-based drilling fluids were made of de-ionized water, 7 wt% commercial Na-bentonite (base fluid), and NP were added at 0.5 wt%. The rheological properties of the produced suspensions were measured at temperatures up to 60°C and at atmospheric pressure with a Couette-type viscometer. Filtration characteristics were determined at elevated pressures and temperatures in a HP/HT filter press (500 psi/176°C) using ceramic discs as filter media, of permeability, k = 775 mD. The results of this study showed that the samples containing 0.5 wt% C TiO2 caused a reduction in the fluid loss by 23%, while C CuO NP resulted in 16% reduction, when compared to that of the base fluid, at these HPHT conditions. This should be compared to the 47% and 34% reduction in fluid loss of 0.5% CM Fe3O4 NP and of 0.5% of C Fe3O4 NP, reported previously. Analysis of rheological data revealed shear-thinning behavior for all the tested novel drilling fluids. The samples containing TiO2 and CuO NP exhibited a yield stress less than that of the base fluid, compared to the increased yield stress observed for the C and CM Fe3O4 NP. This behavior can be attributed to the fact that TiO2 and CuO NP may also act as deflocculants and prevent the gelation of bentonite suspensions. This study shows that commercial nanoparticles of TiO2 and CuO do not perform as well as the Fe3O4 NP on filtration but provide drilling fluids with lower yield stresses, thus they could be considered as alternatives to Fe3O4 in situations where the rheological properties are critical.

Synthesis and properties of high temperature resistant and salt tolerant filtrate reducer N,N-dimethylacrylamide 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propyl dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride N-vinylpyrrolidone quadripolymer

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 627-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengguo Zhao ◽  
Xiaolin Pu ◽  
Luo Xiao ◽  
Gui Wang ◽  
Junlin Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fluid Filtration ◽  
Good Thermal Stability

Abstract N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA), 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propyl (AMPS), dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC) and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) monomers were copolymerized to synthesize a zwitterionic copolymer filtrate reducer. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) indicated that the molecular structure and chemical compositions of the quadripolymer matched with the design, and the result of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)-thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the polymer had good thermal stability. The effects of the quadripolymer on the properties and salt tolerance of drilling fluids were investigated. The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) was used to observe the microstructure of the DMAA/AMPS/DMDAAC/NVP quadripolymer-bentonite system and filter cake of the drilling fluid added the copolymer. Results showed that a one space grid structure was formed by the molecular film with a hydrophobic association effect and electrostatic interaction between the groups in the positive and negative charges of the quadripolymer. It adsorbed and coated clay particles, and kept the particles distributing multilevels which contributed to forming a compact filter cake to reduce fluid loss. The spatial structure of the quadripolymer in drilling fluid could be destroyed partly by high temperatures, sodium and calcium, but the polymer still had a good effect on reducing fluid filtration.

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