Investigation of a Novel Fuel Injection Technology Aimed to Reduce Cold-Start Emissions in SI Engines

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian T. Reese ◽  
Yann G. Guezennec ◽  
Miodrag Oljaca
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Cold Start ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Si Engine ◽  
Fuel Droplets ◽  
Si Engines ◽  
Atomization Characteristics ◽  
Injection Technology

A novel fuel atomization device (Nanomiser™) was evaluated under laboratory conditions with respect to its ability to reduce SI engine cold-start hydrocarbon emissions. First, comparisons between the level of atomization using the conventional, pintle-type fuel injector and the novel atomizer were carried out using flow visualization in a spray chamber and particle size distribution. The novel atomizer is capable of producing sub-micron fuel droplets, which form an ultra-fine mist with outstanding non-wetting characteristics. To capitalize on these atomization characteristics, this device was compared to a conventional fuel injector in a small, two-cylinder, SI engine under a number of operating conditions. Results show a slightly enhanced combustion quality and lean limit under warm operating conditions and a dramatic reduction in unburned HC emission under cold operating conditions, with cold emissions with the Nanomiser™ matching those with a conventional injector under fully warm conditions.

scholarly journals Optical Characterization of a Multipoint Lean Direct Injector for Gas Turbine Combustors: Velocity and Fuel Drop Size Measurements

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Heath ◽  
Yolanda R. Hicks ◽  
Robert C. Anderson ◽  
Randy J. Locke
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Drop Size ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Spray Angle ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Flame Tube ◽  
Component Velocity

Performance of a multipoint, lean direct injection (MP-LDI) strategy for low emission aero-propulsion systems has been tested in a Jet-A fueled, lean flame tube combustion rig. Operating conditions for the series of tests included inlet air temperatures between 672 K and 828 K, pressures between 1034 kPa and 1379 kPa and total equivalence ratios between 0.41 and 0.45, resulting in equilibrium flame temperatures approaching 1800 K. Ranges of operation were selected to represent the spectrum of subsonic and supersonic flight conditions projected for the next-generation of commercial aircraft. This document reports laser-based measurements of in situ fuel velocities and fuel drop sizes for the NASA 9-point LDI hardware arranged in a 3 × 3 square grid configuration. Data obtained represent a region of the flame tube combustor with optical access that extends 38.1-mm downstream of the fuel injection site. All data were obtained within reacting flows, without particle seeding. Two diagnostic methods were employed to evaluate the resulting flow path. Three-component velocity fields have been captured using phase Doppler interferometry (PDI), and two-component velocity distributions using planar particle image velocimetry (PIV). Data from these techniques have also offered insight into fuel drop size and distribution, fuel injector spray angle and pattern, turbulence intensity, degree of vaporization and extent of reaction. This research serves to characterize operation of the baseline NASA 9-point LDI strategy for potential use in future gas-turbine combustor applications. An additional motive is the compilation of a comprehensive database to facilitate understanding of combustor fuel injector aerodynamics and fuel vaporization processes, which in turn may be used to validate computational fluid dynamics codes, such as the National Combustor Code (NCC), among others.

Supercharging of SI Engines Using a New Kind of Screw-Type Supercharger

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. von Rueden ◽  
H. Pucher ◽  
J. Nickel
Keyword(s):  
Slide Valve ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Load Control ◽  
Transient Operation ◽  
Si Engine ◽  
Si Engines ◽  
New Type ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Stroke Cycle ◽  
Engine Power

Abstract In result of the permanent endeavor to reduce fuel consumption of vehicle engines, nowadays the implementation of downsizing concepts is being enforced. Thereby the desired nominal engine power can be produced by an engine with lower displacement operating with correspondingly higher charging pressure. Mechanical supercharging as well as turbocharging can be considered as a suitable supercharging method. This paper reports on experimental and simulation results regarding the stationary and transient operation of a four-stroke cycle SI passenger car engine supercharged by a new type of screw-type supercharger. In this manner the load control of the SI engine is performed by a supercharger internal slide valve system. Thus not only the throttling losses will be reduced noticeably, but also expansion work can be regained by this supercharger under certain operating conditions. The results obtained will be compared with those of the turbocharged reference engine.

