Design of an Hydrogen Powered Electrical Race Vehicle

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Galmarini ◽  
G. Mastinu ◽  
M. Gobbi ◽  
M. Mauri
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Aerodynamic Drag ◽  
Fem Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cfd Analysis ◽  
Space Requirement ◽  
Aerodynamic Shape ◽  
Vehicle Shape ◽  
Technical Regulations

The construction of a hydrogen powered electrical race vehicle is presented in this paper. This prototype has been developed to be used in the Shell Eco-Marathon competition. The main aim of this event is to reduce the fuel consumption. According to the technical regulations, the minimum space requirement has been estimated on the basis of the driver anthropometric dimensions. A high performance aerodynamic shape has been developed by starting from an axis-symmetric body which has been optimized for reducing the aerodynamic drag while running close to the ground. CFD analysis has been performed to refine the vehicle shape and to reach the final body geometry. With the help of the FEM analysis, a complex CFRP layout of a monocoque chassis has been defined in order to maximize the body stiffness and to reduce the mass. All the subsystems have been optimized both to reduce the resistance of the vehicle and to maximize the powertrain efficiency. Lab tests have been performed to validate the CFD and FEM analysis. The result of this work is the design of a vehicle, optimized in shape, mass and efficiency, to take part at Shell Eco-Marathon competition.

Design, Construction and Employment of a Sustainable “Urban Concept” Race Vehicle

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Galmarini ◽  
M. Gobbi ◽  
G. Mastinu
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Aerodynamic Drag ◽  
Aerodynamic Resistance ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Cfd Analysis ◽  
Motion Resistance ◽  
Vehicle Shape ◽  
Technical Regulations ◽  
Design Construction

The construction of a plug-in electrical race vehicle is presented in the paper. The vehicle is a prototype developed to be used for the Shell Eco-Marathon (SEM) competition. The main aim of SEM is to minimize fuel consumption. According to the technical regulations and the overall dimensions, the layout of the vehicle has been estimated in order to reduce the mass and the aerodynamic resistance of the vehicle. A high performance aerodynamic shape has been developed starting from the “Morelli’s shape” which has been further optimized to reduce the aerodynamic drag. A CFD analysis has been completed to refine the vehicle shape and to reach the final body geometry. To reduce the frontal area the wheels have been connected to the main body by using CFRP wing beams and both suspension system and powertrain, have been integrated into the wheels. A highly efficient powertrain has been developed and an electronic differential has been implemented. All the subsystems have been optimized both to reduce the motion resistance of the vehicle and to maximize the efficiency. A numerical model of the vehicle has been developed in order to aid the design and to simulate the race strategy on different competition tracks. The model has been validated by considering data acquired during the race.

Evaluation of New 99mTc(CO)3 + Radiolabeled Glycylglycine In Vivo

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1382-1387
Author(s):  
Ahmet M. Şenışık ◽  
Çiğdem İçhedef ◽  
Ayfer Y. Kılçar ◽  
Eser Uçar ◽  
Kadir Arı ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Radiolabeled Peptides ◽  
Tumor Bearing ◽  
Biodistribution Data ◽  
Good Accordance ◽  
Rapid Clearance

Background: Peptide-based agents are used in molecular imaging due to their unique properties, such as rapid clearance from the circulation, high affinity and target selectivity. Many of the radiolabeled peptides have been clinically experienced with diagnostic accuracy. The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo biological behavior of [99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+ radiolabeled glycylglycine (GlyGly). Methods: Glycylglycine was radiolabeled with a high radiolabeling yield of 94.69±2%, and quality control of the radiolabeling process was performed by thin layer radiochromatography (TLRC) and High-Performance Liquid Radiochromatography (HPLRC). Lipophilicity study for radiolabeled complex (99mTc(CO)3-Gly-Gly) was carried out using solvent extraction. The in vivo evaluation was performed by both biodistribution and SPECT imaging. Results: The high radiolabelling yield of 99mTc(CO)3-GlyGly was obtained and verified by TLRC and HPLRC as well. According to the in vivo results, SPECT images and biodistribution data are in good accordance. The excretion route from the body was both hepatobiliary and renal. Conclusion: This study shows that 99mTc(CO)3-GlyGly has the potential to be used as a peptide-based imaging agent. Further studies, 99mTc(CO)3-GlyGly can be performed on tumor-bearing animals.

