Investigation of Fast Pyrolysis of Brassica Carinata in an Auger Type Reactor

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Sonnek ◽  
Stephen P. Gent ◽  
Gregory J. Michna
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Brassica Carinata ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Native Prairie ◽  
Type Reactor ◽  
Acid Titration ◽  
Bio Oil

Fast pyrolysis is one method of creating bio-oil from biomass such as native prairie grasses, corn stover, and other organic commercial and industrial byproducts. In this study, fast pyrolysis of Brassica carinata meal, or simply carinata meal, was performed in an auger-type reactor. The bio-oil produced in the reactor was collected and analyzed to determine the effects of reactor and condenser temperatures on the properties of the bio-oil produced. Five reactor temperatures and two condenser temperatures were investigated in this research. The rheological properties of the bio-oil samples were analyzed, water content was determined with the Karl Fisher method, energy content was measured with a bomb calorimeter, and acidity was determined using a total acid titration test. The aging characteristics of the bio-oil were also investigated at seven days, fourteen days, and twenty-eight days after the oil was created to determine what effect, if any, time had on the its properties. Preliminary results indicate that any reactor temperature above 500°C produces bio-oils of similar composition, although with changes in yield. In addition, the short-term aging results of the bio-oils have shown insignificant changes in total acid number, water content, and energy content.

Investigation of Fast Pyrolysis of Camelina Sativa Meal in an Auger Reactor

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan R. Almberg ◽  
Gregory J. Michna ◽  
Stephen P. Gent
Keyword(s):  
Corn Stover ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Camelina Sativa ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Native Prairie ◽  
Acid Titration ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Camelina Meal ◽  
Auger Reactor

Fast pyrolysis is one method of creating bio-oil from biomass such as native prairie grasses, corn stover, and other organic commercial and industrial byproducts. In this study, fast pyrolysis of camelina (Camelina sativa) meal feedstock was performed in an auger-type reactor. End products of the processing consisted of bio-char and condensed vapor in the form of bio-oil (ranging from liquid to highly viscous tar-like products). The bio-oil produced in the reactor was collected and analyzed to determine the effects of reactor and condenser temperatures on the properties of the bio-oil produced. Five reactor temperatures and two condenser temperatures were investigated in this study. The rheological properties of the bio-oil samples were analyzed, water content was determined with the Karl Fisher method, energy content was measured with a bomb calorimeter, and acidity was determined using a total acid titration test. The aging characteristics of the bio-oil were also investigated at seven days, fourteen days, and twenty-eight days after the oil was created to determine what effect, if any, time had on the its properties. Preliminary results indicated that products of the camelina meal pyrolysis process were more uniform when compared to that of other feedstocks (e.g. carinata meal, corn stover), yielding more consistent bio-oil characteristics.

Properties of Brassica Carinata and Camelina Sativa Meals and Fast Pyrolysis Derived Bio-Oils

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Harris ◽  
James Lawburgh ◽  
Brian Lawburgh ◽  
Gregory J. Michna ◽  
Stephen P. Gent
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Camelina Sativa ◽  
Brassica Carinata ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Viable Biomass ◽  
Acid Test ◽  
Strong Acids

Fast pyrolysis is one method of creating bio-oil from various sources of biomass. In this research, fast pyrolysis of Brassica carinata and Camelina sativa meals were performed using a fluidized bed reactor. Chemical and physical properties of each oil sample were analyzed to determine the initial characteristics of the samples produced. Karl Fischer method was used to determine the water content and a total acid test was used to determine the total number of strong acids in each oil sample. A bomb calorimeter was used to determine the energy content of each bio-oil sample. Calorimetry and particle sizing were also done on the meals, on “dried” samples and “as received” samples. Particle size distributions of ground and unground samples of the feedstocks were determined. The results from this study can be used to assess the possibilities of using Brassica carinata and Camelina sativa meals as viable biomass sources for producing bio-oil. This could add value to these meals by turning a by-product of the oil extraction process into a resource for production of bio-oil.

scholarly journals Fast Pyrolysis of Poultry Litter in a Bubbling Fluidised Bed Reactor: Energy and Nutrient Recovery

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daya Shankar Pandey ◽  
Giannis Katsaros ◽  
Christian Lindfors ◽  
James J. Leahy ◽  
Savvas A. Tassou
Keyword(s):  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Nutrient Recovery ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Fluidised Bed Reactor