Engine Friction Characteristics Under Cold Start Conditions

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Shayler ◽  
John A. Burrows ◽  
Clive R. Tindle ◽  
Michael Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Cold Start ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Valve Train ◽  
Bulk Temperature ◽  
Oil Viscosity ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Injection Pump ◽  
Engine Friction

Abstract Most studies of engine friction have been carried out at fully-warm operating conditions. Relatively little attention has been given to frictional losses when the engine is running cold, although these can be considerably higher and have a strong influence both on cold-start characteristics and fuel consumption during warm-up. The losses which effect the indicated load on the engine are rubbing losses and loads associated with driving auxiliaries. The equivalent frictional mean effective pressures (fmep) are generally highest during the first seconds of engine operation. These decay rapidly onto a characteristic variation which depends upon oil viscosity, and which fmep follows throughout the warm-up period. The oil viscosity can be evaluated at the bulk temperature of oil in the sump or main gallery. Breakdown motoring tests have been carried out on a series of diesel engines to examine how the friction contribution of various sub-assemblies in the engine contribute to the total and how this varies with temperature and speed. Tests were carried out using a compact cold cell and engine motoring facility. The engine was cold soaked to a target test temperature and then motored to a target speed and the variation of motoring torque recorded. Sets of tests were carried out at several stages of breaking the engine down. This enables the contributions due to the valve train, piston and big end assembly, crankshaft, fuel injection pump, and auxiliary load to be determined.

Design and Static Magnetic Analysis of Magnetostrictive (Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95) Fuel Injector with Flexible Piston Hydraulic Displacement Amplification

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
Mukund A. Patil
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Magnetic Circuit ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Giant Magnetostrictive Material ◽  
Magnetic Analysis ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
Amplification Mechanism ◽  
Injection Technology

This paper presents the conceptual design of fuel injector based on giant magnetostrictive material, with displacement amplification mechanism. The permissible emission level EURO norms become stricter in case of fuel injection technology of modern combustion engine. The magnetic circuit of the magnetostrictive fuel injector is analyzed using finite element method. Based on the structure and working principle of our magnetostrictive fuel injector (MFI), the properties of driving magnetic field are researched.

Development of “SAWBLAST®” Fuel Nozzle Concept for Improved Fuel Atomization and Mixing in High Performance Gas Turbine Combustors: Part I—Conceptual Design

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed A. Mawid ◽  
F. Philip Lee
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Nozzle Design ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Cold Flow ◽  
Fuel Atomization ◽  
Fuel Nozzle ◽  
Combustion Tests ◽  
Spray Characterization

A novel piloted-single lip airblast fuel nozzle design concept termed “SAWBLAST®” was conceived, designed, fabricated, and tested. It has three airflow passages and two fuel circuits for pilot and main. The fuel nozzle was tested under cold flow conditions for spray characterization such as spray patternation, ACd, and SMD. A large test matrix that included over 22 design configurations, in addition to a baseline fuel nozzle was used. Based upon the cold flow spray characterization tests, two different fuel injector design configurations were down selected for combustion tests. The down selected configurations incorporated specific design features and geometries to reflect the novel fuel nozzle concept. The spray characterization tests for “SAWBLAST®” design configuration labeled as number 4 (in text) yielded a much improved spray patternation than a baseline piloted airblast fuel nozzle with a similar total ACd and under the same operating conditions. This improvement amounted to about 40% reduction in the spray patternation compared to the baseline fuel nozzle design. This level of improvement was deemed as substantial over the currently employed piloted airblast fuel nozzles. The same “SAWBLAST®” design configuration number 4 also showed better SMD performance than the baseline near the spray edges.

Experimental Investigation of Spray and Combustion Performances of a Fuel-Staged Low Emission Combustor: Part II — Effects of Venturi Angle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cunxi Liu ◽  
Fuqiang Liu ◽  
Jinhu Yang ◽  
Yong Mu ◽  
Gang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Main Stage ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Lean Burn ◽  
Low Emission

In order to reduce NOx emissions, modern gas turbines are often equipped with lean burn combustion systems, where the high-velocity fuel-lean conditions that limit NOx formation in combustors also inhibit the ability of ignition, high altitude relight, and lean combustion stability. To face these issues, an internally staged scheme of fuel injection is proposed. The pilot and main fuel staging enable fuel distribution control and high turn-down ratio, multi-injections of main fuel leads to a fast and efficient fuel/air mixing. A fuel-staged low emission combustor in the framework of lean burn combustion is developed in the present study, the central pilot stage of fuel injector working singly at low power operating conditions is swirl-cup prefilming atomization and main stage is jet-in-crossflow multi-injection atomization, a combination of pilot and main stage injection is provided for higher power operating conditions. A significant amount of the air mass flow utilised for fuel preparation and initiation is adverse to the operability specifications, such as ignition, lean blow-out, and high-altitude relight etc. The spray characteristics of pilot spray and flow field are one of the key factors affecting combustion operability. This work investigates the effects of the venturi angle on combustion operability, the ignition and lean blow-out performances were evaluated in a single dome rectangular combustor. Furthermore, the spray patterns and flow field are characterized by kerosene-planar laser induced fluorescence and particle image velocimetry to provide insight into the correlation between spray, flow field and combustion operability performances.

