Transmission Gear Ratio vs Fuel Consumption: Retrospective Analysis for Future Terrain Vehicle Applications

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Vantsevich ◽  
Bhargav H. Joshi ◽  
Gianantonio Bortolin
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Manual Transmission ◽  
Actual Data ◽  
Geometric Progression ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dump Trucks ◽  
Transmission Gear

For decades, the technical problem of selecting optimal transmission gear ratio has been researched for various ground vehicles based on different selection criteria depending on a particular vehicle application; criteria of terrain mobility, traction and acceleration performance, engine power utilization and fuel efficiency have been widely in use. Innumerable analytical and experimental research results and data were implemented in thousand different transmission designs. Today, this unique information about the number of gears in transmission, and value of gear ratios make a field for (i) a research analysis of engineering efficiency of different transmission designs, which were in operation for decades, and (ii) developing more efficient analytical methodologies to select the number of gears and transmission gear ratios and, furthermore, continuously, in-real time control power transfer from the vehicle energy source to the wheels. This paper considers the first, of the above-listed problems in detail with applications to various terrain vehicles and then specifically to off-road wheeled vehicles. The analysis presented in the paper, envelops simple random samples of up to 50 vehicles. It starts from WW2 military vehicles, goes to off-road trucks of 1980s and finally compares modern dump trucks and other terrain vehicles of several major world OEMs. The paper presents an analytical method, computational algorithm and results of a study in which, the efficiency of conventional analytical methodologies are evaluated using actual data on fuel consumption and characteristics of transmissions, vehicle engines, driveline and running gear systems and payloads. To serve this purpose, actual data of each vehicle is compared with analytical data of the vehicle, computed using the conventional methods, with focus on gear/velocity ratios and average fuel consumption at each transmission gear. The fuel consumption analysis was carried out by computing vehicle transport capacity as a function of the average velocity and mass of the payload for each vehicle. The result shows a distinct change of behavior in gear design methodology between post war and present day vehicles. It was a determined divergence from the initial trends, which were based on either the geometrical progression method or arithmetic method for selecting the number of transmission speeds and the values of gear ratios. This resulted in not only having a wide range of speed characteristics of automatic transmission over a few manual gears, but also, as discovered in this study, lead to increased fuel consumption of some vehicles in all range of speeds. The WW2 vehicles designed with manual transmission have gear ratios are closely aligned to analytically calculated geometric progression. Same behavior is observed in the off-road vehicles of 1980’s. Here, with a manual transmission, the trend is more towards less number of gears and with large interval between speed ratios. This of course gives a better fuel efficiency, but leads to trade off in lower average vehicle velocity. The transmission design for modern day dump trucks is also very close to the geometric progression approach. The other modern off-road trucks, as discovered in the analysis, follow an arithmetic progression. Although this results in smooth transmission, but fuel efficiency is compromised significantly, compared to dump trucks. It is important to note that a design based on geometric progression, would result in same speed distribution with less number of gears and better fuel efficiency. For a modern day terrain trucks, to have an optimum combination of both characteristics, it is important to consider all the parameters affecting velocity ratios and fuel consumption and incorporate an efficient analytical methodology to stay competitive, in the rapidly evolving market of all terrain vehicles.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Gear Ratio Transmisi dan Grade Jalan Terhadap Fuel Consumption Truck Batubara dengan Pendekatan Regresi Linier Berganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Arif Nuryono
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Actual Data ◽  
Road Segment ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Forward Speed ◽  
Dump Trucks ◽  
Road Grade ◽  
Transmission Speed ◽  
Transmission Gear

Transmission Gear Ratio usually affects torque and speed. The effect on fuel consumption for coal trucks with a capacity of 20 tons needs technical analysis and experiment to obtain actual data. In the experiment process using a standard transmission issued by the factory that is with 8 forward speed and 1 reverse speed. Experiment is done by comparing the calculation of fuel consumption with the use of transmission. Tests carried out using 2 dump trucks, 6 times sampling, 8-Speed, 30 km distance, with variations in the grade 8 segments and loads. From the results of testing and calculation of fuel consumption with parameter 8 variations in road grade and loaded, different fuel usage is obtained for each road segment and in load or empty conditions. When high grade fuel consumption also increases, when loaded conditions fuel consumption increases. Road grade and loaded conditions affect the use of fuel consumption. The use of transmission speed or gear ratio also affects fuel consumption.

