Grammatical and Semantic Disambiguation of Requirements at Elicitation and Representation Stages

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franc¸ois Christophe ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Eric Coatane´a ◽  
Yong Zeng ◽  
Alain Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Design Activity ◽  
Initial Design ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Word Selection

The final outcome of a design process depends a lot on the initial conditions of this process. The initial design conditions can be viewed as the initial definition and representation of the design problem in the form of requirement model. Describing the requirements involves considering their elicitation and its transformation in a form that can be further used by engineering designers. These two phases of requirements, elicitation and representation, involve by nature linguistic description. Users, stakeholders or designers express themselves through natural language. Semantics considerations involve understanding aspects that comes down to word selection or connotation but also interpretation aspects of written terms used by communities or persons within particular circumstances and contexts. The present research work is constructed around a central hypothesis: Final design outcomes are strongly dependent on the initial design conditions because of the recursive nature of the design activity. The present article claims that computer tools can support the disambiguation process associated with elicitation and representation. For this reason the authors have developed an experimental process aiming at reducing ambiguity of the parts of the initial conditions of the design process that are expressed in natural language. This disambiguation is considering several levels: the grammar, words selection and context description.

Deciding Degree of Conservativeness in Initial Design Considering Risk of Future Redesign

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel B. Price ◽  
Nam-Ho Kim ◽  
Raphael T. Haftka ◽  
Mathieu Balesdent ◽  
Sébastien Defoort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Model Uncertainty ◽  
Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Design Performance ◽  
Initial Design ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Fidelity Model ◽  
Epistemic Model

Early in the design process, there is often mixed epistemic model uncertainty and aleatory parameter uncertainty. Later in the design process, the results of high-fidelity simulations or experiments will reduce epistemic model uncertainty and may trigger a redesign process. Redesign is undesirable because it is associated with costs and delays; however, it is also an opportunity to correct a dangerous design or possibly improve design performance. In this study, we propose a margin-based design/redesign method where the design is optimized deterministically, but the margins are selected probabilistically. The final design is an epistemic random variable (i.e., it is unknown at the initial design stage) and the margins are optimized to control the epistemic uncertainty in the final design, design performance, and probability of failure. The method allows for the tradeoff between expected final design performance and probability of redesign while ensuring reliability with respect to mixed uncertainties. The method is demonstrated on a simple bar problem and then on an engine design problem. The examples are used to investigate the dilemma of whether to start with a higher margin and redesign if the test later in the design process reveals the design to be too conservative, or to start with a lower margin and redesign if the test reveals the design to be unsafe. In the examples in this study, it is found that this decision is related to the variance of the uncertainty in the high-fidelity model relative to the variance of the uncertainty in the low-fidelity model.

scholarly journals Parasitic Architectural Forms (PAF) S01.E02 “Methodology and Ontology”

2021 ◽  
Vol 1209 (1) ◽  
pp. 012029
Author(s):  
T Baroš ◽  
D Katunský
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Verification And Validation ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
Final Design ◽  
The Way

Abstract This paper is to present the chosen methodology for research and thus approach the design process through biomimicry. The described methodology is applied in parasitic architecture research, focusing on developing the experimental design of architectural structure using artificial intelligence and thus approach and support the central hypothesis of the work -the effort to create self-designing and self-growing / developing architecture. Furthermore, the paper outlines the ontology as a model of knowledge, a source of data for the developed software © PAF A.I. and a source of inspiration influencing the final design of the proposed architectural structure. The way in which such an ontological resource is processed for research purposes and how it participates in the final design within the verification and validation of the whole conceptual design is also described. Besides, the paper explains why the ontology in question is essential and what was established as its content.

Life Cycle Development of Successful Women-owned Enterprises

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 142-152
Author(s):  
Mohammad Waliul Hasanat ◽  
Kamna Anum ◽  
Ashikul Hoque ◽  
Mahmud Hamid ◽  
Sandy Francis Peris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Data Collection Process ◽  
Theoretical Finding ◽  
Successful Women ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Life Cycle Development

In developing countries, the role of women in the business sector is continuously improving. As a result, female enterprises have also been encouraged in Pakistan. This study is based on life cycle development phases from which women-owned enterprises have to go through in order to become successful. As a primary data source, face-to-face interviews with owners of successful women-owned enterprises were preferred. The data collection process was divided into two phases i.e. Phase-I and Phase-II. After data collection, qualitative analysis has been performed using NVIVO. Findings provide both generic and specific factors involved in life cycle development of women-owned enterprises. This study provides a detailed view of life cycle development model followed by successful women enterprises. The outcome of this research work is a theoretical finding which can be utilized by entrepreneurs owning small scale enterprises to improve their level of performance. Findings can also be helpful for potentially talented women interested in setting up their own business.

