Advanced GT’s Call for Advanced CC’s (OR: the 4 S’s)

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Jury ◽  
Hans K. Luthi
Keyword(s):  
Capital Outlay ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Water Cooling ◽  
Steam Turbines ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Exhaust Gas Temperature

Four key parameters, the 4 S’s, determine the technoeconomical performance of the steam bottoming cycle to a given gasturbine: [S1], the temperature of the heat Source, [S2], the temperature of the heat Sink, [S3] cycle Structure and [S4] component Specifications. The first two are given by the gasturbine exhaust gas temperature (TEX) and ambient water/air temperatures respectively; the last two are designer’s choice but depend on economics: how much can you afford to pay for an extra kW? (parity factor or differential capital outlay). The paper analyses the effect of current trends in the first two S’s on the latter two: «S1», the higher TIT (turbine inlet temperature) of advanced GT’s generally leads to higher TEX, especially when coupled with Sequential Combustion; and [S2]«S2», the trend from fresh water cooling to cooling towers — and again from wet to dry types — due to environmental considerations and/or water shortages leads to higher condenser pressures. These trends change the economics of «S3», the structure (one-, two- or three-pressure, reheat, supercritical etc.); finally, macro-economical trends (fuel cost, cost of capital, more Independent Power Producers or IPP’s) determine «S4», equipment specifications (delta-T’s, delta-P’s, number of stages or exhaust flows etc.). In this written paper the authors report on their technoeconomical analysis; at the conference they will present hands-on solutions, optimized for ABB’s Type GT24 (60Hz, 165 MW) and GT26 (50 Hz, 240 MW) gasturbines. (Note that throughout the paper definite figures are only given for ABB gasturbines and steam turbines, as the authors cannot vouch for information published by other manufacturers or third parties).

Development of a 6 MW-Class High-Efficiency Gas Turbine M7A-01

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sugimoto ◽  
K. Ikesawa ◽  
S. Kajita ◽  
W. Karasawa ◽  
T. Kojima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Axial Flow ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Flow Compressor ◽  
Exhaust Gas Temperature ◽  
Cycle Efficiency

The M7A-01 gas turbine is a newly developed 6 MW class single-shaft machine. With its high simple-cycle efficiency and high exhaust gas temperature. it is particularly suited for use in electric power generation and co-generation applications. An advanced high efficiency axial-flow compressor, six can-type combustors, and a high inlet temperature turbine has been adopted. This results in a high thermal efficiency of 31.5% at the gas turbine output shaft and a high overall thermal efficiency of co-generation system. In addition, low NOx emissions from the combustors and a long service life permit long-term continuous operation under various environmental limitations. The results of the full load shop test, accelerated cyclic endurance test and extra severity tests verified that the performance, the mechanical characteristics and the emission have satisfied the initial design goals.

Investigation of Exhaust Gas Temperature Correction Methods for the Change of Air Inlet Temperature

2012 ◽  
Vol 586 ◽  
pp. 342-348
Author(s):  
Zhen Ning Zhao ◽  
Jing Jing Wang ◽  
Zhen Zhou Zhao ◽  
Qing Feng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Correction ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Air Leakage ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Air Heater ◽  
Air Inlet ◽  
Significant Correction ◽  
Forced Draft ◽  
Exhaust Gas Temperature

The exhaust gas temperature correction for the change of air inlet temperature is the most significant correction for boiler performance test. However, in ASME and China GB standard, the regulations of the correction formulas are different, which brings about some misunderstanding in actual use. In this paper, the correction formulas are derived and analyzed. What’s more, the application conditions are summed up and described as follows. Firstly, the top and side of the air heater must be in good sealing ability, for which the air leakage can be ignored. Secondly, the air inlet temperature must be taken from the entrance of the air heater, but not from that of the forced draft fan. Finally, the air leakage of the air heater must stay the same before and after the correction. On this basis, a correction method is conducted, which takes the cold air temperature at the entrance of the forced draft fan as the air inlet temperature and can be applied under different air leakage ratios conditions. With the same form as the traditional one, the method mentioned above is easy to understand and has a positive meaning in handling such problems.

scholarly journals New Diagram and Equation for Thermodynamic Calculations for Gas Turbines

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Iso Standard ◽  
Compressor Pressure Ratio ◽  
German Standard ◽  
Exhaust Gas Temperature ◽  
Acceptance Tests

On basis of ISO-Standard 2314, the German Standard Organisation (DIN) has prepared the German Standard DIN 4341, which deals with acceptance tests for gas turbines. Sample calculations have been included. In connection with the development of the sample calculations a new diagram for thermodynamic properties of air and products of combustion was developed on basis of -humid air as per ISO standard 2314 -standard gaseous fuel -standard liquid fuel This diagram allows exact calculation of performance data. Further, a simplified but relatively acurate formula is presented for calculating the turbine inlet temperature on basis of -compressor pressure ratio -exhaust gas temperature -thermal efficiency Development and limitation of this formula is presented.