Combining Diesel Generators With Ultracapacitors to Enhance Stability and Reliability

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Averbukh ◽  
A. Kuperman ◽  
G. Geula ◽  
S. Gadelovitch ◽  
V. Yuhimenko
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Load Power ◽  
Light Load ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Auxiliary Power Units ◽  
Diesel Generators

Diesel generator based auxiliary power units (DG-APU) are widely used in different civil and military applications. Fuel economy and service life are probably the most important issues concerning their operation. Controlling engine throttle position in accordance with the load power allows regulating fuel supply to the engine to optimize fuel consumption. Despite the advantage of the method, control stability is sacrificed in case of light load operation as follows. When the DG-APU is running with a light load, engine throttle position should be nearly closed in order to minimize fuel consumption. If a load step is applied in such situation, engine velocity may drop sharply until complete stop because of insufficient control system bandwidth. This is why velocity and throttle position of a DG-APU should not be decreased below some level even if load power is low to maintain reliability at the expense of increased specific fuel consumption. Moreover, for small diesel-generators the throttle position is usually fixed. Thereby, relatively wide range load power variations (typical for many of diesel-generator applications) cause excessive fuel consumption. The situation may be sufficiently improved by connecting ultracapacitors (UC) on the DG-APU output terminals, introducing additional inertia allowing smoothing engine velocity decrease during a sudden load increase thus providing more time to the control system to regulate throttle position. As a result, DG-APU would be operated much more efficiently at light loads without sacrificing stability. Moreover, the UC may be used at as starter motor power source, removing starting stress from electrochemical batteries. Present work investigates the improvements in UC-supported DG-APU fuel efficiency and stability compared to conventional technical solutions. The research is based on mathematical modeling of the entire system, verified by experiments. The results support the presented ideas and quantitatively demonstrate the improved fuel economy and reliability of small DG-APUs.

Improved Energy Efficiency and Controllability of Mobile Work Machines by Reduced Engine Rotational Speed

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miika Ahopelto ◽  
Joni Backas ◽  
Reza Ghabcheloo ◽  
Kalevi Huhtala
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
High Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Mobile Work ◽  
And Control ◽  
Partial Loads

The usage and control of combustion engines has a significant effect in the fuel consumption and controllability of mobile work machines. In general, the best efficiency region of engine is at high partial loads. In this area, the challenge is the reduced reaction speed of engine. In this paper, we present an approach to gain high fuel efficiency and good drivability by reducing the rotational speed of the engine. This is possible due the fact that hydrostatic power transmission provides variable gear ratio between the engine and the actuators. At reduced rotational speed, engine operates with higher partial loads and improved fuel efficiency for a given required power. The experimental drive cycle tests are presented and show over 25% reduction in fuel consumption compared to conventional control where engine rotational speed is kept constant.

Geometric Progression Application in Design Transmission Gear Ratio

2015 ◽  
Vol 776 ◽  
pp. 343-348
Author(s):  
A.A.I.A. Sri Komaladewi ◽  
I. Gusti Agung Kade Suriadi ◽  
I. Ketut Adi Atmika
Keyword(s):  
Power Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Geometric Progression ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Distance Curve ◽  
Wind Resistance ◽  
Rate Transmission ◽  
Transmission Gear