Bringing Ergonomics to the Design of a Behavioural Care Unit

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Jacqueline B. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Iterative Process ◽  
User Needs ◽  
Work Processes ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Early Design ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Final Design ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

The application of ergonomics is important when considering the built environment. In order to create an environment where form follows function, a detailed understanding of the tasks performed by the individuals who will live and work in the facility is required. Early involvement in the project is key to maximizing the benefit of ergonomics. At Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre in Toronto, Canada, this early intervention was embraced during the design process of a behavioural care unit for aggressive patients. The ergonomist was involved in three phases of design; user needs analysis, block schematics and detailed design. The user needs and characteristics were established using a combination of focus groups, interviews, direct observation, task analysis and critique of current working environments. The challenge was to present the information to the design team in a useful manner. The format chosen was a modification of Userfit (Poulson 1996) that outlined the various characteristics of the patient group and the design consequences with “what does this mean for me” statements. During the block schematics phase an iterative design process was used to ensure that the ergonomic principles and the user needs were incorporated into the design. Ergonomic input was used in determining the room sizes and layout and to ensure work processes were considered. Simple mock-ups and anthropometric data assisted in illustrating the need for design changes. Examples that highlight the areas of greatest impact of ergonomic intervention include the patient bathrooms, showers and tub room. Significant changes were made to the design to improve the safety of the work and living space of the end users. One of the greatest challenges was having an appreciation for the individual goals of the team members. Ensuring there was adequate space for equipment and staff often resulted in recommendations for increased space. This in turn would increase the cost of the project. The architect and, later in the project, the engineer had goals of bringing the project in on budget. The final design was very much a team effort and truly die result of an iterative process. The sum of the individual contributions could not match the combined efforts. It was only through the ergonomic contributions in this early design phase that the needs of the staff, patients and families could be so well represented. The success of the iterative process provides the foundation for bringing ergonomics considerations into the early design stages of future projects.

scholarly journals Development of Design Process Simulator for the Ship Initial Design Stage

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (0) ◽  
pp. 211-222
Author(s):  
Kunihiro Hamada ◽  
Mitsuru Kitamura ◽  
Souichi Yasui ◽  
Hiroshi Kawasaki
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Initial Design ◽  
Process Simulator

Agglomeration Technologies of Processing Powder Wastes

2015 ◽  
Vol 244 ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Marian Peciar ◽  
Roman Fekete ◽  
Peter Peciar
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Airborne Particles ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Shear Forces ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
New Type ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
High Technologies

This article deals with the presentation of modern applications for processing powdered, primarily hazardous, waste to an agglomeration form appropriate for subsequent processing by classical methods, for example in the construction, automotive and consumer goods industries. The aim of the research work was to set appropriate operating conditions in order to appreciate currently non-processable wastes resulting from the intensive production of often extremely expensive materials. Technologies which enable returning powder waste back into the primary production cycle were developed and experimentally tested, thus saving raw material resources. When necessary for the fixing of fine airborne particles with a problematic compacting curve (hard to compress, repulsive due to the surface charge) extrusion processes using a patented technology enabling controlled modification of shear forces in the extrusion zone were successfully applied. A new type of axial extruder allows the elimination of the liquid phase and as a result prevents the clogging of the extrusion chamber. In the case of need for granulation of sensitive materials (for example pharmaceuticals not allowing the addition of any kind of agglomerating fluid or reacting strongly in the contact of the two phases), a process of compaction between rolls with different profiled surface was successfully applied. The developed high technologies and the resulting products thus represent a major contribution to environmental protection in the context of not only the work but also the communal environment.

