The Design, Selection, and Application of Reciprocating Compressors for Fuel Gas Service

1995 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
D. Hough
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Modular Approach ◽  
Reciprocating Compressor ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Compressor Design ◽  
Design Selection ◽  
Inlet Conditions

This paper describes the design and application of reciprocating compressors for fuel gas service. In fuel gas services and particularly power generation it is important to minimize all parasitic losses. Efficiency over a range of operating conditions requires sophisticated control systems and the paper describes the merits of each system and their effect on operating cost. Some of the important operational considerations are described together with major design features. The use of staging and the advantages of a modular approach to compressor design are also covered, which demonstrates the suitability of the reciprocating compressor for fuel gas service particularly when variation of inlet conditions cannot be avoided.

Drive Train Over-Speed Prediction for Gas Fuel Based Gas Turbine Power Generation Units

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Moinul I. Forhad ◽  
Mark Bloomberg
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Circuit Breaker ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Drive Train ◽  
Fuel Flow Rate ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Gas System

Under all circumstances, an engine and its driven equipment(s) must be prevented from operating at a speed above the maximum allowed speed — to ensure the safety of the equipment, plant and its personnel. However, meeting this requirement is particularly challenging for power generation units where the drive train is composed of electric generators driven by free power turbines (i.e. aerodynamically-coupled power turbines), since during load-shed events or circuit breaker failure, full loss of load happens almost instantly. During these events, usually the Fuel Metering Valve is fully closed by the Engine Control System and the Fuel Isolation Valve is closed by the safety system. But, fuel gas continues to flow to the system during the closing of the valves, and furthermore, the fuel gas trapped in the piping between the valve and the fuel injectors still has enough pressure to flow to the combustion chamber and add energy to the system, which at that point has almost no external load, thus likely to cause an over-speeding of the drive-train. This paper is to report a dynamic model created for drive-train over-speed predictions. In this model, fuel flow rate to the engine is calculated based on the principle of conservation of mass together with the fuel gas equation of state. The calculated fuel flow rate is then used to find the amount of power supply to the drive train, which in the next step is converted to the torque applied on the shaft. Finally, Newton’s second law is used to determine the angular acceleration and the angular speed. This approach is applied to two different variations of the Industrial RB211 Engine — the DLE (Dry Low Emission) RB211 and Non-DLE RB211 — which have different designs of the fuel gas system and the burners. For both cases, the results using the modeling approach presented in this paper demonstrate around 99% agreement with the actual measured over-speed values recorded during trip events. The model allows studying the drive train speed for different operating conditions and failure cases, and also makes it easy to understand and quantify the effect of fuel gas system parameter variation on drive-train over-speed.

A Comprehensive Review on Economic Load Dispatch using Evolutionary Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Pragya Singh ◽  
Aayushi Priya
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Power System ◽  
Optimal Power Flow ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Economic Load Dispatch ◽  
The Past ◽  
Load Demand

Economic Load Dispatch, ELD can be defined as the way of allocating the load level to the generators of the power plant in such a way that the total demand would be supplied in a most economic manner and completely. In a practical power system, the power plants are not located at the same distance from the centre of loads and their fuel costs are different. Also, under normal operating conditions, the generation capacity is more than the total load demand and losses. Thus, there are many options for scheduling generation. In an interconnected power system, the objective is to find the real and reactive power scheduling of each power plant in such a way as to minimize the operating cost. This means that the generator‟s real and reactive powers are allowed to vary within certain limits so as to meet a particular load demand with minimum fuel cost. This is called optimal power flow problem. In this paper, Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) of real power generation is considered. Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is the scheduling of generators to minimize total operating cost of generator units subjected to equality constraint of power balance within the minimum and maximum operating limits of the generating units. This paper gives a survey of research work covering the concept of economic load dispatch. Economic load dispatch gives the best saving in cost for any power generation plant operation in which the methodology can be applied by various means from conventional to the advanced. In the past years up to 90s, the conventional techniques were used to make this happen but in the past decades AI techniques have fulfilled the requirements with satisfactory results that are being reviewed.