Ten Years of Experience With a Small Jet Engine as a Support for Education

2008 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Léonard ◽  
J. P. Thomas ◽  
S. Borguet
Keyword(s):  
Test Bench ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Convergent Nozzle ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Exhaust Gas Temperature ◽  
The University ◽  
Single Flow ◽  
Engine Condition

In 1997 the Turbomachinery Group of the University of Liège decided to acquire a small jet engine to illustrate the courses in propulsion and to provide the students with the opportunity to get some experience on data measurement, acquisition, and interpretation. Among others, the SR-30 engine from Turbine Technology Ltd. Chetek, WI was chosen. It consists of a single spool, single flow engine with a centrifugal compressor, a reversed combustion chamber, an axial turbine, and a fixed convergent nozzle. This engine was installed on a test bench allowing for manual control and providing fuel and oil to the engine. The original setup included measurements of intercomponent pressure and temperatures, exhaust gas temperature, and rotational speed. Since then both the engine and the test bench have been deeply modified. These modifications were led by a triple objective: the improvement and the enrichment of the measurement chain, the widening of the engine’s operational domain, and, last but not the least, the wish to offer appealing hands-on projects to the students. All these modifications were performed at the University of Liège and were conducted by the students as part of their Master theses. Several performance models of the engine were developed to support data validation and engine condition diagnostic. This paper summarizes the developments conducted with and by the students, and presents the experience that was gained by using this engine as a support for education.

scholarly journals Gas Turbine Inlet Air Cooling and the Effect on a Westinghouse 501D5 CT

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuck Kohlenberger
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Turbine Inlet ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Exhaust Gas Temperature

The temperature of the air entering a gas turbine prime mover has a dramatic effect on its performance, including output, heat rate, and exhaust gas temperature (EGT). These variations are easily observed in actual operation and by reference to generic gas turbine (GT) performance curves. The gross capacity increase of a GT operating at 40F (8C) inlet compared to operation at 102F (70C) is 28%. The gross reduction in heat rate for this 62F (16.7C) differential is 6%, and the exhaust gas temperature is reduced 5%. Since the overall mass flow through the GT is increased through the cooling process, the added energy available in the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), is increased 8% The significant improvements in GT output and efficiency which can be achieved by maintaining lower inlet air temperatures encourage the manufacturer, systems engineer, owner, and operator of GT facilities to consider seriously the implementation of a gas turbine inlet air cooling (GTIAC) system. GTIAC systems have proven to produce some very excellent economic paybacks due to increased power output, EG mass flow, and reduced heat rates. Generic gross performance factors are plotted (See Figure 1) against inlet air temperature compared to International Standards Organization (ISO) conditions.

Lime kiln conversion from coke to natural gas operation – an option in direction of sustainable energy

2020 ◽  
pp. 431-434
Author(s):  
Oliver Arndt
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Lime Kiln ◽  
Lime Kilns ◽  
Co2 Balance ◽  
Exhaust Gas Temperature

This paper deals with the conversion of coke fired lime kilns to gas and the conclusions drawn from the completed projects. The paper presents (1) the decision process associated with the adoption of the new technology, (2) the necessary steps of the conversion, (3) the experiences and issues which occurred during the first campaign, (4) the impacts on the beet sugar factory (i.e. on the CO2 balance and exhaust gas temperature), (5) the long term impressions and capabilities of several campaigns of operation, (6) the details of available technologies and (7) additional benefits that would justify a conversion from coke to natural gas operation on existing lime kilns. (8) Forecast view to develop systems usable for alternative gaseous fuels (e.g. biogas).

scholarly journals Thermal Performance of Compression Ignition Engine Using High Content Biodiesels: A Comparative Study with Diesel Fuel

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7688
Author(s):  
Asif Afzal ◽  
Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar ◽  
Ali Belhocine ◽  
Mohammed Kareemullah ◽  
Nazia Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Brake Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Acid Oil ◽  
Exhaust Gas Temperature

