scholarly journals Inequality of rural income distribution in Iran: an exploratory analysis of spatial data

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (85) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Aghapour sabbaghi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Regional Component

Despite regional differences, spatial distribution has not been addressed in studies on rural income in Iran. The main goal of this study is to analyze the spatial pattern of inequality in rural areas of the country. In this research, Moran’s I index, Theil index and Gini coefficient have been used for the period 2005-2015. The results show that both inter-regional and intra-regional components affect the unequal distribution of rural income, but the importance of the intra-regional component is slightly higher. The study of the data obtained from the Moran’s Ι index shows that there is evidence of the spatial clustering phenomenon in rural economy of the country.  

scholarly journals Impact of Infrastructure and Agroclimate on the Location of Rural Bank Branches in Pakistan: A Preliminary Assessment

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (4II) ◽  
pp. 899-909
Author(s):  
Kalbe Abbas ◽  
Musleh-Ud Din ◽  
Ejaz Ghani ◽  
Sarfraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Bank Branches

Rural financial institutions play an important role in development and growth of the agricultural sector. In developing economies some rural areas are adequately served by financial institutions, while others have little or no access to these institutions. This uneven pattern of geographic location of rural bank branches has been attributed largely to regional differences in agroclimatic conditions and infrastructural endowments. We have estimated several alternative specifications which can be helpful in understanding the spatial distribution of commercial bank branches across the rural areas. Our results indicate that the location of rural bank branches is significantly influenced by infrastructural endowments and agroclimatic environment.

scholarly journals Regional Differences and Influential Factors of Open Public Space in Chinese Cities Based on Big Earth Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2514
Author(s):  
Penglong Wang ◽  
Yanyan Ma ◽  
Xueyan Zhao ◽  
Bao Wang ◽  
Jianghao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
City Size ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Space Scale

Urban open public spaces that provide multiple services for residents are essential for improving life quality and urban ecosystem function and promoting healthy development, the safety of human settlements and the sustainable development of urban cities. Based on Sustainable Development Goal 11.7 of the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda, this study combines the big earth data with the Theil index, a coefficient of variation and Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) to analyze the regional differences and spatial distribution of urban open public space in 2015 for China, and uses the geographical detector to identify key factors that affect the distribution of open public spaces. The results show that (1) open public space scales in provincial-level cities have an ‘East–Central–West’ low-lying land pattern in spatial distribution, where the eastern region has a relatively larger open public space scale. (2) In the prefecture-level cities, the open public space scale increases with an increase in city size and economic development level, and the differences in urban open public space reduce with an increase in city size and increase with a decrease in the economic development level. (3) Factors including economic development level, residents’ living standards, the urbanization level and the population size have sound explanatory powers in varying degrees on the scale of open public spaces; interactions between these factors have improved the explanatory power of the scale of urban open public space.

scholarly journals The Spatial Patterns of Service Facilities Based on Internet Big Data: A Case Study on Chengdu

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Hao Li ◽  
Jianshu Duan ◽  
Yidan Wu ◽  
Sizhuo Gao ◽  
Ting Li
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Spatial Data Mining ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Ring Road ◽  
Multiple Clusters

In the context of the mid-late development of China’s urbanization, promoting sustainable urban development and giving full play to urban potential have become a social focus, which is of enormous practical significance for the study of urban spatial pattern. Based on such Internet data as a map’s Point of Interest (POI), this paper studies the spatial distribution pattern and clustering characteristics of POIs of four categories of service facilities in Chengdu of Sichuan Province, including catering, shopping, transportation, scientific, educational, and cultural services, by means of spatial data mining technologies such as dimensional autocorrelation analysis and DBSCAN clustering. Global spatial autocorrelation is used to study the correlation between an index of a certain element and itself (univariate) or another index of an adjacent element (bivariate); partial spatial autocorrelation is used to identify characteristics of spatial clustering or spatial anomaly distribution of geographical elements. DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) is able to detect clusters of any shape without prior knowledge. The final step is to carry out quantitative analysis and reveal the distribution characteristics and coupling effects of spatial patterns. According to the results, (1) the spatial distribution of POIs of all service facilities is significantly polarized, as they are concentrated in the old city, and the trend of suburbanization is indistinctive, showing three characteristics, namely, central driving, traffic accessibility, and dependence on population activity; (2) the spatial distribution of POIs of the four categories of service facilities is featured by the pattern of “one center, multiple clusters,” where “one center” mainly covers the area within the first ring road and partial region between the first ring road and the third ring road, while “multiple clusters” are mainly distributed in the well-developed areas in the second circle of Chengdu, such as Wenjiang District and Shuangliu District; and (3) there is a significant correlation between any two categories of POIs. Highly mixed multifunctional areas are mainly distributed in the urban center, while service industry is less aggregated in urban fringe areas, and most of them are single-functional or dual-functional regions.

