scholarly journals Impact of Infrastructure and Agroclimate on the Location of Rural Bank Branches in Pakistan: A Preliminary Assessment

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (4II) ◽  
pp. 899-909
Author(s):  
Kalbe Abbas ◽  
Musleh-Ud Din ◽  
Ejaz Ghani ◽  
Sarfraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Bank Branches

Rural financial institutions play an important role in development and growth of the agricultural sector. In developing economies some rural areas are adequately served by financial institutions, while others have little or no access to these institutions. This uneven pattern of geographic location of rural bank branches has been attributed largely to regional differences in agroclimatic conditions and infrastructural endowments. We have estimated several alternative specifications which can be helpful in understanding the spatial distribution of commercial bank branches across the rural areas. Our results indicate that the location of rural bank branches is significantly influenced by infrastructural endowments and agroclimatic environment.

Growth of Rural Indebtedness in Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 336-341
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Utilisation Pattern ◽  
Agricultural Labourers

The problem of indebtedness among the rural households of Punjab was become more serious in the last two decades. A large number of studies were carried out in India and abroad to look into the problem of rural indebtedness and its consequences but most of these studies are either based upon a very small sample of a few districts or cover the farmers only. The present study would be wider in scope as it was also included artisans, agricultural labourers (non- cultivators) along with the farmers (cultivators). This study analysed the situation of Punjab as a whole and district wise analysis was done. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt was made to analyse the growth of indebtedness among the rural households in Punjab and attempt was made to explain the utilisation pattern of loan used by rural households and tried to trace out how the situation of household indebtedness in the Punjab evolved and changed over the course of about ten years. The study will be helpful to planners, academicians, researchers as well as policymakers for solving the problem of indebtedness among rural households for the betterment of the society as a whole. It is suggested that encouragement should be given to subsidiary occupations, improvement in access to health at subsidised rate in rural areas to curb the indebtedness and to monitor the informal mechanism of credit by Government and financial institutions along with availability of the appropriate delivery of credit into the agricultural as well as non-agricultural sector of rural areas by eliminating costly sources of money lenders for the accurate functioning of the economy.

Global sustainability market will expand despite COVID

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Global Supply Chains ◽  
Market Opportunity ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sustainable Products ◽  
Public Scrutiny

Significance There are major regional differences in how governments and companies from developed and developing countries perform on sustainability. Even so, policy efforts by some large developing economies and changing consumer behaviour point to an expanding market opportunity. Impacts The market for sustainably produced food is likely to grow particularly strongly in coming years. Sustainable food demand will focus public scrutiny on the global supply chains of firms in the agricultural sector. Relatively affluent, urban middle-class households will drive demand for sustainable products in developing economies. Growing pressure from institutional investors on environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues will improve corporate practices.

scholarly journals Neighborhood Location, Rurality, Geography, and Outcomes of Peritoneal Dialysis Patients in the United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajnish Mehrotra ◽  
Kenneth Story ◽  
Steven Guest ◽  
Michelle Fedunyszyn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Previous Treatment ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Samoa ◽  
Composite Outcome ◽  
Dialysis Patients

BackgroundThe adjusted 5-year survival for dialysis patients in the United States is 33%–35%, and patients treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) have a high risk of transfer to hemodialysis (HD). No data are available on the effect of neighborhood characteristics or regional differences on the outcomes of PD patients in the United States.MethodsWe analyzed the relationships of selected patient demographics, socio-economic characteristics of the dialysis unit's neighborhood, “rurality,” and geographic location with transfer to HD and with a composite outcome of transfer to HD or death, for all PD patients in the United States who, between 2004 and 2009, used supplies manufactured by Baxter Healthcare ( n = 58 700).ResultsOver a median follow-up of 18.7 months, 29% of patients transferred to HD (median time to HD transfer: 49 months), and 54% reached the composite outcome. More than 20% of the events occurred within the first 90 days of PD start. The risk for each of the study outcomes was higher for patients who had received any previous treatment with HD, for those treated in units located in areas with a higher proportion of black residents, and for those living in remote rural areas. Furthermore, the risk for reaching either of the study outcomes was consistently lower for patients treated in units located in California, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, the Mariana Islands, and American Samoa.ConclusionsWe observed significant regional differences in the outcomes of PD patients in the United States that have not previously been reported. Understanding the differences in clinical practice that underlie these regional differences might help to further improve PD outcomes.

