REVIEW ON DENSIFICATION OF PALM RESIDUES AS A TECHNIQUE FOR BIOMASS ENERGY UTILIZATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (9-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Mohd Faizal ◽  
Mohd Rosdzimin Abdul Rahman ◽  
Z. A. Latiff
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Compaction Pressure ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Fresh Fruit Bunch ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Tremendous Amount ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size

Due to the tremendous amount of palm biomass residues produced during the palm oil extraction from fresh fruit bunch (FFB), it is inevitable to harness these biomass energy sources to cope with the depletion of fossil fuels and increase in global energy demand scenarios. Densification is one of the favourable techniques to improve the storage and transportation of biomass fuels in order to prevent dumped areas adjacent to palm mills and to prevent from becoming another waste product. This article reviews comprehensively on how type of palm biomass, compaction pressure and temperature, binder, pre- and post-treatments affect the physical and combustion properties of the palm biomass briquettes produced. Based on the previous researches, generally it can be said that the type of palm biomass, the compaction pressure and temperature, and type of binder affect both the physical and combustion performance of densified palm biomass. However, the effect of particle size could be observed only on the physical characteristics of densified products, whereas the effect on the combustion properties remains unclear. In addition, treatments such as pyrolysis, dry and wet torrefaction (hydrothermal treatment), and steam explosion have potential to be applied during briquette production in order to improve the combustion properties. In this review article, it is also suggested that the combination of densification and followed by wet torrefaction will enhance the combustion properties of palm biomass briquettes.      

Experimental Investigation of Four Stroke Diesel Engine Performance Using Neem Oil and Neem Oil with Hydrogen as a Fuel

2014 ◽  
Vol 592-594 ◽  
pp. 1559-1563
Author(s):  
Thangaraju Rajasekaran ◽  
K. Duraisamy ◽  
K.R. Arvindd ◽  
D. Thamilarasu ◽  
Venkatachalam Chandraprabu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Ci Engines

Depletion of fossil fuels, unaffordability of conventional fuels (petrol, diesel) and atmospheric pollution lead researchers to develop alternative fuels. Fuels derived from renewable biological resources used in diesel engines are known as biodiesel. Biodiesel is environmental friendly liquid fuel similar to petrol and diesel in combustion properties. Increasing environmental concern, diminishing petroleum reserves and agriculture based economy of our country are the driving forces to promote biodiesel as an alternate fuel. Hydrogen seems to be viable fuel to meet sustainable energy demand with minimum environmental impact. Hydrogen has high calorific value and clean burning characteristics which makes it effective fuel for future. It was found that hydrogen usage reduce emissions such as CO2and HC. India is one of the largest producers of neem oil and its seed contains 30% oil content. It is an untapped source in India, so the neem oil usage will be a best option. The investigation made on pure neem oil and neem oil with hydrogen addition at different flow rate (2 lpm & 4 lpm) in CI engines. The result shows that, brake thermal efficiency of neem oil with 4 lpm hydrogen was increased to 7.98% compare to pure neem oil at 4 Nm torque and fuel consumption of neem oil with 4 lpm hydrogen was decreased to 13.49% compared to pure neem oil at 4 Nm torque.

scholarly journals The state of biomass energy in Serbia

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mladen Ilic ◽  
Borislav Grubor ◽  
Milos Tesic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Biomass Residues ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Total Energy Balance ◽  
Policy Information

The paper presents a review of the energy potential of different types of biomass residues in agriculture and forestry, and actual state of biomass energy utilization in Serbia. The estimated values of annual energy potential are: about 1.7?10 6 toe (ton of oil equivalent) in biomass residues in agriculture, comprising crop farming, fruit growing, viniculture and stock breeding, and about 1 million toe of biomass from forestry, including different biomass residues and fuel wood. The total annual biomass energy potential of about 2.7?10 6 toe represents 40% of the total coal energy production in Serbia. Towns located in agricultural regions and in regions rich in forest can satisfy their energy demand for centralized heading systems with biomass residues from the territory of their own municipality. With appropriate energy policy, information campaign, research activities and general regulation in the field of biomass energy utilization, the share of biomass energy consumption in total energy balance can be significantly increased.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impacts of Electricity Utilization in Educational Faculties: A Thailand Case Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Dalia M. M. Yacout ◽  
Pramote Sirirote ◽  
M. M. Yacout ◽  
Dusanee Thanaboripat
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Analysis ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Educational Facilities ◽  
Up Scaling

