Fuel Injection and Emissions Characteristics of a Commercial Microturbine Generator

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Phi ◽  
J. L. Mauzey ◽  
V. G. McDonell ◽  
G. S. Samuelsen
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Regulatory Requirement ◽  
Stirred Reactor ◽  
Emission Regulations ◽  
Fuel Staging ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Local Equivalence

Microturbine generators (MTGs) offer an attractive alternative for addressing future demand for electrical power. However, increasingly stringent emission regulations such as those found in California pose a major technical challenge that these devices must overcome if they are to make significant market penetrations. In the context of these regulations, the present study characterizes the exhaust emissions and mixing capability of a commercial MTG and assesses (1) the ability of this device to meet future emissions regulatory requirement and (2) the extent to which mixing can be used to reduce emissions. The results establish that, for this MTG, both NOx and CO are minimized for 80–100% load. Kinetics and CFD analysis illustrate how NOx emissions are affected by local equivalence ratios and how fuel staging and local quenching impact CO emissions. Measured injector premixing levels indicate a standard deviation of less than 4% relative to the mean. Subsequent analysis using a well-stirred reactor approach suggests a maximum of a 10% reduction in NOx could be achieved with further improved premixing.

scholarly journals Effect of Methanol/Water Mixed Fuel Compound Injection on Engine Combustion and Emissions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4491
Author(s):  
Changchun Xu ◽  
Haengmuk Cho
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Combustion Mechanism ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Concentration Ratios

Due to the recent global increase in fuel prices, to reduce emissions from ground transportation and improve urban air quality, it is necessary to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Water, methanol, and a mixture of the two were added at the pre-intercooler position to keep the same charge and cooling of the original rich mixture, reduce BSFC and increase ITE, and promote combustion. The methanol/water mixing volume ratios of different fuel injection strategies were compared to find the best balance between fuel consumption, performance, and emission trends. By simulating the combustion mechanism of methanol, water, and diesel mixed through the Chemkin system, the ignition delay, temperature change, and the generation rate of the hydroxyl group (−OH) in the reaction process were analyzed. Furthermore, the performance and emission of the engine were analyzed in combination with the actual experiment process. This paper studied the application of different concentration ratios of the water–methanol–diesel mixture in engines. Five concentration ratios of water–methanol blending were injected into the engine at different injection ratios at the pre-intercooler position, such as 100% methanol, 90% methanol/10% water, 60% methanol/40% water, 30% methanol/70% water, 100% water was used. With different volume ratios of premixes, the combustion rate and combustion efficiency were affected by droplet extinguishment, flashing, or explosion, resulting in changes in combustion temperature and affecting engine performance and emissions. In this article, the injection carryout at the pre-intercooler position of the intake port indicated thermal efficiency increase and a brake specific fuel consumption rate decrease with the increase of water–methanol concentration, and reduce CO, UHC, and nitrogen oxide emissions. In particular, when 60% methanol and 40% water were added, it was found that the ignition delay was the shortest and the cylinder pressure was the largest, but the heat release rate was indeed the lowest.

Development of a Low Emissions Upgrade Kit for EMD GP20D and GP15D Locomotives

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Fritz ◽  
John C. Hedrick ◽  
Tom Weidemann
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst ◽  
Oxidation Catalyst ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Fuel Injection Timing ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Emission Regulations ◽  
Diesel Oxidation ◽  
Tier 3

This paper describes the development of a low emissions upgrade kit for EMD GP20D and GP15D locomotives. These locomotives were originally manufactured in 2001, and met EPA Tier 1 locomotive emission regulations. The 1,491 kW (2,000 HP) EMD GP20D locomotives are powered by Caterpillar 3516B engines, and the 1,119 kW (1,500 HP) EMD GP15D locomotives are powered by Caterpillar 3512B engines. CIT Rail owns a fleet of 50 of these locomotives that are approaching their mid-life before first overhaul. Baseline exhaust emissions testing was followed by a low emissions retrofit development focusing on fuel injection timing, crankcase ventilation filtration, and application of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), and then later a diesel particulate filter (DPF). The result was a EPA Tier 0+ certification of the low emissions upgrade kit, with emission levels below EPA Line-Haul Tier 3 NOx, and Tier 4 HC, CO, and PM levels.

Bench Scale Testing of Low-NOx LBG Combustors

1982 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Clark ◽  
B. A. Folsom ◽  
W. R. Seeker ◽  
C. W. Courtney
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Catalytic Reactor ◽  
Power Cycle ◽  
Bench Scale ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Stirred Reactor ◽  
Catalytic Reformer

The high efficiencies obtained in a combined gas-turbine/steam-turbine power cycle burning low Btu gas (LBG) make it a potentially attractive alternative to the high sulfur emitting direct coal-fired steam cycle. In the gasification process, much of the bound nitrogen in coal is converted to ammonia in the LBG. This ammonia is largely converted to nitrogen oxides (NOx) in conventional combustors. This paper examines the pressurized bench scale performance of reactors previously demonstrated to produce low NOx emissions in atmospheric laboratory scale experiments. LBG was synthesized in a catalytic reformer and fired in three reactors: a catalytic reactor, a diffusion flame, and a stirred reactor. Effects of scale, pressure, stoichiometry, residence time, and preheat were examined. Lowest NOx emissions were produced in a rich/lean series staged catalytic reactor.