One of the important aspects in determining the competitiveness of an automotive product is the traction ability or performance, the vehicle's ability to accelerate, wind resistance, rolling resistance, against the force of the ramp, and the capacity to pull a load. The size of traction for any level of gear and vehicle speed that can be achieved can be controlled by adjusting the ratio and transmission rate. Transmission ratio affects the amount of torque that can be transmitted, while the number of speed levels affects the fineness of the process of transmission and transformation of power in the transmission system. To find a gear ratio between the lowest and highest transmission rate is by geometric progression. The basis of the use of this method is to get the ratio and amount of gear transmission rate of speed at the same engine operating speed so that fuel economy will be the same on each transmission. Modified gear ratio produce traction curve where the distance curve closer adjacent transmission. This indicates a loss of power transmission shifting is getting smaller or in other words the better traction performance. The design of the installation ratio 6-speed, generating traction curve with the distance between the curve near the sting traction, produces good traction or good performance.

scholarly journals TO THE COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF FUEL ECONOMY OF THE BTR-70 CAR WITH DIFFERENT TRANSMISSION

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (50) ◽  
pp. 198-209
Author(s):  
Sakhno V ◽  
◽  
Dykich O ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Steady Motion ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Gasoline Engines

The article considers the issue of choosing a gearbox for the modernization of the BTR-70 by replacing two gasoline engines with two diesels. The object of research is the fuel economy of the BTR-70 car with different gearboxes when replacing two gasoline engines with two diesels. The purpose of the work – to determine the type and gear ratio of the transmission, which provides the best fuel efficiency of the car. Research method - mathematical modeling. When replacing a gasoline engine with a diesel of a different power and a different speed range, it is necessary to determine the gear ratio so as to provide the car with the required level of speed properties in the specified operating conditions with minimal fuel consumption. Due to the fact that the modernization of the BTR-70 involves the replacement of the engine and transmission, the further search for the gearbox was carried out on the basis of analysis of existing structures by the maximum torque of the engine. A five-speed and eight-speed MAZ gearbox and a six-speed Mercedes-Benz G 85-6 / 6.7 gearbox were used for analysis. Taking into account the fact that at a given coefficient of drag  = 0.03 the car can move only in direct gear, then for all gearboxes the fuel characteristics of steady motion will be the same as the control fuel consumption, which was 30 l / 100 km. In terms of fuel consumption during the acceleration of the car and the average kilometer fuel consumption when driving on paved roads, preference should be given to a car with a Mercedes-Benz G 85-6 / 6,7 transmission and only when driving in difficult road conditions, preference should be given to the car with 8-speed MAZ-5335 transmission. KEY WORDS: CAR, ENGINE, FUEL ECONOMY, TRANSMISSION, GEAR RATING, SPEED, COMPARATIVE EVALUATION

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGARUH RASIO FINAL GEAR TERHADAP KECEPATAN DAN KONSUMSI BAHAN BAKAR MOBIL HYBRID URBAN KMHE 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Koerniawan Hastho Poetro
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Ring Gear ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Finish Line ◽  
Speed Test ◽  
Pinion Gear ◽  
Travelling Time

In automotive world, differential ratio also known as final gear ratio. It consist of pinion gear and ring gear. Final gear ratio will be affecting car speed and fuel consumption that can be achieved. Research will be performed by experiment and data collection will be displayed through descriptive methode. Research began by selecting 2 kind of final gear ratio which are 1,27 and 2,53. Those ratios have been achieved by selecting pinion gear 15 and 30 teeth and ring gear 38 teeth, which are common and easy to find on the market. Testing performed by running the car on the tarmac testing track, 2800 meters (4 lap @700 meters), from stop until reached finish line with limited the speed test by 30 km/h and 40 km/h. Each test will be performed 5 times and the data collection will be displayed by tabulation and chart. The test results shown pinion gear with 30 teeth have less travelling time, less engine rotation and better fuel efficiency compare with pinion gear 15 teeth. Pinion gear 30 teeth have 8,9% better fuel consumption on 30 km/h speed and 4,7% better fuel consumption on 40 km/h.