In view of the up-scaling energy crises worldwide, efforts have been focusing on reducing energy consumption and replacing fossil fuels usage with renewable energy sources. Thailand is one of the developing countries that have been facing an increase in energy demand associated to its economic expansion. The development in the educational sector is one of the sectors causing an increasing energy demand.Purpose: This study aims to quantify energy usage and understand its environmental impacts in one of the educational facilities in Thailand in order to identify energy saving opportunities and improvement options related to energy consumption in this sector. Materials and Methods: The investigation included a historical energy analysis for energy utilization of the facility, an onsite energy audit and an environmental impacts assessment. A number of potential energy saving opportunities was identified; related cost savings and CO2 reduction were calculated. Additionally, the environmental impacts of energy utilization were simulated using the life cycle assessment technique. Special attention was given to potential impacts on global warming due to its direct association to fossil fuels combustion.Results and discussion: the pattern of energy utilization was identified and it clarified that the major contributor to energy utilization was energy consumption practices by students and staff of the faculty. Consequently, awareness raising of energy saving opportunities and people involvement was the major area of improvement. Results show that increasing people involvement in energy saving practices could lead to a cost saving of 46,000-120,000 USD/Year with low cost investment and a 100-240 ton CO2 reduction. Other potential savings were using motion sensors which save 30-40% of energy costs in offices and utilizing renewable solar energy as a source for electricity. This will save 13,300-33,300 USD/Year with a 7.5 years payback and 35-50 years lifetime.When assessing the associated environmental impacts to electricity production, five main categories were found to be impacted: fossil fuels depletion, respiratory inorganics formation potential, global worming potential, acidification potential and eutrophication potential. The application of the suggested energy saving opportunities will reduce the electricity consumption, lower generated air emissions from fossil fuels combustion, consequently minimize all associated impacts specially global worming potential.In Conclusion: assessing energy utilization of educational facilities is essential to reduce energy demand in an up-scaling economy. Energy analysis and onsite energy audits are efficient methods for recognizing energy utilization patterns and identifying energy saving opportunities. The implemented investigation in this study can be applied in different educational facilities. 

TORREFACTION OF PALM BIOMASS BRIQUETTES AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (9-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Mohd Faizal ◽  
M. Amin M. Jusoh ◽  
Mohd Rosdzimin Abdul Rahman ◽  
S. Syahrullail ◽  
Z. A. Latiff
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Compaction Pressure ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Gross Calorific Value ◽  
Fresh Fruit Bunch ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content

The climate change has driven towards transformation from the high energy dependence on fossil fuel to inexhaustible renewable energy such as solar, wind, mini hydro and biomass. In Malaysia, abundant of palm biomass residues are produced during the processing of fresh fruit bunch. Therefore it is inevitable to harness these bioenergy sources in order to prevent waste accumulation at adjacent to palm mills. In order to utilize such bioenergy sources and to cope with the fast growing demand of energy, combination technique of densification and torrefaction is one of the potential ways to be practised. In the present study, the physical and combustion properties of torrefied empty  fruit bunch (EFB) briquettes were investigated experimentally with constant nitrogen flow rate of 1 l/min , for various torrefaction temperatures (225-300). Before torrefaction process, EFB briquettes were initially produced under controlled condition with compaction pressure of 7 MPa and briquetting temperature of 150. In general, the torrefied EFB briquettes were successfully produced in the present study. The results show that an increase in torrefaction temperature from 225  to 300  causes a significant increase in gross calorific value (from around 17400 kJ/kg to 25000 kJ/kg), fixed carbon content (from 16.2% to 46.2%) and ash content (from 2.4% to 17.2%). On the other hand, relaxed density and volatile matter decrease, from 1017 kg/m3 to 590 kg/m3 and from 73.1% to 29.7%, respectively. As a conclusion, the gross calorific value and fixed carbon content are improved due to torrefaction. In addition, it was found that gross calorific value and moisture content of the torrefied EFB briquettes fulfil the requirement for commercial briquette production as stated by DIN51731 (gross calorific value>17500 kJ/kg and moisture content <10%). 