scholarly journals Calculating the optimal hematocrit under the constraint of constant cardiac power

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Sitina ◽  
Heiko Stark ◽  
Stefan Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Cardiac Power ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractIn humans and higher animals, a trade-off between sufficiently high erythrocyte concentrations to bind oxygen and sufficiently low blood viscosity to allow rapid blood flow has been achieved during evolution. Optimal hematocrit theory has been successful in predicting hematocrit (HCT) values of about 0.3–0.5, in very good agreement with the normal values observed for humans and many animal species. However, according to those calculations, the optimal value should be independent of the mechanical load of the body. This is in contradiction to the exertional increase in HCT observed in some animals called natural blood dopers and to the illegal practice of blood boosting in high-performance sports. Here, we present a novel calculation to predict the optimal HCT value under the constraint of constant cardiac power and compare it to the optimal value obtained for constant driving pressure. We show that the optimal HCT under constant power ranges from 0.5 to 0.7, in agreement with observed values in natural blood dopers at exertion. We use this result to explain the tendency to better exertional performance at an increased HCT.

scholarly journals Plasma radio-metabolite analysis of PET tracers for dynamic PET imaging: TLC and autoradiography

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Li ◽  
Justin W. Hicks ◽  
Lihai Yu ◽  
Lise Desjardin ◽  
Laura Morrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
High Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Dynamic Pet ◽  
Arterial Concentration ◽  
In Blood Plasma

Abstract Background In molecular imaging with dynamic PET, the binding and dissociation of a targeted tracer is characterized by kinetics modeling which requires the arterial concentration of the tracer to be measured accurately. Once in the body the radiolabeled parent tracer may be subjected to hydrolysis, demethylation/dealkylation and other biochemical processes, resulting in the production and accumulation of different metabolites in blood which can be labeled with the same PET radionuclide as the parent. Since these radio-metabolites cannot be distinguished by PET scanning from the parent tracer, their contribution to the arterial concentration curve has to be removed for the accurate estimation of kinetic parameters from kinetic analysis of dynamic PET. High-performance liquid chromatography has been used to separate and measure radio-metabolites in blood plasma; however, the method is labor intensive and remains a challenge to implement for each individual patient. The purpose of this study is to develop an alternate technique based on thin layer chromatography (TLC) and a sensitive commercial autoradiography system (Beaver, Ai4R, Nantes, France) to measure radio-metabolites in blood plasma of two targeted tracers—[18F]FAZA and [18F]FEPPA, for imaging hypoxia and inflammation, respectively. Results Radioactivity as low as 17 Bq in 2 µL of pig’s plasma can be detected on the TLC plate using autoradiography. Peaks corresponding to the parent tracer and radio-metabolites could be distinguished in the line profile through each sample (n = 8) in the autoradiographic image. Significant intersubject and intra-subject variability in radio-metabolites production could be observed with both tracers. For [18F]FEPPA, 50% of plasma activity was from radio-metabolites as early as 5-min post injection, while for [18F]FAZA, significant metabolites did not appear until 50-min post. Simulation study investigating the effect of radio-metabolite in the estimation of kinetic parameters indicated that 32–400% parameter error can result without radio-metabolites correction. Conclusion TLC coupled with autoradiography is a good alternative to high-performance liquid chromatography for radio-metabolite correction. The advantages of requiring only small blood samples (~ 100 μL) and of analyzing multiple samples simultaneously, make the method suitable for individual dynamic PET studies.

scholarly journals Influence of Fabric Weave on Thermal Radiation Resistance and Water Vapor Permeability

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Ana Kiš ◽  
Snježana Brnada ◽  
Stana Kovačević
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Water Vapor Permeability ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vapor Permeability ◽  
Weave Structure ◽  
Fabric Structures ◽  
The Impact

In this work, aramid fibers were used to develop new, high-performance fabrics for high-temperature protective clothing. The research was based on the impact of the weave structure on fabric resistance to radiant heat. The goals of the research were primarily related to the development of new fabric structures created by the weave structure, which gives better protection of the body against high temperatures in relation to the standard weave structures that are used today. According to the results obtained it can be concluded that the fabric weave significantly affects the fabric structure, which consequently determines the effectiveness of protection against high temperatures. The justification for the use of multi-weft and strucks weave structure, which provides greater thermal protection and satisfactory breathability than commonly used weave structures, was ascertained.