scholarly journals Regional Differences in Benefits from the EU Common Agricultural Policy in Poland and Their Policy Implications

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Ewa Kiryluk-Dryjska ◽  
Agnieszka Baer-Nawrocka
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Common Agricultural Policy ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Agricultural Potential ◽  
Beneficial Impact

Although the beneficial impact of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on the stabilization on farming income is undisputable, the distribution of benefits derived from the CAP between operators and regions gives rise to some controversy. The objective of this paper was to estimate regional differences in the benefits derived from the Common Agricultural Policy in Poland based on the partial equilibrium model of the European Union (EU) agricultural sector with simulated interventions. The expectations of farmers from different regions of Poland were represented as a non-cooperative game to define vectors of change in the agricultural policy. The theory of moves was applied to set the game between different groups of farmers. Our results demonstrate that both the 1st and the 2nd pillars of the CAP were more profitable to farmers from regions with a more advantageous agrarian structure and a higher agricultural potential compared to their peers from the regions with a fragmented agriculture. However, considering long-term development objectives of the Polish agriculture, the theory of moves outcome argues against compensating for these differences by increasing redistributive payments to farmers in less favorable regions. To prevent widening of regional differences and ensure the social and economic development of rural areas in regions with less favorable agrarian structures where agriculture is currently unable to compete, it would be critical to enhance conditions for alternative types of economic activities.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Commercial Bank Availability and Income Inequality

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-162
Author(s):  
Aman Takiyar ◽  
Varun Chotia
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Financial Network ◽  
Bank Branches ◽  
Panel Data Estimation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Data Estimation

The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between commercial bank branches availability and income inequality. Further, the study also assesses the interaction effect of corruption and commercial bank availability on income inequality. The present study uses panel data estimation methods for analysing the above relationship for SAARC countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). The analysis suggests that a positive relationship exists between income inequality and financial availability in the initial stages. However, as the financial institutions reach a level of maturity and more people are integrated in the financial network, the level of income inequality starts reducing. Moreover, increase in financial availability helps in reducing income inequality when it is supported by less corrupt institutions. Policymakers should focus on reducing the level of corruption so as to enhance the effectiveness of the penetration of commercial bank branches.

scholarly journals The Impact of Credit on Multidimensional Poverty in Rural Areas: A Case Study of the Indonesian Agricultural Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-45
Author(s):  
Tegar Rismanuar Nuryitmawan
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Poor Farmer ◽  
The Impact

Poor farmer households are a vulnerable group in rural areas. Various poverty alleviation measures have been launched to help poor farmer groups become more prosperous. The policies launched were in the form of cash transfers, empowerment, and access to formal financial institutions. Policies for providing formal financial access continue to face many obstacles, one of which is credit risk and farmer literacy. The study aims to estimate the impact of credit on multidimensional poverty in poor farmer households in Indonesia. Secondary data were obtained from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) batch 4 and 5. The impact estimation method used was propensity score matching combined with the difference in differences. The results showed that credit programs for poor farmers, initiated by official financial institutions, significantly helped farmers out of poverty, although the value was small. The addition of control variables such as education, ownership of household assets, and ownership of agricultural land actually made the credit program more modifiable at the policy level. Credit can be used as a complement to policies related to improving farmer education and knowledge in the form of agricultural modernization, as well as to scale-up of farmer household businesses.

scholarly journals Inequality of rural income distribution in Iran: an exploratory analysis of spatial data

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (85) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Aghapour sabbaghi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Regional Component