scholarly journals The Prospective Non-Conventional Alternate and Renewable Energy Sources in Pakistan—A Focus on Biomass Energy for Power Generation, Transportation, and Industrial Fuel

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wajahat Ullah Khan Tareen ◽  
Zuha Anjum ◽  
Nabila Yasin ◽  
Leenah Siddiqui ◽  
Ifzana Farhat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Biomass Resources

Pakistan is experiencing an undersupply of electricity, causing load shedding several hours per day due to the adherence to conventional energy resources having quantitative and environmental limitations. Fossil fuels generate more than half of the country’s total electricity, but they will ultimately run out due to their limited supply. Their combustion emits greenhouse gases, posing environmental threats. Since the world is tending toward efficient and sustainable alternative methods for harvesting energy from nature, Pakistan has also been investigating an elevated deployment of renewable energy projects. This paper presents a critical analysis of the present energy sector of Pakistan along with global scenarios. Pakistan relies on mainly thermal, hydro, and nuclear energy for power generation. National solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass resources have not been extensively explored and implemented. This paper provides an insight into the potential of these resources in Pakistan to generate electricity for the national grid on a large scale. It focuses on biomass energy, which can be harnessed from bagasse, poultry waste, and municipal waste for power production, and biomass-based fuel for industries and transportation. It concludes that biomass is the most sustainable, available, implementable, and environment-friendly resource that can be utilized to lessen the energy demand and supply gap in Pakistan.

Biodiesel production from non-edible oils: A review

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Jatinder Kataria ◽  
Saroj Kumar Mohapatra ◽  
Amit Pal
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
The World

The limited fossil reserves, spiraling price and environmental impact due to usage of fossil fuels leads the world wide researchers’ interest in using alternative renewable and environment safe fuels that can meet the energy demand. Biodiesel is an emerging renewable alternative fuel to conventional diesel which can be produced from both edible and non-edible oils, animal fats, algae etc. The society is in dire need of using renewable fuels as an immediate control measure to mitigate the pollution level. In this work an attempt is made to review the requisite and access the capability of the biodiesel in improving the environmental degradation.

BP Global Energy Outlook 2030

2013 ◽  
pp. 109-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rühl
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
The Us ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Oil Gas

This paper presents the highlights of the third annual edition of the BP Energy Outlook, which sets out BP’s view of the most likely developments in global energy markets to 2030, based on up-to-date analysis and taking into account developments of the past year. The Outlook’s overall expectation for growth in global energy demand is to be 36% higher in 2030 than in 2011 and almost all the growth coming from emerging economies. It also reflects shifting expectations of the pattern of supply, with unconventional sources — shale gas and tight oil together with heavy oil and biofuels — playing an increasingly important role and, in particular, transforming the energy balance of the US. While the fuel mix is evolving, fossil fuels will continue to be dominant. Oil, gas and coal are expected to converge on market shares of around 26—28% each by 2030, and non-fossil fuels — nuclear, hydro and renewables — on a share of around 6—7% each. By 2030, increasing production and moderating demand will result in the US being 99% self-sufficient in net energy. Meanwhile, with continuing steep economic growth, major emerging economies such as China and India will become increasingly reliant on energy imports. These shifts will have major impacts on trade balances.

scholarly journals Conversion of biomass to biofuels and life cycle assessment: a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed I. Osman ◽  
Neha Mehta ◽  
Ahmed M. Elgarahy ◽  
Amer Al-Hinai ◽  
Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Thermochemical Processes ◽  
Lower Temperature

