North China Plain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel Bossen ◽  
Hill Gates
Keyword(s):  
Rural China ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Early Research ◽  
Hebei Province ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Cotton Industry ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Economic Background

This chapter demonstrates how pervasive footbinding was among the mothers and grandmothers of women we interviewed in northern China. It begins by outlining political and economic background to the region and the development of the preindustrial cotton industry. Hebei province, surrounding Beijing, is the starting point. Heavily influenced by political changes and new developments in transportation and trade, Ding County, was the site of a landmark study of rural China in the 1920s and 1930s. Complementing the early research with new village material provides different perspectives on Ding County's decline in footbinding. Research in villages in Shandong, Henan, and Anhui Provinces provides additional information on the interplay of local environment, trade, girls’ hand labor, the pattern of footbinding and the pace of its decline.

scholarly journals PhaLP: A Database for the Study of Phage Lytic Proteins and Their Evolution

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1240
Author(s):  
Bjorn Criel ◽  
Steff Taelman ◽  
Wim Van Criekinge ◽  
Michiel Stock ◽  
Yves Briers
Keyword(s):  
Protein Sequence ◽  
Early Research ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Specific Design ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Community Of Researchers ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich Content ◽  
Broad Community ◽  
High Diversity

Phage lytic proteins are a clinically advanced class of novel enzyme-based antibiotics, so-called enzybiotics. A growing community of researchers develops phage lytic proteins with the perspective of their use as enzybiotics. A successful translation of enzybiotics to the market requires well-considered selections of phage lytic proteins in early research stages. Here, we introduce PhaLP, a database of phage lytic proteins, which serves as an open portal to facilitate the development of phage lytic proteins. PhaLP is a comprehensive, easily accessible and automatically updated database (currently 16,095 entries). Capitalizing on the rich content of PhaLP, we have mapped the high diversity of natural phage lytic proteins and conducted analyses at three levels to gain insight in their host-specific evolution. First, we provide an overview of the modular diversity. Secondly, datamining and interpretable machine learning approaches were adopted to reveal host-specific design rules for domain architectures in endolysins. Lastly, the evolution of phage lytic proteins on the protein sequence level was explored, revealing host-specific clusters. In sum, PhaLP can act as a starting point for the broad community of enzybiotic researchers, while the steadily improving evolutionary insights will serve as a natural inspiration for protein engineers.

scholarly journals The BioCyc collection of microbial genomes and metabolic pathways

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1085-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D Karp ◽  
Richard Billington ◽  
Ron Caspi ◽  
Carol A Fulcher ◽  
Mario Latendresse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Alignment ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Biomedical Literature ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Microbial Genomes ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Alignment Tool ◽  
Extensive Range ◽  
Types Of Information

Abstract BioCyc.org is a microbial genome Web portal that combines thousands of genomes with additional information inferred by computer programs, imported from other databases and curated from the biomedical literature by biologist curators. BioCyc also provides an extensive range of query tools, visualization services and analysis software. Recent advances in BioCyc include an expansion in the content of BioCyc in terms of both the number of genomes and the types of information available for each genome; an expansion in the amount of curated content within BioCyc; and new developments in the BioCyc software tools including redesigned gene/protein pages and metabolite pages; new search tools; a new sequence-alignment tool; a new tool for visualizing groups of related metabolic pathways; and a facility called SmartTables, which enables biologists to perform analyses that previously would have required a programmer’s assistance.

The Importance of Managerial Education and Training for Country Performance

2018 ◽  
pp. 1276-1293
Author(s):  
Lavinia Rasca ◽  
Alecxandrina Deaconu
Keyword(s):  
Training Programs ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Customized Training ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Research ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Managerial Competence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Training

This chapter is the result of a study conducted by the authors aiming to study the impact that business education and training have on the increase of managerial competence, important to obtaining and maintaining the corporate advantage of the companies acting in Romania and consequently to country performance. The scope of the research is global, searching for the best practices that can be transferred from other countries to Romania and adapted to the local environment. A multitude of managerial education and training methods and programs are studied – EMBA, MBA, open and customized training programs. A literature review created a good understanding of the topic, being the starting point of the quantitative and qualitative research. The chapter will be useful for business schools and training companies, for participants in managerial education and training programs, and for governmental bodies, and should contribute to the increase of educational performance and convergence with European developments.