Application of Box-Behnken Analysis on the Optimisation of Air Intake System for a Naturally Aspirated Engine

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 8029-8042
Author(s):  
N.S. Mustafa ◽  
N.H.A. Ngadiman ◽  
M.A. Abas ◽  
M.Y. Noordin
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Design Expert ◽  
Intake System ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
System Components ◽  
Air Intake ◽  
High Influence

Fuel price crisis has caused people to demand a car that is having a low fuel consumption without compromising the engine performance. Designing a naturally aspirated engine which can enhance engine performance and fuel efficiency requires optimisation processes on air intake system components. Hence, this study intends to carry out the optimisation process on the air intake system and airbox geometry. The parameters that have high influence on the design of an airbox geometry was determined by using AVL Boost software which simulated the automobile engine. The optimisation of the parameters was done by using Design Expert which adopted the Box-Behnken analysis technique. The result that was obtained from the study are optimised diameter of inlet/snorkel, volume of airbox, diameter of throttle body and length of intake runner are 81.07 mm, 1.04 L, 44.63 mm and 425 mm, respectively. By using these parameters values, the maximum engine performance and minimum fuel consumption are 93.3732 Nm and 21.3695×10-4 kg/s, respectively. This study has fully accomplished its aim to determine the significant parameters that influenced the performance of airbox and optimised the parameters so that a high engine performance and fuel efficiency can be produced. The success of this study can contribute to a better design of an airbox.

scholarly journals Effect of Methanol/Water Mixed Fuel Compound Injection on Engine Combustion and Emissions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4491
Author(s):  
Changchun Xu ◽  
Haengmuk Cho
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Combustion Mechanism ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Concentration Ratios

Due to the recent global increase in fuel prices, to reduce emissions from ground transportation and improve urban air quality, it is necessary to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Water, methanol, and a mixture of the two were added at the pre-intercooler position to keep the same charge and cooling of the original rich mixture, reduce BSFC and increase ITE, and promote combustion. The methanol/water mixing volume ratios of different fuel injection strategies were compared to find the best balance between fuel consumption, performance, and emission trends. By simulating the combustion mechanism of methanol, water, and diesel mixed through the Chemkin system, the ignition delay, temperature change, and the generation rate of the hydroxyl group (−OH) in the reaction process were analyzed. Furthermore, the performance and emission of the engine were analyzed in combination with the actual experiment process. This paper studied the application of different concentration ratios of the water–methanol–diesel mixture in engines. Five concentration ratios of water–methanol blending were injected into the engine at different injection ratios at the pre-intercooler position, such as 100% methanol, 90% methanol/10% water, 60% methanol/40% water, 30% methanol/70% water, 100% water was used. With different volume ratios of premixes, the combustion rate and combustion efficiency were affected by droplet extinguishment, flashing, or explosion, resulting in changes in combustion temperature and affecting engine performance and emissions. In this article, the injection carryout at the pre-intercooler position of the intake port indicated thermal efficiency increase and a brake specific fuel consumption rate decrease with the increase of water–methanol concentration, and reduce CO, UHC, and nitrogen oxide emissions. In particular, when 60% methanol and 40% water were added, it was found that the ignition delay was the shortest and the cylinder pressure was the largest, but the heat release rate was indeed the lowest.

A Variable-Geometry Power Turbine for Marine Gas Turbines

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl W. Karstensen ◽  
Jesse O. Wiggins
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Part Load ◽  
Surface Ship ◽  
Marine Propulsion ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
Power Turbine ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Electrical Generator ◽  
Variable Power

Gas turbines have been accepted in naval surface ship applications, and considerable effort has been made to improve their fuel consumption, particularly at part-load operation. This is an important parameter for shipboard engines because both propulsion and electrical-generator engines spend most of their lives operating at off-design power. An effective way to improve part-load efficiency of recuperated gas turbines is by using a variable power turbine nozzle. This paper discusses the successful use of variable power turbine nozzles in several applications in a family of engines developed for vehicular, industrial, and marine use. These engines incorporate a variable power turbine nozzle and primary surface recuperator to yield specific fuel consumption that rivals that of medium speed diesels. The paper concentrates on the experience with the variable nozzle, tracing its derivation from an existing fixed vane nozzle and its use across a wide range of engine sizes and applications. Emphasis is placed on its potential in marine propulsion and auxiliary gas turbines.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document