How Can Man and Machine Trust Each Other and Work Better Together?

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuichi Fukuda
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Typical Case ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Past ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Mechanical Objects ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
Do So

Our traditional machines are operated by commands. But Increasing diversification and frequent changes in our environments make it more and more difficult for a designer to foresee the operating conditions. Therefore, designs are shifting from designer-centric to user-centric, because it is a user who knows the situation and can make decisions what he or she should do. So now machines should be designed to help a user understand the current situation better and to help him or her make better decisions. They need more flexibility to work better together with its user. But there are many examples, where although a machine is equipped with a wide variety of functions to cope with almost all sorts of situations, accidents occur due to a human error. Such typical case is CFIT (Controlled Flight into terrain) [1] in airplanes. Norman pointed out that simple mechanical objects can be trusted because their behaviors are so simple people know how to operate them. But machines are getting more and more complicated so a user does not know what to expect from them. And if it does not react to his or her expectations, a user sometimes gets very much emotionally upset and gets panicked. How can we solve this problem? A solution may be found in software development. Software was produced in the past just in the same way as hardware, with their functions fixed. But now software changed its product development style. Software first provides a user with simple functions and once he or she becomes familiar with this basic level of functions, it evolves to a little higher level. Through experience and feedback from a user, software evolves its function gradually and continually. It must be noted that most of our machines are not hardware or software alone. They are combinations of both. So we can develop such a machine which possesses a diversity of functions but reveals at the very early stage of operation a basic level of functions to a user, until he or she gets accustomed to it and puts confidence in it. And when he or she fully experiences this level and desires higher level functions, then the machine evolves. How a user cope with situations varies from user to user, but if a machine is customized this way, a user would trust our machines and would operate with full confidence in them.

‘Higher then to her no bookes doe reach’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Vandrei
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
James I ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The Past ◽  
Classical World ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Do So

This chapter and the following both draw the reader into seventeenth-century understandings of the past, and of Boudica in particular, and makes clear that in a time before disciplines, writers of ‘history’ were erudite commentators, immersed in political thought, the classical world, and contemporary ideas, as well as in drama, poetry, and the law. Chapter 1 shows the subtleties of Boudica’s place in history at this early stage by giving sustained attention to the work of Edmund Bolton (1574/5–c.1634), the first person to analyse the written and material evidence for Boudica’s deeds, and the last to do so in depth before the later nineteenth century. Bolton’s distaste for contemporary philosophy and his loyalty to James I were highly influential in determining the way the antiquary approached Boudica and her rebellion; but equally important was Bolton’s deep understanding of historical method and the strictures this placed on his interpretive latitude.

Advanced Bridge Automation

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (04) ◽  
pp. 276-285
Author(s):  
Edward Denham
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Key Technologies ◽  
Routine Tasks ◽  
Information Management Systems ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Do So

The past thirty years have seen great advances in many areas of the technologies used in naval vessels. Propulsion systems, machinery automation, and information management systems have all undergone revolutionary changes. The bridges of these ships have similarly seen the advent of many new sources of navigational and environmental data. The process of correlating and interpreting all of this information has until now remained very labor-intensive, subject to human error at many stages of the process. In response to this challenge, a suite of new equipment has been developed for distributing, displaying, correlating, and logging shipboard data. This equipment automates most of the low-level, routine tasks involved in navigating a vessel at sea, significantly reducing the stress and workload of bridge personnel. This gives the humans on the bridge more time for doing the job that they do so much better than machines: making decisions. This paper focuses on the key technologies that are used in these new products and the advances in bridge design and automation they make possible. The benefits of these new capabilities to system designers, to shipbuilders, and to ship operators are also explored.

Credibility and Trust in Journalism

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anya Schiffrin
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Media Trust ◽  
Widespread View ◽  
Do So

Questions of media trust and credibility are widely discussed; numerous studies over the past 30 years show a decline in trust in media as well as institutions and experts. The subject has been discussed—and researched—since the period between World Wars I and II and is often returned to as new forms of technology and news consumption are developed. However, trust levels, and what people trust, differ in different countries. Part of the reason that trust in the media has received such extensive attention is the widespread view shared by communications scholars and media development practitioners that a well-functioning media is essential to democracy. But the solutions discussion is further complicated because the academic research on media trust—before and since the advent of online media—is fragmented, contradictory, and inconclusive. Further, it is not clear to what extent digital technology –and the loss of traditional signals of credibility—has confused audiences and damaged trust in media and to what extent trust in media is related to worries about globalization, job losses, and economic inequality. Nor is it clear whether trust in one journalist or outlet can be generalized. This makes it difficult to know how to rebuild trust in the media, and although there are many efforts to do so, it is not clear which will work—or whether any will.