Despite regional differences, spatial distribution has not been addressed in studies on rural income in Iran. The main goal of this study is to analyze the spatial pattern of inequality in rural areas of the country. In this research, Moran’s I index, Theil index and Gini coefficient have been used for the period 2005-2015. The results show that both inter-regional and intra-regional components affect the unequal distribution of rural income, but the importance of the intra-regional component is slightly higher. The study of the data obtained from the Moran’s Ι index shows that there is evidence of the spatial clustering phenomenon in rural economy of the country.  

scholarly journals LKMA Evaluation Formed from PUAP Program in Overcoming Farming Financing in Rural Areas (Case study: Magelang Regency)

2021 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 02002
Author(s):  
Valeriana Darwis ◽  
Ashari ◽  
Chairul Muslim
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Ranking Method ◽  
Limited Availability ◽  
Institutional Aspect ◽  
Capital Development ◽  
Office Employees ◽  
Monthly Salary

Rural Agribusiness Development (PUAP) is a program to provide capital for smallholder in the agricultural sector. The final goal of this program is to format Agribusiness Micro Credit Institutions (LKMA) in rural. In the implementation 6,887 LKMAs have been formed, including in Magelang Regency. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the LKMA and its benefit for farmers’ capital fulfillment. The survey was conducted in July 2019 using the FGD method with administrators and interviews with the farmer using a questionnaire. The evaluation focused on the institutional, business, and capital development aspects. The data analyzed through the ranking method to determine the LKMA rank. Of the 9 LKMA, the best LKMA is Ngudi Luhur LKMA, with criteria (i) the institutional aspect is already incorporated, has an office, employees with a fixed monthly salary; (ii) business aspects: saving and loan business carried out based on SOP of financial institutions and (iii) of capital development have reached 3.3 billion. However, loans only cover less than 30% of farmers’ needs due to the limited availability of LKMA capital. Therefore, it is recommended to assist capital loan assistance to LKMA, which will then be transmitted to farmmers.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMMERCIAL BANK AVAILABILITY AND INCOME INEQUALITY - EVIDENCE FROM SAARC COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Financial Network ◽  
Bank Branches ◽  
Panel Data Estimation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Data Estimation

The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between commercial bank branches availability and income inequality. Further the study also assesses the interaction effect of corruption and commercial bank availability on income inequality. The present study uses panel data estimation methods for analysing the above relationship for SAARC countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka). The analysis suggests that a positive relationship exists between income inequality and financial availability in the initial stages. However, as the financial institutions reach a level of maturity and more people are integrated in the financial network, the level of income inequality starts reducing. Moreover, increase in financial availability helps in reducing income inequality when it is supported by less corrupt institutions. Policymakers should focus on reducing the level of corruption so as to enhance the effectiveness of the penetration of commercial bank branches.

scholarly journals Problematic areas of the Republic of Srpska within the context of demographic changes

2014 ◽  
pp. 767-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Mandic ◽  
Milenko Zivkovic
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Demographic Changes ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
Demographic Potential

The paper discusses problematic areas in the Republic of Srpska, from the aspects of spatial distribution of the population and demographic changes during the period between the last two censuses. The paper also treats causes and consequences of an unbalanced spatial development. Social-economic processes indicate the increase of regional differences, the consequences of which are numerous and they also differentiate the country?s area on several grounds. One of the consequences is the unbalanced development and spatial distribution of the population. Assuming that the demographic potential triggers the complex valorization of an area, the paper also indicates limitations and risks of the future development resulting from demographic changes. Starting with 1960s, the poor total demographic potential of the Republic of Srpska area has been particularly strong in rural areas. This further implies the necessity to change the approach to demographic development strategies. From both theoretical and practical aspects, the paper also addresses the consequences of the unbalanced spatial distribution of the population. The polarized development of the country jeopardizes the economic and geopolitical sustainability of the demographically depressive peripheral areas and makes it difficult to integrate into modern development processes.

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