scholarly journals Developing the Rural Economy Structure in Agriculture Towards the Betterment of India’s Economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhruv Chamaria ◽  
◽  
Karan Chothani Chothani ◽  
Shivani Darekar ◽  
Viral Darji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
National Income ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Rural Sector ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Comprehensive Development ◽  
The Village

India is primarily a rural region, with more than half of the country’s population and 70 percent of the work force living in rural areas. Approximately 46 percent of national income depends on rural income making it one of the highest contributors of the national economy. Urbanization of inhabitants of rural sector though increasing on an average, it is projected that around 2050 more than half of the national population will be living in rural sectors. Urbanization thus not only affects the economy of the rural sector but, also leaves illiterate farmers back in the village with no manpower and a lot of area. Thus, growth and development of rural economy and population are one of the key factors, to overall growth and comprehensive development of the country. This paper makes an attempt as an assessment in proposing a solution developing a web-based solution for the farmers to find man-power, experts and potential investors for their land. The solution proposed will have different mod

scholarly journals Problematic areas of the Republic of Srpska within the context of demographic changes

2014 ◽  
pp. 767-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Mandic ◽  
Milenko Zivkovic
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Demographic Changes ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
Demographic Potential

The paper discusses problematic areas in the Republic of Srpska, from the aspects of spatial distribution of the population and demographic changes during the period between the last two censuses. The paper also treats causes and consequences of an unbalanced spatial development. Social-economic processes indicate the increase of regional differences, the consequences of which are numerous and they also differentiate the country?s area on several grounds. One of the consequences is the unbalanced development and spatial distribution of the population. Assuming that the demographic potential triggers the complex valorization of an area, the paper also indicates limitations and risks of the future development resulting from demographic changes. Starting with 1960s, the poor total demographic potential of the Republic of Srpska area has been particularly strong in rural areas. This further implies the necessity to change the approach to demographic development strategies. From both theoretical and practical aspects, the paper also addresses the consequences of the unbalanced spatial distribution of the population. The polarized development of the country jeopardizes the economic and geopolitical sustainability of the demographically depressive peripheral areas and makes it difficult to integrate into modern development processes.

scholarly journals Training and Assistance for Village-Owned Enterprises (Bumdes) Based on Local Potential in Babalanlor Village, Bojong District, Pekalongan Regency

2019 ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Tarmidzi Tarmidzi ◽  
M. Aries Syafi'i ◽  
M. Yusron
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Community Services ◽  
Local Potential ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Tertiary Institutions ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
The Village

BUMDes is a village-owned enterprises formed by the community to achieve independence and prosperity of the village. The purpose of BUMDes is as an instrument of social capital which is expected to be a prime over in bridging efforts to strengthen the rural economy. In order to create an independent and prosperous village, we require the involvement of other parties, including the involvement of the community, groups, practitioners, academics and government. IAIN Pekalongan, as one of the tertiary institutions which have done community services and has concern in the community welfare problem.Through an action research method completed with data collection techniques through participatory observation, interviews, documentation, and focus group discussions, an action plan is developed. The community service team of State Islamic Institute of Pekalongan together with the community has provided assistance in the process of making BUMDes based on local potential. Through the assistance program for making BUMDes in Babalanlor Village, the village has produced the outputs and the outcomes. First, BUMDes named Sukses Mulyo along with its statutes/bylaws. Second, the assisted community already has an awareness of the importance of BUMDes because with their presence, BUMDes is expected to be able to play a role in increasing Village’s Original Income  (PADes) resources, providing services to the needs of the community, increasing business opportunities and reducing unemployment in rural areas, increasing rural income, and reducing poverty.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Community Resilience in Rural China—Taking Licheng Subdistrict, Guangzhou as an Example