scholarly journals A reply from a ‘pracademic’: It is not all mischief, and there is scope to educate budding authors

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H.R. Bussin
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Audit Committees ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Publish Or Perish ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time To Learn

Problemification: Some academics joined the profession from private sector late in their career. They are sometimes referred to fondly as practical academics or ‘pracademics’ because they still work in private sector and also act as a visiting professor in academia. I sit on eight boards and chair nearly half of them, and serve on audit committees and HR Remuneration committees. I am an example of a ‘pracademic’, and my induction into academia was one sentence – publish or perish. In the private sector, induction can take up to a week. I had one minute.Implications: The implication is that I had to find out what a peer-reviewed journal was and trip into the fact that some peer-reviewed journals are scams and others A rated. Telling the difference in my initial years took its toll. I continually had to ask colleagues – is this journal real? Eventually I realised the DHET list was a good starting point and I started submitting articles. I got more rejections than acceptances at first, with very little explanation. So I learnt nothing and did not know what to do to improve. I had to waste another thousand reviewer hours of time to learn what the requirement was.Research writing is guided by a personal philosophy, and it is about what types of research issues one is inclined towards. For instance, some people are naturally inclined towards basic research and others towards applied research. Others are more oriented towards theory building and testing types for the purpose of creating knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Some others are pragmatic types or realist types and believe real-world problems do not come neatly packaged and are somewhat untidily in presentation calling for discretion or judgement on what to prioritise for research and how to carry out the research. Some are scientist practitioners (evidence informed researchers) and others are practitioner-scientist (practice-led science).Perhaps this kind of orientation to research is what early career researchers need initially; then, they can worry about reproducibility of research findings down the line after grounding themselves into the research space they perceive to belong to and where they feel invested.Purpose: The purpose of this opinion article is to share my journey and sow some doubt in reply to the opinion piece circulated by Efendic and Van Zyl. Whilst I do agree with everything that is said in their article, I believe that there is additional information that needs to be considered. Context is important. Not all academics that submit articles have been in academia for many years. We need to do more to support budding authors.Recommendations: We need to be much more helpful to budding authors than just publishing a page or two called author submission guidelines. These are mostly cosmetic style guides. If we want a higher quality submission and plenty of them – then I believe we need to educate our budding authors of the requirements. Perhaps we need a detailed guide, similar in content and depth as the article of Efendic and Van Zyl (2019). We could consider a podcast setting out the technical guidelines and statistical requirements. Running courses on article publishing by the reviewers is important because that is from the horse’s mouth. Trust me; it is not just a case of sticking to the style guide. You need to really understand some of the under currents of article publishing, for example, quoting as many authors from that particular journal’s list of articles as possible.

The Economic Background of the Dual State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst Fraenkel
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
German Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
National Socialists ◽  
German System ◽  
Historical Necessity

This chapter analyzes the German economy in the late 1930s and explores the extent to which it was capitalist. The chapter begins by stating that it is essential to discuss certain economic aspects of the German system under the National-Socialists in order to understand some fundamental problems of that time. Only against an economic background can we understand why it was that the state in Germany was neither completely “prerogative” nor completely “normative” but rather “dual.” The kind and the degree of historical “necessity” involved in the emergence of the dual state in Germany needs to be analyzed and understood. For it is in the dual state that the starting point toward a solution of the much debated problem could hopefully be found. The chapter asks: was the German economic system capitalistic or non-capitalistic?