scholarly journals Biomass Gasification Process with Catalyst

2020 ◽  
Vol 06 (09) ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
H Musfer
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Chemical Process ◽  
Biomass Gasification ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Heavy Hydrocarbons ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Endothermic Reactions ◽  
Secondary Cracking

Gasification is a thermo-chemical process used to convert biomass fuelsinto a fuel gas. Biomass gasification is considered amongst the best methods to enhance biomass-based energy production’s efficiency as it allows common biomass utilization.It has become more important as a mean of converting low energy-density such as biomass feeds or into a transportable high value gas for heat and power generation, chemicals and fuels. Operating conditions are affecting the gasification reactions. the review identified that in high-temperature gasification, endothermic reactions the secondary cracking and reforming of heavy hydrocarbons are favored and hence enhances the whole process’s efficiency. Finally, catalysts are vital for the biomass gasification process, and it is important to select the appropriate ones taking into consideration possible setbacks discussed above and will be explored further in this study.

Supersonic Ejectors for Hydrocarbon Emissions Capture

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Biba ◽  
H. Allan Kidd ◽  
Stephen Peifer ◽  
Christopher Scott ◽  
Brian Sloof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Hydrocarbon Emissions ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Supersonic Ejector ◽  
Reduce Operating Cost ◽  
Ejector System ◽  
System Operating

Supersonic ejectors can be applied to capture low-pressure leakage gas from the gas seal vents of a centrifugal compressor. This captured gas can be re-injected into the fuel gas line of the gas turbine driver or the captured gas can be used as a fuel for gas fired utility heaters. By capturing the gas that is normally emitted to the atmosphere the operator can reduce operating cost and enjoy a reduction in hydrocarbon foot print. Because the supersonic ejector does not have moving parts, the system operating and maintenance costs are lower than functionally comparable traditional systems. In this study, a prototype of a supersonic ejector system was developed and tested at a pipeline compressor station. The obtained test data were used for developing and tuning a mean-line aerodynamic analysis tool, which predicts the ejector’s operating map. A family of three ejectors was designed to cover a range of operating conditions associated with gas turbine driven pipeline compressors. These ejectors were built, installed on a specially designed panel, described as the ejector system, and tested on inert gas at the original equipment manufacturer’s (OEM’s) facility. A comparison of predicted and as-tested supersonic ejector performance maps is discussed and conclusions are made about the system operating range.

Experimental Investigation on Double Anti-Stall Ring Effects on Reversible Ventilation Fan Performance

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Corsini ◽  
Giovanni Delibra ◽  
Anthony G. Sheard ◽  
David Volponi
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Axial Position ◽  
Axial Fan ◽  
Crucial Issue ◽  
Stall Margin ◽  
Abrupt Changes ◽  
Stall Margin Improvement ◽  
Design Selection ◽  
Inlet Conditions ◽  
Casing Treatments

Stall margin improvement is a crucial issue during fan design, selection and installation. In fact, several industrial fans are operated in extreme applications and requested to be highly flexible in order to be able to withstand abrupt changes in operating conditions. This is the case of fans operated under distorted inlet conditions or interacting with other fans or used for reversible operations in tunnel and metro applications. This paper reports on a systematic experimental study on the effects of the use of casing treatments on the performance of a single stage, reversible, axial fan. Tests focused on the performance of up-stream single treatment and up- and downstream double treatment, respectively designed to prevent the fan to run into stall in forward-only operations and forward- and reverse- operations. The study reports on the assessment of the change in performance, in normal and stalled operations, with an emphasis on the relative axial position between casing treatments and the impeller blades. The analysis demonstrates the achievement of significant improvements in performance in the unstable region for all the tested configurations with marginal losses in the stable counter-part.