In this study, engine performance on thermal factors for different biodiesels has been studied and compared with diesel fuel. Biodiesels were produced from Pongamia pinnata (PP), Calophyllum inophyllum (CI), waste cooking oil (WCO), and acid oil. Depending on their free fatty acid content, they were subjected to the transesterification process to produce biodiesel. The main characterizations of density, calorific range, cloud, pour, flash and fire point followed by the viscosity of obtained biodiesels were conducted and compared with mineral diesel. The characterization results presented benefits near to standard diesel fuel. Then the proposed diesel engine was analyzed using four blends of higher concentrations of B50, B65, B80, and B100 to better substitute fuel for mineral diesel. For each blend, different biodiesels were compared, and the relative best performance of the biodiesel is concluded. This diesel engine was tested in terms of BSFC (brake-specific fuel consumption), BTE (brake thermal efficiency), and EGT (exhaust gas temperature) calculated with the obtained results. The B50 blend of acid oil provided the highest BTE compared to other biodiesels at all loads while B50 blend of WCO provided the lowest BSFC compared to other biodiesels, and B50 blends of all biodiesels provided a minimum % of the increase in EGT compared to diesel.

scholarly journals Exhaust Gas Temperature Measurements in Diagnostics of Turbocharged Marine Internal Combustion Engines Part I Standard Measurements

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Korczewski
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Measuring Signal ◽  
Exhaust Gas Temperature

Abstract The article discusses the problem of diagnostic informativeness of exhaust gas temperature measurements in turbocharged marine internal combustion engines. Theoretical principles of the process of exhaust gas flow in turbocharger inlet channels are analysed in its dynamic and energetic aspects. Diagnostic parameters are defined which enable to formulate general evaluation of technical condition of the engine based on standard online measurements of the exhaust gas temperature. A proposal is made to extend the parametric methods of diagnosing workspaces in turbocharged marine engines by analysing time-histories of enthalpy changes of the exhaust gas flowing to the turbocompressor turbine. Such a time-history can be worked out based on dynamic measurements of the exhaust gas temperature, performed using a specially designed sheathed thermocouple. The first part of the article discusses possibilities to perform diagnostic inference about technical condition of a marine engine with pulse turbocharging system based on standard measurements of exhaust gas temperature in characteristic control cross-sections of its thermal and flow system. Selected metrological issues of online exhaust gas temperature measurements in those engines are discusses in detail, with special attention being focused on the observed disturbances and thermodynamic interpretation of the recorded measuring signal. Diagnostic informativeness of the exhaust gas temperature measurements performed in steady-state conditions of engine operation is analysed in the context of possible evaluations of technical condition of the engine workspaces, the injection system, and the fuel delivery process.

Characterization of an Isolated Hybrid Cooled Server With Failure Scenarios Using Warm Water Cooling

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uschas Chowdhury ◽  
Manasa Sahini ◽  
Ashwin Siddarth ◽  
Dereje Agonafer ◽  
Steve Branton
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Cooling Efficiency ◽  
Water Cooling ◽  
Liquid Cooling ◽  
Total Energy Consumption

Modern day data centers are operated at high power for increased power density, maintenance, and cooling which covers almost 2 percent (70 billion kilowatt-hours) of the total energy consumption in the US. IT components and cooling system occupy the major portion of this energy consumption. Although data centers are designed to perform efficiently, cooling the high-density components is still a challenge. So, alternative methods to improve the cooling efficiency has become the drive to reduce the cooling cost. As liquid cooling is more efficient for high specific heat capacity, density, and thermal conductivity, hybrid cooling can offer the advantage of liquid cooling of high heat generating components in the traditional air-cooled servers. In this experiment, a 1U server is equipped with cold plate to cool the CPUs while the rest of the components are cooled by fans. In this study, predictive fan and pump failure analysis are performed which also helps to explore the options for redundancy and to reduce the cooling cost by improving cooling efficiency. Redundancy requires the knowledge of planned and unplanned system failures. As the main heat generating components are cooled by liquid, warm water cooling can be employed to observe the effects of raised inlet conditions in a hybrid cooled server with failure scenarios. The ASHRAE guidance class W4 for liquid cooling is chosen for our experiment to operate in a range from 25°C – 45°C. The experiments are conducted separately for the pump and fan failure scenarios. Computational load of idle, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 98% are applied while powering only one pump and the miniature dry cooler fans are controlled externally to maintain constant inlet temperature of the coolant. As the rest of components such as DIMMs & PCH are cooled by air, maximum utilization for memory is applied while reducing the number fans in each case for fan failure scenario. The components temperatures and power consumption are recorded in each case for performance analysis.

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