The impact of early trans-Eurasian exchange on animal utilization in northern China during 5000–2500 BP

The Holocene ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 095968362094116
Author(s):  
Guanghui Dong ◽  
Linyao Du ◽  
Wenyu Wei
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Animal Utilization ◽  
Human Subsistence ◽  
The Bronze Age

Transcontinental exchange emerged and intensified in northern China since the late fifth millennium BP (Before present), especially in the arc, which was the core area of the eastern part of the trans-Eurasian exchange during the Late Neolithic and the Bronze Age. In the arc, the exchange profoundly affected the human subsistence strategy and human-environment relationship. Relative to the crop patterns and human diets during the Bronze Age in northern China, systematic investigations of zooarcheological data based on broad spatial and temporal framework to understand the influence of introduced livestock and indigenous livestock on human subsistence are lacking. To show the spatial-temporal variation in animal utilization patterns and its relation to prehistoric trans-Eurasian exchange, the zooarcheological data from 40 sites in northern China dated between 5000 and 2500 BP were analyzed. The strategy of animal utilization in northern China changed substantially from 5000 to 2500 BP, with notable spatial features in different chronological phases. From 5000 to 4300 BP, wild mammals and indigenous livestock (pig, dog) use dominated in the arc and the North China Plain (NCP). During 4300–3500 BP, the importance of introduced livestock (cattle, sheep/goat, horse) exceeded that of indigenous livestock in the arc, whereas indigenous livestock continued to dominate in the NCP. Indigenous livestock acted as the most important animal subsistence in northern China, although the exploitation of introduced livestock increased during 3500–2000 BP. These spatio-temporal differences in animal utilization appear to be closely associated with the prehistoric trans-Eurasian exchange, but were also affected by local environment, agriculture development, and climate change.

scholarly journals EULAR provisional recommendations for the management of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases in the context of SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 851-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert BM Landewé ◽  
Pedro M Machado ◽  
Féline Kroon ◽  
Hans WJ Bijlsma ◽  
Gerd R Burmester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Task Force ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Eular Recommendations ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Prevention Of Infections

The provisional EULAR recommendations address several aspects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus, and the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and are meant for patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMD) and their caregivers. A task force of 20 members was convened by EULAR that met several times by videoconferencing in April 2020. The task force finally agreed on five overarching principles and 13 recommendations covering four generic themes: (1) General measures and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. (2) The management of RMD when local measures of social distancing are in effect. (3) The management of COVID-19 in the context of RMD. (4) The prevention of infections other than SARS-CoV-2. EULAR considers this set of recommendations as a ‘living document’ and a starting point, which will be updated as soon as promising new developments with potential impact on the care of patients with RMD become available.

scholarly journals Bathing and toileting difficulties of older adults in rural China: the role of environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Changxi Liu ◽  
Joelle H. Fong ◽  
Jasmon W. T. Hoh ◽  
Hailin Wu ◽  
Yunsheng Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Functional Disability ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
The Disabled

Abstract Background For older adults, difficulties in bathing and toileting are often the most prevalent in the index of Activities of daily living (ADL). This study aims to examine how environmental factors are associated with difficulty of bathing and toileting among older adults in rural China. Method The data are from the 2014 Thousand-Village Survey (TVS), a national survey of Chinese rural residents of old age. The sample consists of 10,689 subjects, 55 years or older, from 536 villages across all provinces of China. Logistic regressions were applied to examine how difficulty of bathing and toileting was related to environmental factors such as geographic location, neighbourhood amenity, and related facilities of bathing and toileting. Results Older adults living in the Southern regions of China had lesser difficulty in bathing and toileting than those living in Northern China, controlling for other confounders. Better neighbourhood conditions also reduced the likelihood of having such disabilities. Persons who bathed indoors without showering facilities, in public facilities, and outdoors were significantly more likely to have bathing disability than those who showered indoors with facility. Rural older adults who used pedestal pans and indoor buckets for toileting were more likely to have toileting disability than those who used indoor squatting facilities. Conclusion Environmental barriers were associated with functional disability among older adults in rural China, but the disabled individuals may change their environments to adapt to their functional capabilities. Our findings suggest that it is imperative to promote the use of showering facilities and pedestal pans for toileting in rural China.

scholarly journals The40Ar/39Ar dating of the early Jehol Biota from Fengning, Hebei Province, northern China

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Y. He ◽  
X. L. Wang ◽  
F. Jin ◽  
Z. H. Zhou ◽  
F. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern China ◽  
Hebei Province ◽  
Jehol Biota
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