Waste to Energy Conversion and Sustainable Recovery of Nutrients from Pee Power - Recent Advancements in Urine-Fed MFCs

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 768-779
Author(s):  
Natarajan Narayanan ◽  
Vasudevan Mangottiri ◽  
Kiruba Narayanan
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Microbial Fuel Cells ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Resource Recovery ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Human Beings

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) offer a sustainable solution for alternative energy production by employing microorganisms as catalysts for direct conversion of chemical energy of feedstock into electricity. Electricity from urine (urine-tricity) using MFCs is a promising cost-effective technology capable of serving multipurpose benefits - generation of electricity, waste alleviation, resource recovery and disinfection. As an abundant waste product from human and animal origin with high nutritional values, urine is considered to be a potential source for extraction of alternative energy in the coming days. However, developments to improve power generation from urine-fed MFCs at reasonable scales still face many challenges such as non-availability of sustainable materials, cathodic limitations, and low power density. The aim of this paper was to critically evaluate the state-of-the-art research and developments in urine-fed MFCs over the past decade (2008-2018) in terms of their construction (material selection and configuration), modes of operation (batch, continuous, cascade, etc.) and performance (power generation, nutrient recovery and waste treatment). This review identifies the preference for sources of urine for MFC application from human beings, cows and elephants. Among these, human urine-fed MFCs offer a variety of applications to practice in the real-world scenario. One key observation is that, effective disinfection can be achieved by optimizing the operating conditions and MFC configurations without compromising on performance. In essence, this review demarcates the scope of enhancing the reuse potential of urine for renewable energy generation and simultaneously achieving resource recovery.

scholarly journals A New MPPT Algorithm for Photovoltaic Power Generation under Uniform and Partial Shading Conditions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 483
Author(s):  
Novie Ayub Windarko ◽  
Muhammad Nizar Habibi ◽  
Bambang Sumantri ◽  
Eka Prasetyono ◽  
Moh. Zaenal Efendi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
Maximum Power Point ◽  
Partial Shading ◽  
Photovoltaic Panel ◽  
Maximum Power Point Tracker ◽  
Photovoltaic Power ◽  
Power Point

During its operation, a photovoltaic system may encounter many practical issues such as receiving uniform or non-uniform irradiance caused mainly by partial shading. Under uniform irradiance a photovoltaic panel has a single maximum power point. Conversely under non-uniform irradiance, a photovoltaic panel has several local maximum power points and a single global maximum power point. To maximize energy production, a maximum power point tracker algorithm is commonly implemented to achieve the maximum power operating point of the photovoltaic panel. However, the performance of the algorithm will depend on operating conditions such as variation in irradiance. Presently, most of existing maximum power point tracker algorithms work only in a single condition: either uniform or non-uniform irradiance. This paper proposes a new maximum power point tracker algorithm for photovoltaic power generation that is designed to work under uniform and partial shading irradiance conditions. Additionally, the proposed maximum power point tracker algorithm aims to provide: (1) a simple math algorithm to reduce computational load, (2) fast tracking by evaluating progress for every single executed duty cycle, (3) without random steps to prevent jumping duty cycle, and (4) smooth variable steps to increase accuracy. The performances of the proposed algorithm are evaluated by three conditions of uniform and partial shading irradiance where a targeted maximum power point is located: (1) far from, (2) near, and (3) laid between initial positions of particles. The simulation shows that the proposed algorithm successfully tracks the maximum power point by resulting in similar power values in those three conditions. The proposed algorithm could handle the partial shading condition by avoiding the local maxima power point and finding the global maxima power point. Comparisons of the proposed algorithm and other well-known algorithms such as differential evolution, firefly, particle swarm optimization, and grey wolf optimization are provided to show the superiority of the proposed algorithm. The results show the proposed algorithm has better performance by providing faster tracking, faster settling time, higher accuracy, minimum oscillation and jumping duty cycle, and higher energy harvesting.

scholarly journals Dual-Mode Power Operation for Grid-Connected PV Systems with Adaptive DC-link Controller

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Ahmed ◽  
Ibrahim Harbi ◽  
Ralph Kennel ◽  
Mohamed Abdelrahem
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Voltage Profile ◽  
Dual Mode ◽  
Power Extraction ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Power Operation