scholarly journals Herb-Drug Interaction betweenEchinacea purpureaand Darunavir-Ritonavir in HIV-Infected Patients

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 326-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Moltó ◽  
Marta Valle ◽  
Cristina Miranda ◽  
Samandhy Cedeño ◽  
Eugenia Negredo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Fixed Sequence ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Sequence Study

ABSTRACTThe aim of this open-label, fixed-sequence study was to investigate the potential ofEchinacea purpurea, a commonly used botanical supplement, to interact with the boosted protease inhibitor darunavir-ritonavir. Fifteen HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy including darunavir-ritonavir (600/100 mg twice daily) for at least 4 weeks were included.E. purpurearoot extract capsules were added to the antiretroviral treatment (500 mg every 6 h) from days 1 to 14. Darunavir concentrations in plasma were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography immediately before and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h after a morning dose of darunavir-ritonavir on days 0 (darunavir-ritonavir) and 14 (darunavir-ritonavir plus echinacea). Individual darunavir pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental analysis and compared between days 0 and 14 with the geometric mean ratio (GMR) and its 90% confidence interval (CI). The median age was 49 (range, 43 to 67) years, and the body mass index was 24.2 (range, 18.7 to 27.5) kg/m2. Echinacea was well tolerated, and all participants completed the study. The GMR for darunavir coadministered with echinacea relative to that for darunavir alone was 0.84 (90% CI, 0.63-1.12) for the concentration at the end of the dosing interval, 0.90 (90% CI, 0.74-1.10) for the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h, and 0.98 (90% CI, 0.82-1.16) for the maximum concentration. In summary, coadministration ofE. purpureawith darunavir-ritonavir was safe and well tolerated. Individual patients did show a decrease in darunavir concentrations, although this did not affect the overall darunavir or ritonavir pharmacokinetics. Although no dose adjustment is required, monitoring darunavir concentrations on an individual basis may give reassurance in this setting.

Simple Methodology for the Development and Analysis of Local Driving Cycles Applied in the Study of Cars and Motorcycles in Recife, Brazil

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812199185
Author(s):  
Guilherme Medeiros Soares de Andrade ◽  
Fernando Wesley Cavalcanti de Araújo ◽  
Maurício Pereira Magalhães de Novaes Santos ◽  
Silvio Jacks dos Anjos Garnés ◽  
Fábio Santana Magnani
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Energy Analysis ◽  
Aerodynamic Drag ◽  
Mean Absolute Error ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Vehicle Category ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Utility Vehicle

Standard driving cycles are usually used to compare vehicles from distinct regions, and local driving cycles reproduce more realistic conditions in specific regions. In this article, we employed a simple methodology for developing local driving cycles and subsequently performed a kinematic and energy analysis. As an application, we employed the methodology for cars and motorcycles in Recife, Brazil. The speed profile was collected using a smartphone (1 Hz) validated against a high precision global positioning system (10 Hz), presenting a mean absolute error of 3 km/h. The driving cycles were thus developed using the micro-trip method. The kinematic analysis indicated that motorcycles had a higher average speed and acceleration (32.5 km/h, 0.84 m/s2) than cars (22.6 km/h, 0.55 m/s2). As a result of the energy analysis, it was found that inertia is responsible for most of the fuel consumption for both cars (59%) and motorcycles (41%), but for motorcycles the aerodynamic drag is also relevant (36%). With regards to fuel consumption, it was found that the standard driving cycle used in Brazil (FTP-75; 2.47 MJ/km for cars and 0.84 MJ/km for motorcycles) adequately represents the driving profile for cars (2.46 MJ/km), and to a lesser extent motorcycles (0.91 MJ/km) in off-peak conditions. Finally, we evaluated the influence of the vehicle category on energy consumption, obtaining a maximum difference of 38% between a 2.0 L sports utility vehicle and a 1.0 L hatchback.