A discussion on the origin and treatment of noise in industrial environments - Noise of gears

1968 ◽  
Vol 263 (1142) ◽  
pp. 369-380 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Gear Noise ◽  
Know How ◽  
Noise Radiation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Acceptance Tests

In the past there were mainly two important factors in determining the performance of gear units: load capacity and fatigue life. In recent years, however, the noise radiation of running gears is of growing importance. It is now becoming impossible to design gears without considering the significance of this new factor. While there are many data available in the literature for calculating the permissible load, speed, and fatigue life, no methods have so far been developed for a true prediction of the radiated gear noise. A definite noise level, however, is often subject to guarantee between manufacturer and customer. To meet these requirements two fundamental factors must be resolved. First, both partners must set up the conditions for acceptance tests, and secondly, the gear manufacturer must have the know-how to meet these particular requirements. Investigations were therefore, made to find out the main factors influencing gear noise in order to be able to reduce it. In addition eighty installed gear-units were tested to set up classifications regarding generated noise and operating conditions.

scholarly journals Thoughts on the Dilemma of When to Introduce the Euro in Hungary

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-126
Author(s):  
Péter Gottfried
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policies ◽  
Yield Spreads ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Past ◽  
International Environment ◽  
Government Deficit ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Government ◽  
Development Paths ◽  
Do So

In its EU accession treaty, Hungary committed to introducing the euro without a legally binding deadline. The question is therefore not whether the country will introduce the common currency, but when it will do so, and what factors play a role in the decision. Developments in recent years have confirmed that the euro system is able to weather a crisis, but also highlight that the euro does not in itself guarantee sustainable convergence. In addition to accession, members’ rights and obligations have also changed considerably, and these changes have not been completed. There are examples for successful economic policies without the euro and also for frustrated growth with the euro. Only one area has been identified where the advantages of membership are indisputable: yield spreads. In today’s international environment, this is much less important than in the past, but it is impossible to know how long this situation will last. Accordingly, the Hungarian strategy should target sustainable convergence, rather than the introduction of the euro. If the country can substantially reverse the increase in the government deficit and debt and keep them low, it would be worth waiting until the development paths related to the euro are outlined more clearly, while continuing with convergence. If this is not possible, the option to join the euro area as soon as possible should be preferred, which offers greater security but less room for autonomous manoeuvre.

scholarly journals Breast Cancer Detection using Histopathology Images and its Implementation through Chatbot and Drawing Comparison between Different Algorithm and Libraries

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 2689-2690
Author(s):  
Aashika Rastogi
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Detection ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Deep Neural Network ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
User Interaction ◽  
Breast Cancer Detection ◽  
The Past ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Self Examination

From the past few decades there is a solid increase in the frequency of cancer cases worldwide thus detection and identification at early stage is very crucial and is becoming more difficult with each passing day moreover there is scope of human error which makes it even more critical and tedious task. Thus, using Machine learning for cancer detection makes it task faster, accurate and effective. Through our project we wish to draw an analysis among various algorithm and libraries that have been used to detect cancer moreover we have implemented the same through Densenet201 which is a 201-layer deep neural network and have proved itself most accurate and precise method for cancer detection (breast cancer detection) also its implementation using chatbot would allow it to integrate with other apps, software, websites effortlessly.This could in turn increase user interaction with the chatbot thereby spreading more awareness and knowledge about the disease because not many people know about the disease and its early detection and could help bust myths and facts about disease. Our research also indicates that 96.4% people knew about the disease and 3.6% people were not aware about the disease moreover only 17.2% people were aware about males developing the disease and 37.9% people were aware about LGBTQ+ community developing disease. Also 62.1%-89.7% people were aware about the early signs. In addition to it 86.2% people knew about only one method of self examination and 72.4% people wanted to know more about the disease and get an accurate cure for it .

The origin of language

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Maynard Smith ◽  
Eors Szathmary
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Past ◽  
Noam Chomsky ◽  
Origin Of Language ◽  
Computer Scientists ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
Do So