Estimation of Electrical-Wave Power in Merang Shore, Terengganu, Malaysia

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaswar Jaswar ◽  
C. L. Siow ◽  
A. Maimun ◽  
C. Guedes Soares
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Oscillating Water Column ◽  
Mean Wave Period ◽  
Point Absorbers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wave Converter

Malaysian government introduced Small Renewable Energy Power (SREP) Program such as biomass, biogas, and municipal solid waste, solar photovoltaic and mini-hydroelectric facilities in 2001. In year 2010, the energy generated by biomass was achieved 18 MW and mini hydro also successes to generate around 23 MW. Green Technology and Water Malaysia are targeted by Ministry of Energy to achieve cumulative renewable energy capacity around 2080 MW at year 2020 and 21.4 GW at year 2050. This paper discusses the possibility to utilize ocean wave in Merang shore, Terengganu, Malaysia. The literature reviewed available technologies used to convert wave energy to electricity which are developing currently. The available technologies reviewed here are attenuator, overtopper, point absorbers, oscillating wave surge converter and oscillating water column. The work principle of the device was covered. Finally, the sea condition in Malaysia also studied to analyze the possibility to utilize the wave energy by using the available technologies. It is found that the mean wave height is 0.95 meter and the mean wave period is 3.5 second in the Merang shore, Terengganu, Malaysia. Attenuator type wave converter developed by Wave Star is considered as one of the possible devices to be installed at the location. From the calculation, it is obtained that the total rate electrical power possible to grid is 649 MWh a year if only one set of C5 Wave star device is installed on Merang shore, Terengganu.

scholarly journals Suitable Turbine Selection based on the Parameters of a Potential Site at Sarawak, Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 6399-6402
Author(s):  
K. A. Samo ◽  
I. A. Samo ◽  
W. Mughal ◽  
A. R. H. Rigit ◽  
A. A. Sohoo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
Potential Site ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Suitable System

The tidal range is a renewable energy source. In Malaysia, most of the produced renewable energy is generated from the exploitation of the tidal range. The main purpose of this research is to determine a suitable system to produce tidal range energy from a potential site. A turbine selection chart is used. The mean tidal range of Kuching Barrage is 4.2m and the maximum flow rate over a gate is 226.9m3/s. Therefore, for the extraction of electrical power, a bulb-type turbine with a rated power of 5.2MW is identified as suitable to be deployed at the site.

Combustor Development and Engine Demonstration of Micro-Mix Hydrogen Combustion Applied to M1A-17 Gas Turbine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Horikawa ◽  
Kunio Okada ◽  
Masato Yamaguchi ◽  
Shigeki Aoki ◽  
Manfred Wirsum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Hydrogen Combustion ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Fuel Staging ◽  
Power Generation Plant ◽  
Electrical Power Output ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine

Abstract Kawasaki Heavy Industries, LTD. (KHI) has research and development projects for a future hydrogen society. These projects comprise the complete hydrogen cycle, including the production of hydrogen gas, the refinement and liquefaction for transportation and storage, and finally the utilization in a gas turbine for electricity and heat supply. Within the development of the hydrogen gas turbine, the key technology is stable and low NOx hydrogen combustion, namely the Dry Low NOx (DLN) hydrogen combustion. KHI, Aachen University of Applied Science, and B&B-AGEMA have investigated the possibility of low NOx micro-mix hydrogen combustion and its application to an industrial gas turbine combustor. From 2014 to 2018, KHI developed a DLN hydrogen combustor for a 2MW class industrial gas turbine with the micro-mix technology. Thereby, the ignition performance, the flame stability for equivalent rotational speed, and higher load conditions were investigated. NOx emission values were kept about half of the Air Pollution Control Law in Japan: 84ppm (O2-15%). Hereby, the elementary combustor development was completed. From May 2020, KHI started the engine demonstration operation by using an M1A-17 gas turbine with a co-generation system located in the hydrogen-fueled power generation plant in Kobe City, Japan. During the first engine demonstration tests, adjustments of engine starting and load control with fuel staging were investigated. On 21st May, the electrical power output reached 1,635 kW, which corresponds to 100% load (ambient temperature 20 °C), and thereby NOx emissions of 65 ppm (O2-15, 60 RH%) were verified. Here, for the first time, a DLN hydrogen-fueled gas turbine successfully generated power and heat.