Amino Acids Profiling in Fruit Juices by High Performance Liquid Chromatography: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 2756-2767
Author(s):  
Vijaya Vemani ◽  
Mounika P ◽  
Poulami Das ◽  
Anand Kumar Tengli
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Fruit Juices ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Analytical Approaches

In the preservation of normal physiological functions, the building blocks of the body called amino acids play a crucial role. A number of valuable and nutritional phytoconstituents are contained in fruit juices, such as vitamins, minerals, microelements, organic acids, antioxidants, flavonoids, amino acids and other components. Due to the growing population and demand, the quality of fruit juices is decreasing. One of the unethical and harmful practices called adulteration or food fraudulence has been adopted by most food and beverage industries. The amino acids which is one of the most important phytochemicals of fruit and fruit juices which affects the organoleptic properties like color, odor, and taste of juices and also helps in authenticity process from governing bodies by providing total amino acid content. Consequently, the main aim of the present review work is to provide information regarding the importance of amino acids, how they are adulterated, the potential analytical approach to detected amino acids and which methods are generally accepted method by the food industries. According to the literature review, we presume that reverse phased high-performance liquid chromatography with pre-column derivatization was the most adopted method for quality checking due to its advantages over other old and recent analytical approaches like simple, rapid, cost-effective nature, less / no sample matrix effect with high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision.

scholarly journals Water ingestion during swimming activities in a pool: A pilot study

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred P. Dufour ◽  
Otis Evans ◽  
Thomas D. Behymer ◽  
Ricardo Cantú
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Cyanuric Acid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Urinary Proteins ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Chloroisocyanurates are commonly added to outdoor swimming pools to stabilize chlorine disinfectants. The chloroisocyanurates decompose slowly to release chlorine and cyanuric acid. Studies conducted to determine if the chloroisocyanurates might be toxic to swimmers showed that they were not and that ingested cyanuric acid passed through the body unmetabolized. This fact was used to determine the amount of water swallowed during swimming activity. Fifty-three recreational swimmers, using a community swimming pool disinfected with cyanuric acid stabilized chlorine, participated in the study. The participants did not swim on the day before or after the test swim. The swimmers were asked to actively swim for at least 45 minutes and to collect their urine for the next 24 hours. Cyanuric acid was measured in pool water using high performance liquid chromatography and porous graphitic carbon columns with UV detection. The urine sample assay required a clean-up procedure to remove urinary proteins and interfering substances. Results of the study indicate that non-adults ingest about twice as much water as adults during swimming activity. The average amount of water swallowed by non-adults and adults was 37 ml and 16 ml, respectively. The design for this study and the analytical methodology used to assay cyanuric acid in swimming pool water and human urine were effective for measuring the volume of water swallowed during swimming activity.

Pulmonary oxygen toxicity in mice is characterized by alterations in ascorbate redox status

1995 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 1769-1776 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Rusakow ◽  
J. Han ◽  
M. A. Hayward ◽  
O. W. Griffith
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Oxygen Toxicity ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Total Glutathione ◽  
Plasma Ascorbate ◽  
Hyperoxic Exposure ◽  
Reduced Forms

Pulmonary oxygen toxicity results from disruption of the usual antioxidant defenses of the body. We therefore investigated whether mice that suffer from oxygen toxicity show significant alterations in the redox status of ascorbate, an important antioxidant, as reflected by changes in the relative amounts of its oxidized and reduced forms. Mice were exposed to air or hyperoxia (> 97% O2, 760 mmHg). After 5 days, plasma and saline-perfused lungs were removed and levels of ascorbate (AA), oxidized ascorbate [dehydroascorbate (DHAA)], and total ascorbate species ([AA+DHAA]) were determined by a sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography assay; lungs were also assayed for total glutathione and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), an established marker of oxidative stress. We found that with hyperoxic exposure plasma AA increased by 32%, plasma DHAA increased substantially from previously undetectable levels, and the DHAA-to-[AA+DHAA] ratio increased. In contrast, in lung, [AA+DHAA] decreased by 41%. Plasma AA, DHAA, and [AA+DHAA] each correlated inversely with lung [AA+DHAA] and directly with lung GSSC. We conclude that alterations in plasma ascorbate redox status reflect pulmonary oxygen toxicity in mice. Our results suggest that further investigations are warranted to determine whether similar findings occur in humans and have clinical utility.

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