Livestock production is among the most rapidly growing sectors of the agricultural economy driven primarily by growing demand for animal protein, but also posing significant waste disposal issues and environmental impacts. Moreover, opportunities exist for utilising animal waste at the farm level for heat and power generation (thermal conversion) which can contribute to economic sustainability and also provide a bio-fertiliser for soil amendment. The present study is focused on energy and nutrient recovery from poultry litter using a thermochemical conversion technology (fast pyrolysis). The formation of products (gases, biochar and bio-oil) during the fast pyrolysis of poultry litter was experimentally investigated in a laboratory-scale bubbling fluidised bed reactor. Pyrolytic gases accounted for 15–22 wt.% of the product. The carbon content in biochar increased from 47 to 48.5 wt.% with an increase in the pyrolysis temperature. Phosphorous and potassium recovery in the biochar were over 75%, suggesting that it could be used as an organic soil amendment. The high ash content in poultry litter (14.3 wt.%) resulted in low bio-oil and high biochar yield. The bio-oil yield was over 27 wt.% with a higher heating value of 32.17 MJ/kg (dry basis). The total acid number of the bio-oil decreased from 46.30 to 38.50 with an increase in temperature. The nitrogen content in the bio-oil produced from the poultry litter (>7 wt.%) was significantly higher compared to bio-oil produced from the wood (0.1 wt.%).

scholarly journals Synthesis and Regeneration of Nickel-Based Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Beech Wood Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Carriel Schmitt ◽  
María Gagliardi Reolon ◽  
Michael Zimmermann ◽  
Klaus Raffelt ◽  
Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Nickel Catalysts ◽  
Wet Impregnation ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Gas Formation ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Temperature Selectivity

Four nickel-based catalysts are synthesized by wet impregnation and evaluated for the hydrotreatment/hydrodeoxygenation of beech wood fast-pyrolysis bio-oil. Parameters such as elemental analysis, pH value, and water content, as well as the heating value of the upgraded bio-oils are considered for the evaluation of the catalysts’ activity and catalyst reuse in cycles of hydrodeoxygenation after regeneration. The reduction temperature, selectivity and hydrogen consumption are distinct among them, although all catalysts tested produce upgraded bio-oils with reduced oxygen concentration, lower water content and higher energy density. Ni/SiO2, in particular, can remove more than 50% of the oxygen content and reduce the water content by more than 80%, with low coke and gas formation. The evaluation over four consecutive hydrotreatment reactions and catalyst regeneration shows a slightly reduced hydrodeoxygenation activity of Ni/SiO2, mainly due to deactivation caused by sintering and adsorption of poisoning substances, such as sulfur. Following the fourth catalyst reuse, the upgraded bio-oil shows 43% less oxygen in comparison to the feedstock and properties comparable to the upgraded bio-oil obtained with the fresh catalyst. Hence, nickel-based catalysts are promising for improving hardwood fast-pyrolysis bio-oil properties, especially monometallic nickel catalysts supported on silica.

Fast Pyrolysis of Distillated Ashe Juniper Biomass

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime J. Jua´rez ◽  
Victor R. Contreras ◽  
Gaston R. Haupert ◽  
Steven Hill ◽  
Daren E. Daugaard
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Distillation Process ◽  
Lower Heating Value ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Ashe Juniper ◽  
Liquid Yield

Ashe Juniper is one of three major species of juniper native to Texas. Communities of Ashe Juniper occupy over 8 million acres of Texas rangelands and are responsible for herbage reduction, which adversely impacts the livestock carrying capacity. Ashe Juniper wood contains aromatic liquids called essential oils, which are economically beneficial for the personal care products industry. In order to exploit this benefit Texarome, Inc. of Leaky, Texas uses a large-scale steam distillation process to extract aromatic liquids from Ashe Juniper. This process results in a large quantity of Ashe Juniper woodchip waste for which there is few uses. A moderate temperature process known as fast pyrolysis was used to convert steam-distillated Ashe Juniper into a liquid known as bio-oil. An average liquid yield of 40.8% is reported for steam-distillated Ashe Juniper biomass and an average liquid yield of 47.3% is reported Ashe Juniper biomass that has not undergone the steam distillation process. This work demonstrates that the energy content of steam distillated Ashe Juniper can be extracted and the conversion to bio-oil is another potential use for Ashe Juniper woodchip waste. An economic model of Ashe Juniper biomass developed previously by Jua´rez and Daugaard was used to examine the economic impact of steam-distilled Ashe Juniper by simulating a 4,046-hectare (10,000 acre) Ashe Juniper energy plantation. It was found that bio-oil could be produced for as little as $5.20/GJ on a lower heating value basis if re-investment of profits made from the sale of essential oils extracted during the steam distillation process was assumed. Bio-oil from un-distillated Ashe Juniper could be produced for $13.21/GJ.

scholarly journals Contribution of acidic components to the total acid number (TAN) of bio-oil