Combustion System Development for the Ramgen Engine

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 885-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Kendrick ◽  
B. C. Chenevert ◽  
B. Trueblood ◽  
J. Tonouchi ◽  
S. P. Lawlor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bluff Body ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
System Development ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Successful Operation ◽  
Injection Methods ◽  
The Individual

The research and development of a unique combustion engine is presented. The engine converts the thrust from ramjet modules located on the rim of a disk into shaft torque, which in turn can be used for electrical power generation or mechanical drive applications. A test program was undertaken that included evaluation of the pre-prototype engine and incorporation of improvements to the thrust modules and supporting systems. Fuel mixing studies with vortex generators and bluff-body flame holders demonstrated the importance of increasing the shear-layer area and spreading angle to augment flame volume. Evaluation of flame-holding configurations (with variable fuel injection methods) concluded that the heat release zone, and therefore combustion efficiency, could be manipulated by judicious selection of bluff-body geometry, and is less influenced by fuel injection distribution. Finally, successful operation of novel fuel and cooling air delivery systems have resolved issues of gas (fuel and air) delivery to the individual rotor segments. The lessons learned from the pre-prototype engine are currently being applied to the development of a 2.8MW engine.

Development of a Phenomenological Combustion Simulation for a Dual Fuel Engine

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafeng Liu ◽  
Stuart R. Bell ◽  
K. Clark Midkiff
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Air Entrainment ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Cycle Simulation ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
Combustion Simulation ◽  
Reduce Emissions

Abstract A phenomenological cycle simulation for a dual fuel engine has been developed to mathematically simulate the significant processes of the engine cycle, to predict specific performance parameters for the engine, and to investigate approaches to improve performance and reduce emissions. The simulation employs two zones (crevice and unburned) during the processes of exhaust, intake, compression before fuel injection starts, and expansion after combustion ends. From the start of fuel injection to the end of combustion, several, zones are utilized to account for crevice flow, diesel fuel spray, air entrainment, diesel fuel droplet evaporation, ignition delay, flame propagation, and combustion quenching. The crevice zone absorbs charge gas from the cylinder as pressure increases, and releases mass back into the chamber as pressure decreases. Some crevice mass released during late combustion may not be oxidized, resulting in emissions of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide. Quenching ahead of the flame front may leave additional charge unburned, yielding high methane emissions. Potential reduction of engine-out NOx emissions with natural gas fueling has also been investigated. The higher substitution of natural gas in the engine produces less engine-out NOx emissions. This paper presents the development of the model, baseline predictions, and comparisons to experimental measurements performed in a single-cylinder Caterpillar 3400 series engine.

scholarly journals Clinical evaluation of point-of-care testing for wide-range C-reactive protein (wr-CRP) in neonates with suspected sepsis

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
Amiel Billetop ◽  
Kerry Grant ◽  
Jennifer Beasmore ◽  
Francesca Mills ◽  
David Odd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Suspected Sepsis ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Point Of Care Test ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Common Laboratory

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to validate a point-of-care C-reactive protein (CRP) test (QuikRead, wide-range [wr] CRP) against standard laboratory testing in neonates with suspected sepsis. Methods This was a single-centre prospective cohort study of neonates (n = 91). The main outcome measure was the paired evaluation of the wr-CRP point-of-care test and automated laboratory CRP tests in neonates with suspected sepsis. Results There were 126 measured CRP-sample pairs. The mean difference between the laboratory CRP and the wr-CRP point-of-care test values was 0.19 (95% confidence interval [CI]:‒1.0–0.65). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was 0.94. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.98–1.00). At a QuikRead CRP cut-off of ≥6.2, the sensitivity and specificity were 77% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions Point-of-care wr-CRP testing can be used as a screening test in neonates with suspected sepsis. Rapid bed-side diagnostics and minimal blood volume requirements present an attractive alternative to common laboratory CRP testing.

The Inactivation of Hepatitis a Virus and other Model Viruses by UV Irradiation

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 339-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Battigelli ◽  
M. D. Sobsey ◽  
D. C. Lobe
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Type B ◽  
Log10 Reduction ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Stirred Reactor ◽  
Virus Survival

Ultraviolet light is an attractive alternative to chemical disinfection of water, but little is known about its ability to inactivate important waterborne pathogens such as hepatitis A virus. Therefore, the sensitivity of HAV strain HM-175, coxsackievirus type B-5, rotavirus strain SA-11, and bacteriophages MS2 and øX174 to ultraviolet radiation of 254 nm wavelength in phosphate buffered water was determined. Purified stocks of the viruses were combined and exposed to collimated UV radiation in a stirred reactor for a total dose of up to 40 mW sec/cm2. Virus survival kinetics were determined from samples removed at dose intervals. The 4 log,10 (99.99%) inactivation doses for HAV, CB5, SA-11 and øX174 were 16, 29, 42 and 9 mW sec/cm2, respectively. MS2 exhibited the greatest resistance in buffered water with less than a 1 log10 reduction observed after exposure to 25 mW sec/cm2. A 15 mW sec/cm2 exposure induced a 7 log10 reduction of øX174, while inactivation of HAV, CB5 and SAll was intermediate, with at least 3 log10 reductions occurring after a 20 mW sec/cm2 exposure. The results of these experiments indicate that UV radiation can effectively inactivate viruses of public health concern in drinking water.

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