scholarly journals Evolution of Semantic Similarity—A Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Dhivya Chandrasekaran ◽  
Vijay Mago
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Semantic Similarity ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Hybrid Methods ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Similarity Measures ◽  
Text Data ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Open Research ◽  
Research Problems

Estimating the semantic similarity between text data is one of the challenging and open research problems in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). The versatility of natural language makes it difficult to define rule-based methods for determining semantic similarity measures. To address this issue, various semantic similarity methods have been proposed over the years. This survey article traces the evolution of such methods beginning from traditional NLP techniques such as kernel-based methods to the most recent research work on transformer-based models, categorizing them based on their underlying principles as knowledge-based, corpus-based, deep neural network–based methods, and hybrid methods. Discussing the strengths and weaknesses of each method, this survey provides a comprehensive view of existing systems in place for new researchers to experiment and develop innovative ideas to address the issue of semantic similarity.

Yacht Design with Computers: New Methods for New Tools

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
George S. Hazen ◽  
Steve Killing
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
Original Design ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Design Office ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Cad Cam

From the perspective of the design office, this paper examines the manner in which computers are streamlining and changing the design process for today's sailing yachts. Starting with preliminary design and progressing through the more detailed aspects of final design, the computer's varying roles in the design process are traced with examples drawn from currently implemented programs. In addition to its customary role as a bookkeeper, the computer's remarkable graphics capabilities are highlighted. The authors offer a glimpse of what programs and hardware tomorrow's yacht designer will use as frequently as his curves and battens. The paper covers such subjects as design follow-up, sailing analysis and feedback into the original design process. Since designers are not the only ones to benefit from the computer revolution, the authors have included sections on computer generated sailing aids for the yachtsman and possible CAD/CAM applications for the boatbuilder.

Approach to system functional requirements extraction and methods for its implementation based on the design of user activities in the interface using architectural schemes

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
A.N. Belikov ◽  
◽  
S.A. Belikova
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
End User ◽  
System Developer ◽  
Statistical Studies

The existing approach to requirements extraction is that the requirements are formed by the system developer through direct interaction with the customer using a number of methods (for example, interviewing; prototyping; analysis of use cases; user stories; seminars, etc.). In this case, most often the requirements are formed by the developer himself, taking into account the opinion of the customer’s representative. The disadvantage of the existing approach is the problem of loss of knowledge transferred from the customer’s representatives to the developer, which results in the failure of projects, which is recorded by the existing statistics. As statistical studies show, more than half of projects for the creation of information systems (IS) are failures or require changes (in terms of budget, time and customer satisfaction). In modern research in the field of__ design and development of information systems, there is a tendency to involve the end user (customer) in the design process. To develop this idea, an approach is proposed to involve the user in the process of extracting requirements, where the developer will no longer be the person forming the requirements. The main idea of the approach is to develop special tools that allow you to independently transform the customer’s natural language into such a form of representation of the model of the process of solving professional problems, from which an interface will be built, which will allow extracting functional requirements from the unity (process model and interface).

Design, Fabrication and Flight Testing of a Surveillance UAV

2015 ◽  
Vol 1115 ◽  
pp. 450-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moumen Idres ◽  
Burhani Makame ◽  
Bala Nabil Ahmad ◽  
Saleh Naji ◽  
Ahmad Safiuddin
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Flight Test ◽  
Wing Loading ◽  
Rescue Operation ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Carbon Rods ◽  
Power Loading ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is becoming increasingly popular because it can perform variety of functions. These functions include surveillance, reconnaissance, monitoring, data collection and rescue operation. The purpose of this work is to design, fabricate and fly a low weight, low cost, small size UAV for a surveillance mission. The design is carried out based on Advanced Aircraft Analysis (AAA) software. The design process starts with the design specifications for a typical surveillance mission. Aircraft weight, wing loading and power loading were estimated in performance sizing process. Geometry was estimated using preliminary sizing. Aerodynamics of the aircraft was determined, which enabled the performance and stability to be analysed. If the desired performance is not achieved, the sizing is readjusted until a final design is reached. The aircraft was manufactured using foam, carbon rods, and fibreglass. The aircraft successfully flew at the first trial flight. This was followed by a successful flight with aerial photography. Keywords: UAV, design process, fabrication process, composite structure, flight test

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