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5827
Author(s):  
Jianhong Fan ◽  
You Mo ◽  
Yunnan Cai ◽  
Yabo Zhao ◽  
Dongchen Su
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Social Resilience ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Guangzhou City ◽  
Local Sustainability

Resilience of rural communities is becoming increasingly important to contemporary society. In this study we used a quantitative method to measure the resilience regulating ability of rural communities close to urban areas—in Licheng Subdistrict, Guangzhou City, China. The main results are as follows: (1) Rural systems close to urban areas display superior adapting and learning abilities and have a stronger overall resilience strength, the spatial distribution of which is characterized by dispersion in whole and aggregation in part; (2) the resilience of most rural economic subsystems can reach moderate or higher levels with apparent spatial agglomeration, whilst the ecological subsystem resilience and social resilience are generally weaker; the spatial distribution of the former shows a greater regional difference while the latter is in a layered layout; (3) some strategies such as rebuilding a stable ecological pattern, making use of urban resources and cultivating rural subjectivity are proposed on this basis, in order to promote the sustainable development of rural areas and realize rural revitalization. This work also gives suggestion for the creation of appropriate and effective resilience standards specifically targeted for rural community-aiming to achieve the delivery of local sustainability goals.

scholarly journals Spatial analysis for political scientists

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Jessica Di Salvatore ◽  
Andrea Ruggeri
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Spatial Regression ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
Electoral Studies ◽  
Data Points

Abstract How does space matter in our analyses? How can we evaluate diffusion of phenomena or interdependence among units? How biased can our analysis be if we do not consider spatial relationships? All the above questions are critical theoretical and empirical issues for political scientists belonging to several subfields from Electoral Studies to Comparative Politics, and also for International Relations. In this special issue on methods, our paper introduces political scientists to conceptualizing interdependence between units and how to empirically model these interdependencies using spatial regression. First, the paper presents the building blocks of any feature of spatial data (points, polygons, and raster) and the task of georeferencing. Second, the paper discusses what a spatial matrix (W) is, its varieties and the assumptions we make when choosing one. Third, the paper introduces how to investigate spatial clustering through visualizations (e.g. maps) as well as statistical tests (e.g. Moran's index). Fourth and finally, the paper explains how to model spatial relationships that are of substantive interest to some of our research questions. We conclude by inviting researchers to carefully consider space in their analysis and to reflect on the need, or the lack thereof, to use spatial models.

scholarly journals Explainable Spatial Clustering: Leveraging Spatial Data in Radiation Oncology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Wentzel ◽  
Guadalupe Canahuate ◽  
Lisanne V. van Dijk ◽  
Abdallah S.R. Mohamed ◽  
C. David Fuller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Radiation Oncology ◽  
Spatial Clustering

scholarly journals Spatial Agglomeration of China’s Forest Products Manufacturing Industry: Measurement, Characteristics and Determinants

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1006
Author(s):  
Zhenhuan Chen ◽  
Hongge Zhu ◽  
Wencheng Zhao ◽  
Menghan Zhao ◽  
Yutong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Spatial Agglomeration ◽  
Continuous Space

China’s forest products manufacturing industry is experiencing the dual pressure of forest protection policies and wood scarcity and, therefore, it is of great significance to reveal the spatial agglomeration characteristics and evolution drivers of this industry to enhance its sustainable development. Based on the perspective of large-scale agglomeration in a continuous space, in this study, we used the spatial Gini coefficient and standard deviation ellipse method to investigate the spatial agglomeration degree and location distribution characteristics of China’s forest products manufacturing industry, and we used exploratory spatial data analysis to investigate its spatial agglomeration pattern. The results show that: (1) From 1988 to 2018, the degree of spatial agglomeration of China’s forest products manufacturing industry was relatively low, and the industry was characterized by a very pronounced imbalance in its spatial distribution. (2) The industry has a very clear core–periphery structure, the spatial distribution exhibits a “northeast-southwest” pattern, and the barycenter of the industrial distribution has tended to move south. (3) The industry mainly has a high–high and low–low spatial agglomeration pattern. The provinces with high–high agglomeration are few and concentrated in the southeast coastal area. (4) The spatial agglomeration and evolution characteristics of China’s forest products manufacturing industry may be simultaneously affected by forest protection policies, sources of raw materials, international trade and the degree of marketization. In the future, China’s forest products manufacturing industry should further increase the level of spatial agglomeration to fully realize the economies of scale.

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