Fuel ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 200 ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia K-E. Park ◽  
Jiaojun Liu ◽  
Sotira Yiacoumi ◽  
Abhijeet P. Borole ◽  
Costas Tsouris
Keyword(s):  
Acid Number ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Total Acid Number ◽  
Acidic Components

scholarly journals Thermo-Catalytic Reforming of spent coffee grounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Elmously ◽  
Nils Jäger ◽  
Andreas Apfelbacher ◽  
Robert Daschner ◽  
Andreas Hornung
Keyword(s):  
Calorific Value ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Spent Coffee Grounds ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Catalytic Reforming ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Coffee Grounds ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Intermediate Pyrolysis

AbstractConversion of spent coffee grounds through the Thermo-Catalytic Reforming system (TCR®) is evaluated in this study. While, the TCR® is a technology that has been developed by Fraunhofer UMSICHT, which combines an intermediate pyrolysis and a catalytic reforming. The temperature of the catalytic reformer is varied between 500 and 700 °C to achieve an optimum yield quantities and qualities of the products. The hydrogen concentration is maximized at a reforming temperature of 700 °C, and a gas yield up to 52 wt% is achieved. The thermal stable bio-oil produced at 700 °C has the highest calorific value of 36.8 MJ/kg with significantly low oxygen and water content, low viscosity and low TAN (total acid number). Furthermore, the maximum bio-oil and char yields are obtained at the lowest reforming temperature of 500 °C. Overall spent coffee grounds show a great potential as feedstock in the Thermo-Catalytic Reforming for energy and bio-chemicals production.

scholarly journals Single stage catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of pretreated bio-oil

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 2747-2755
Author(s):  
Yan Luo ◽  
Xuan Zhou ◽  
Hui Pu ◽  
Hongling Pan ◽  
Xiao Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Hydrocarbon Production ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Structure And Morphology ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Lower Water Content ◽  
Different Levels

Raw bio-oil was pretreated and tested for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) using three types of the commercial catalysts (HT-36, HT2300, and HT951T) to improve physio-chemical properties and enhance hydrocarbon yields. The three catalysts prompted different levels of hydrodeoxygenation, and the organic phase products (OLPs) yields were 25.30, 27.83, and 13.05 wt%, respectively. Moreover, OLPs had lower water content, total acid numbers (TAN), and O content as well as higher heating value (HHV), C, and H contents. For the three catalysts, HT-36 had the best HDO effects, resulting in 34.8% hydrocarbon production with improved HHV, water content value and TAN as well as element contents. The different level of HDO depended on the catalyst components, structure, and morphology. This research is beneficial for the selection and preparation of effective catalysts for bio-oil upgrading.

scholarly journals Esterification of Bio-Oil Produced from Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) Wood Using Indonesian Natural Zeolites

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-754
Author(s):  
Sri Kadarwati ◽  
Evalisa Apriliani ◽  
Riska Nurfirda Annisa ◽  
Jumaeri Jumaeri ◽  
Edy Cahyono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Coke Formation ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Natural Zeolites ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Total Acid Number

The bio-oil produced from pyrolysis of woody biomass typically shows unfavourable characteristics such as high acidity, hence it becomes highly corrosive. An upgrading process, e.g., esterification, is necessary to improve the bio-oil quality prior to its use as a transportation fuel. In this work, the bio-oil was produced through a fast pyrolysis of Sengon wood in a fixed-bed pyrolyser at various temperatures. The characteristics (density, viscosity, total acid number, relative concentration of acetic acid, etc.) of the bio-oil were evaluated. The bio-oil with the highest acidity underwent an esterification catalysed by Indonesian natural zeolites at 70 oC for 0-180 min with a ratio of bio-oil to methanol of 1:3. The catalytic performance of the Indonesian natural zeolites during the esterification was investigated. A significant decrease in the total acid number in the bio-oil was observed, indicating the zeolite catalyst’s good performance. No significant coke formation (0.002-3.704 wt.%) was obtained during the esterification. An interesting phenomenon was observed; a significant decrease in the total acid number was found in the heating up of the bio-oil in the presence of the catalyst but in the absence of methanol. Possibly, other reactions catalysed by the Brønsted and Lewis acids at the zeolite catalyst surface also occurred during the esterification.

scholarly journals Sintesis biodiesel dengan teknik ozonasi: investigasi produk ozonida etil-ester minyak kelapa dan minyak kedelai

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Setijo Bismo ◽  
L Linda ◽  
Sofia Loren Butarbutar
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Cetane Index ◽  
Total Acid Number ◽  
Ozonation Process