AbstractThe global energy demand is projected to rise by almost 28% by 2040 compared to current levels. Biomass is a promising energy source for producing either solid or liquid fuels. Biofuels are alternatives to fossil fuels to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Nonetheless, policy decisions for biofuels should be based on evidence that biofuels are produced in a sustainable manner. To this end, life cycle assessment (LCA) provides information on environmental impacts associated with biofuel production chains. Here, we review advances in biomass conversion to biofuels and their environmental impact by life cycle assessment. Processes are gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis routes and fermentation. Thermochemical processes are classified into low temperature, below 300 °C, and high temperature, higher than 300 °C, i.e. gasification, combustion and pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is promising because it operates at a relatively lower temperature of up to 500 °C, compared to gasification, which operates at 800–1300 °C. We focus on 1) the drawbacks and advantages of the thermochemical and biochemical conversion routes of biomass into various fuels and the possibility of integrating these routes for better process efficiency; 2) methodological approaches and key findings from 40 LCA studies on biomass to biofuel conversion pathways published from 2019 to 2021; and 3) bibliometric trends and knowledge gaps in biomass conversion into biofuels using thermochemical and biochemical routes. The integration of hydrothermal and biochemical routes is promising for the circular economy.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review on Oil Extraction and Biodiesel Production Technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 788
Author(s):  
Zulqarnain ◽  
Muhammad Ayoub ◽  
Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Muhammad Hamza Nazir ◽  
Imtisal Zahid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Waste Oils ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Production Technologies

Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world’s environment. There is a dire need to look for alternative fuels that are less potent to greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels offer several advantages with less harmful effects on the environment. Biodiesel is synthesized from the organic wastes produced extensively like edible, non-edible, microbial, and waste oils. This study reviews the feasibility of the state-of-the-art feedstocks for sustainable biodiesel synthesis such as availability, and capacity to cover a significant proportion of fossil fuels. Biodiesel synthesized from oil crops, vegetable oils, and animal fats are the potential renewable carbon-neutral substitute to petroleum fuels. This study concludes that waste oils with higher oil content including waste cooking oil, waste palm oil, and algal oil are the most favorable feedstocks. The comparison of biodiesel production and parametric analysis is done critically, which is necessary to come up with the most appropriate feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. Since the critical comparison of feedstocks along with oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies has never been done before, this will help to direct future researchers to use more sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel synthesis. This study concluded that the use of third-generation feedstocks (wastes) is the most appropriate way for sustainable biodiesel production. The use of innovative costless oil extraction technologies including supercritical and microwave-assisted transesterification method is recommended for oil extraction.

Regional integrated energy system schemes selection based on risk expectation and Mahalanobis-Taguchi system

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jiahang Yuan ◽  
Yun Li ◽  
Xinggang Luo ◽  
Lingfei Li ◽  
Zhongliang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Choquet Integral ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Fuzzy Measures ◽  
Integrated Energy System

Regional integrated energy system (RIES) provides a platform for coupling utilization of multi-energy and makes various energy demand from client possible. The suitable RIES composition scheme will upgrade energy structure and improve integrated energy utilization efficiency. Based on a RIES construction project in Jiangsu province, this paper proposes a new multi criteria decision-making (MCDM) method for the selection of RIES schemes. Because that subjective evaluation on RIES schemes benefit under criteria has uncertainty and hesitancy, intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy number (ITFN) which has the better capability to model ill-known quantities is presented. In consideration of risk attitude and interdependency of criteria, a new decision model with risk coefficients, Mahalanobis-Taguchi system and Choquet integral is proposed. Firstly, the decision matrices given by experts are normalized, and then are transformed to minimum expectation matrices according to different risk coefficients. Secondly, the weights of criteria from different experts are calculated by Mahalanobis-Taguchi system. Mobius transformation coefficients based on interaction degree are to calculate 2-order additive fuzzy measures, and then the comprehensive weights of criteria are obtained by fuzzy measures and Choquet integral. Thirdly, based on group decision consensus requirement, the weights of experts are obtained by the maximum entropy and grey correlation. Fourthly, the minimum expectation matrices are aggregated by the intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy Bonferroni mean operator. Thus, the ranking result according to the comparison rules using the minimum expectation and the maximum expectation is obtained. Finally, an illustrative example is taken in the present study to make the proposed method comprehensible.

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