AbstractPhotovoltaic (PV) power systems are integrated with high penetration levels into the grid. This in turn encourages several modifications for grid codes to sustain grid stability and resilience. Recently, constant power management and regulation is a very common approach, which is used to limit the PV power production. Thus, this article proposes dual-mode power generation algorithm for grid-connected PV systems. The developed system considers the two-stage PV configuration for implementation, where the dual-mode power generation technique is executed within the DC–DC conversion (boost) stage. Most of the techniques adopted for dual-mode power operation employ the conventional perturb and observe method, which is known with unsatisfactory performance at fast-changing atmospheric conditions. Considering this issue, this study suggests a modified maximum power point tracker for power extraction. Furthermore, a new adaptive DC-link controller is developed to improve the DC-link voltage profile at different operating conditions. The adaptive DC-link controller is compared with the traditional PI controller for voltage regulation. The inverter control is accomplished using finite-set model predictive control with two control objectives, namely reference current tracking and switching frequency minimization. The overall control methodology is evaluated at different atmospheric and operating conditions using MATLAB/Simulink software.

scholarly journals Simulation of a Downdraft Gasifier for Production of Syngas from Different Biomass Feedstocks

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Mateus Paiva ◽  
Admilson Vieira ◽  
Helder T. Gomes ◽  
Paulo Brito
Keyword(s):  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Downdraft Gasifier ◽  
Process Operation ◽  
Independent Parameters ◽  
Gasification Temperature ◽  
Main Operating

In the evaluation of gasification processes, estimating the composition of the fuel gas for different conditions is fundamental to identify the best operating conditions. In this way, modeling and simulation of gasification provide an analysis of the process performance, allowing for resource and time savings in pilot-scale process operation, as it predicts the behavior and analyzes the effects of different variables on the process. Thus, the focus of this work was the modeling and simulation of biomass gasification processes using the UniSim Design chemical process software, in order to satisfactorily reproduce the operation behavior of a downdraft gasifier. The study was performed for two residual biomasses (forest and agricultural) in order to predict the produced syngas composition. The reactors simulated gasification by minimizing the free energy of Gibbs. The main operating parameters considered were the equivalence ratio (ER), steam to biomass ratio (SBR), and gasification temperature (independent variables). In the simulations, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, where the effects of these parameters on the composition of syngas, flow of syngas, and heating value (dependent variables) were studied, in order to maximize these three variables in the process with the choice of the best parameters of operation. The model is able to predict the performance of the gasifier and it is qualified to analyze the behavior of the independent parameters in the gasification results. With a temperature between 850 and 950 °C, SBR up to 0.2, and ER between 0.3 and 0.5, the best operating conditions are obtained for maximizing the composition of the syngas in CO and H2.

Dynamic Modeling of CATOFIN® Fixed-Bed Iso-Butane Dehydrogenation Reactor for Operational Optimization

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 491-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeeshan Nawaz
Keyword(s):  
Coke Formation ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Process Intensification ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Catalytic Dehydrogenation ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Reactor Model ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Bed Temperature ◽  
Operational Optimization

AbstractThe catalytic dehydrogenation of iso-butane to iso-butylene is an equilibrium limited endothermic reaction and requires high temperature. The catalyst deactivates quickly, due to deposition of carbonaceous species and countered by periodic regeneration. The reaction-engineering constraints are tied up with operation and/or technology design features. CATOFIN® is a sophisticated commercialized technology for propane/iso-butane dehydrogenation using multiple adiabatic fixed-bed reactors having Cr2O3/Al2O3 as catalyst, that undergo cyclic operations (~18–30m); dehydrogenation, regeneration, evacuation, purging and reduction. It is always a concern, how to maintain CATOFIN® reactor at an optimum production, while overcoming gradual decrease of heat in catalyst bed and deactivation. A homogeneous one-dimensional dynamic reactor model for a commercial CATOFIN® fixed-bed iso-butane dehydrogenation reactor is developed in an equation oriented (EO) platform Aspen Custom Modeler (ACM), for operational optimization and process intensification. Both reaction and regeneration steps were modeled and results were validated. The model predicts the dynamic behavior and demonstrates the extent of catalyst utilization with operating conditions and time, coke formation and removal, etc. The model computes optimum catalyst bed temperature profiles, feed rate, pre-heating, rates for reaction and regeneration, fuel gas requirement, optimum catalyst amount, overall cycle time optimization, and suggest best operational philosophy.

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