The past 30 years has witnessed a debate between the holders of two very different views about how humans are able to talk. The behaviourists, following B. F. Skinner, argue that we learn to talk in the same way that we learn any other skill. Children are rewarded when they speak correctly, and reproved when they make mistakes. We can talk, whereas chimpanzees cannot, because we are better at learning: there is nothing special about language. In contrast, Noam Chomsky and his followers have argued that humans have a peculiar competence for language, which is not merely an aspect of their general intelligence. We learn to utter, and to understand, an indefinitely large number of grammatical sentences, and to avoid an even larger number of ungrammatical ones, so we cannot possibly learn which sentences are grammatical by trial and error. Instead, we must learn the rules that generate grammatical sentences. These rules are of great subtlety, so that, although we acquire and apply them, we cannot formulate them explicitly. For example, consider the two following sentences: How do you know who he saw? (1) Who do you know how he saw? (2) How do you know who he saw? Who do you know how he saw? Every speaker of English knows at once that is grammatical, and is not. But what rule tells us this? No-one but a trained linguist would have any idea, any more than a non-biologist would know how the rate of beating of the heart is adjusted to meet changing demands. In section 17.3, we describe a hypothesis about the rule that tells us that is ungrammatical: it is a subtle rule, but as yet no-one has thought up a simpler one. It is hard to believe that we could so painlessly master such rules unless we were genetically predisposed to do so. More generally, it is still beyond the wit of linguists and computer scientists to write a language-translating programme, yet many 5-year-olds know two languages, do not mix them up, and can translate from one to the other. A second reason for thinking that we cannot learn to talk by trial and error lies in the poverty of the input on which a child must rely. After hearing a finite set of utterances, a child learns to generate an indefinitely large number of grammatical sentences. This implies that the child learns rules, and not merely a set of sentences.

scholarly journals Experimental Evaluation of an Internally Passively Pressurized Circulation Control Propeller

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Kweder ◽  
Cale H. Zeune ◽  
Jon Geiger ◽  
Andrew D. Lowery ◽  
James E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Stagnation Pressure ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Circulation Control ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Lifting Force ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Propeller Blades ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Control ◽  
Do So

The purpose of circulation control for fixed wing aircrafts is to increase the lifting force when large lifting forces and/or slow speeds are required, such as at takeoff and landing. Wing flaps and slats are used on almost all fixed-wing aircraft. While effective in increasing lift, they do so with penalty of increasing drag, weight, and control complexity. The goal of this research was to find an alternative way of pumping pressurized air to the trailing edge slot on a UAV propeller. This design called for rerouting stagnation pressure from the frontal propeller area through the inside of the propeller blades to ejection slots on the trailing edge. This allows for the forward velocity of the aircraft to drive the pressurization of the circulation control plenum passively, without additional hardware. For this study, a Clark-Y airfoil section propeller with an overall diameter of 0.609 meters was designed and tested. The comparison of the augmented to unaugmented propeller showed a 5.12 percent increase in efficiency, which is shown to act over the entire range of flight envelopes of the aircraft and is shown to be particularly beneficial at advance ratios above 0.30, normal operating conditions of propeller-driven UAVs.

scholarly journals How Fast Can Our Horses Go? Measuring the Quality of Positioning Technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Anahid Basiri
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Breaking Point ◽  
Henry Ford ◽  
Exploration Period ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Do So

Whether Henry Ford or someone else gave us this famous quote, ‘If I had asked people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses’, we may agree that it implies there is a limit to what we can expect from the performance of an existing solution. Science and technology always try to push the boundaries and ‘improve’; improving the quality of our lives or improving the quality of technologies. We, as researchers in the area of navigation, are no exception; we want to improve the quality of navigation services. And there are many ways to do so, and challenges and limitations to those attempts. Some researchers look to improve the accuracy, the reliability, the integrity through different approaches. Some try to reduce or model noise, some try to minimise human error, and some use novel techniques and algorithms for better prediction. Of course, when ‘our horses cannot go any faster’ and there is not much space for improvement for a certain technology or service, researchers may come up with a completely new solution, such as an automobile. Almost all new technologies go through the same exploration period; at the beginning, we want to see how and if it works so we try simple tasks, but then we become more ambitious (or greedier!) and so we introduce it to more difficult challenges until it hits the breaking point. At this point, curious researchers and inventors try to push the boundaries and make the technology better, and if improvement is not possible, they build (invent) a new solution. But what is the ‘quality’ that many of us want to improve? How the quality of a technology or service can be measured in the first place?

BP Global Energy Outlook 2030

2013 ◽  
pp. 109-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rühl
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
The Us ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Oil Gas

This paper presents the highlights of the third annual edition of the BP Energy Outlook, which sets out BP’s view of the most likely developments in global energy markets to 2030, based on up-to-date analysis and taking into account developments of the past year. The Outlook’s overall expectation for growth in global energy demand is to be 36% higher in 2030 than in 2011 and almost all the growth coming from emerging economies. It also reflects shifting expectations of the pattern of supply, with unconventional sources — shale gas and tight oil together with heavy oil and biofuels — playing an increasingly important role and, in particular, transforming the energy balance of the US. While the fuel mix is evolving, fossil fuels will continue to be dominant. Oil, gas and coal are expected to converge on market shares of around 26—28% each by 2030, and non-fossil fuels — nuclear, hydro and renewables — on a share of around 6—7% each. By 2030, increasing production and moderating demand will result in the US being 99% self-sufficient in net energy. Meanwhile, with continuing steep economic growth, major emerging economies such as China and India will become increasingly reliant on energy imports. These shifts will have major impacts on trade balances.

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