Similarly with other alkyl-ester biodisesls, coconut oil and soybean oil ethyl-ester (COEE and SOEE) still retain some disadvantages to apply directly or used as diesel fuel additives, such as high viscosity and low ignition performance. The main objective of the reasearch is to introduce an alternative process to improve such drawbacks, that is to convert a small portion of ethyl-ester to ozonide compounds. The ozonolysis of ethyl-esters. whether catalytic or non-catalytic processes, generally yields ozonides, carboxylic acids, and hydrocarbons with shorter carbon chain, e.g. aldehyde and ketone to improve their fuel characteristics. The main problem of such ozonolysis is the effectiveness of the ozonation process itself Such a preliminary investigation of COEE and SOEE ozonation process to ozonides or other compounds, the presented results are the examination of main parameters such as, viscosity, density,  total acid number, water content,  and cetane index. The changes in the ethyl esters'physical and chemical properties werefound to be: an increased in their viscosity, total acid number, and cetane index, and also a decreased in their density and water content. The visible change after ozonation process was the odor ofthe esters. These parameters changes was an indicator that new substances have been producedfrom  the ozonation of ethyl esters.Keywords: Coconut Oil, Soyabean Oil, Biodiesel, Methyl Ester, Ethyl Ester, Ozonide, OzonolysisAbstrakBiodiesel etil-ester minyak kelapa dan kedelai, seperti juga alkif-ester lainnya, memiliki beberapa kelemahan bila digunakan langsung atau sebagai aditif bahan bakar mesin diesel, seperti viskositas yang tinggi dan sifat penyalaannya yang kurang baik. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah mencari proses alternatif untuk memperbaiki kekurangan-kekurangan tersebut, yaitu mengkonversi sebagian etil-ester menjadi senyawa ozonida. Reaksi ozonolisis alkil-ester, baik katalitik maupun non-katalitik, menghasilkan senyawa-senyawa ozonida, asam karboksilat, dan senyawa-senyawa hidrokarbon yang lebih pendek rantai karbonnya, seperti aldehida dan keton sehingga dapat meningkatkan karakteristiknya sebagai bahan bakar. Kendala utama dalam konversi tersebut adalah efektifltas dari reaksi ozonasi itu sendiri. Sebagai investigasi awal dari reaksi ozonasi etil-ester minyak kelapa dan kedelai menjadi senyawa ozonida dan senyawa-senyawa lainnya, disajikqn hasi­ hasill pengujian parameter-parameter utama, seperti viskositas, densitas, bilangan asam, kadar air dan indeks setana. Perubahan sifat-sifat fisika dan kimiawi yang dht}i setelah mengalami proses ozonasi adalah: kenaikan viskositas, bilangan asam, dan indeks setana, serta penurunan densitas dan kadar air. Sedangkan perubahan yang dapat diamati langsung adalah perubahan aromalbau dari etil-ester kedelai dan kelapa setelah mengalami proses ozonasi. Perubahan parameter-parameter yang diuji ini menandakan telah terbentuknya senyawa baru akibat reaksi etil-ester dengan ozon.Kata Kunci: Minyak Kelapa, Minyak Kedelai, Biodiesel, Metil-ester, Etil-ester, Ozonida, OzonolisisSimilarlywithotheralkyl-esterbiodisesls,coconutoilandsoybeanoilethyl-ester(COEEandSOEE)stillretainsomedisadvantagestoapplydirectlyorusedasdieselfueladditives,suchashighviscosityandlowignitionperformance.Themainobjectiveofthereasearchistointroduceanalternative processtoimprovesuch drawbacks,thatistoconvertasmallportionofethyl-estertoozonidecompounds.Theozonolysisofethyl-esters.whethercatalyticornon-catalyticprocesses,generallyyieldsozonides,carboxylicacids,andhydrocarbonswithshortercarbonchain,e.g.aldehydeand ketonetoimprovetheirfue/characteristics.ThemainproblemofsuchozonolysisistheeffectivenessoftheozonationprocessitselfSuchapreliminaryinvestigationofCOEEandSOEEozonationprocesstoozonidesorothercompounds,thepresentedresultsaretheexaminationofmainparameterssuchas,viscosity,density,  totalacidnumber,watercontent,  andcetaneindex.Thechangesintheethylesters'physicalandchemicalpropertieswerefoundtobe:anincreasedintheir viscosity,totalacidnumber,andcetaneindex,andalsoadecreasedintheirdensityandwatercontent. Thevisiblechangeafterozonationprocesswas theodorofthe esters.Theseparameterschangeswas anindicatorthatnewsubstanceshavebeenproducedfrom  theozonationofethylesters. Keywords:CoconutOil, SoyabeanOil,Biodiesel,MethylEster,EthylEster,Ozonide, Ozonolysis

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