Performance of SI Engine to Improve the Combustion Characteristics by Using Methanol Blended Petrol

2015 ◽  
Vol 813-814 ◽  
pp. 857-861
Author(s):  
A.N. Basavaraju ◽  
Mallikappa ◽  
B. Yogesha
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Si Engine ◽  
Single Cylinder

The present energy situation has stimulated active research interest in non-petroleum and non-polluting fuels, particularly for transportation, power generation, and agricultural sectors. This paper describes feasibility of utilization of Spark ignition (SI) engine in single fuel mode and to develop the optimum operating conditions in terms of fuel injection timing and fuel injection pressure. Many modifications were made for the developed direct fuel injection system to improve the performance of the 350 cc four stroke single cylinder petrol engine. The engine is tested to conduct performance, combustion emission characteristics with the aid of carburetor. As single cylinder small engines have low compression ratio (CR), and they run with slightly rich mixture, their power are low and emission values are high. In this study, methanol was used to increase performance and decrease emissions of a single-cylinder engine. Initially, the engine whose CR was 7.5/1 was tested with gasoline and methanol at full load and various speeds. This method is used for increasing the fuel efficiency of a vehicle by adding different percentage of methanol to the petrol and to decrease the pollutants produced during combustion process.

Particle and nanoparticle characterization at the exhaust of internal combustion engines

2008 ◽  
Vol 222 (11) ◽  
pp. 2195-2217 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Tornatore ◽  
S S Merola ◽  
B M Vaglieco
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer ◽  
Si Engine

The aim of this work is the characterization of the emissions of exhaust particles in terms of number size distribution and chemical—physical properties. Laser-induced incandescence and broadband ultraviolet—visible extinction and scattering spectroscopy were used at the exhaust of a common-rail diesel engine and of a port fuel injection (PFI) spark ignition (SI) engine. The optical results were compared with size distributions obtained with an electrical low-pressure impactor and a scanning mobility particle sizer. Moreover, the fundamental engine parameters and the particulate mass and gas concentrations were measured using conventional instrumentation. With respect to the diesel engine, the effect of the exhaust after-treatment was investigated. The exhaust gas recirculation influenced the particle size distribution in terms of number concentration owing to the formation of accumulation mode particles. The catalysed diesel particulate filter strongly reduced the particle number concentration in the loading phase. Effects on the chemical nature of the particles were observed during the filter regeneration phase. With respect to the PFI SI engine, high number concentrations of nanoparticles ( D<50nm) were measured for all the engine operating conditions. The chemical nature of the nanoparticles was investigated.

High-Speed Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry of N-Heptane Sprays Using a Common Rail Diesel Injector

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen M. Mirynowski ◽  
Ajay K. Agrawal ◽  
Joshua A. Bittle
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Common Rail ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Pressure Flow ◽  
Schlieren Technique ◽  
Fuel Sprays ◽  
Rainbow Schlieren

More precise measurements of the fuel injection process can enable better combustion control and more accurate predictions resulting in a reduction of fuel consumption and toxic emissions. Many of the current methods researchers are using to investigate the transient liquid fuel sprays are limited by cross sensitivity when studying regions with both liquid and vapor phases present (i.e. upstream of the liquid length). The quantitative rainbow schlieren technique has been demonstrated in the past for gaseous fuel jets and is being developed here to enable study of the spray near the injector. In this work an optically accessible constant pressure flow rig and a modern common rail diesel injector are used to obtain high speed images of vaporizing fuel sprays at elevated ambient temperatures and pressures. Quantitative results of full-field equivalence ratio measurements are presented as well as more traditional measurements such as vapor penetration and angle for a single condition (13 bar, 180°C normal air) using nheptane injected through a single hole (0.1mm diameter) common rail fuel injector at 1000 bar fuel injection pressure. This work serves as a proof of concept for the rainbow schlieren technique being applied to vaporizing fuel sprays and full details of the image processing routine are provided. The ability of the imaging technique combined with the constant pressure flow rig make this approach ideal for generating large data sets in short periods of time for a wide range of operating conditions.

scholarly journals Experimental research made during a city cycle on the feasibility of electrically charged SI engines

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Levente Kocsis ◽  
Nicolae Burnete
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Si Engine ◽  
Driving Style ◽  
Functional Parameters ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Compact Class ◽  
Si Engines ◽  
Electrically Charged

AbstractThe paper presents experimental research on performance improvements in a city cycle (operating mostly transient) of a compact class vehicle equipped with a turbocharged SI engine which had attached an electric charger, to improve engine response at low operational speeds. During tests, functional parameters, energy consumption of the electric charger and vehicle performances were measured while driving in two operating conditions: with active and inactive electric charger. The tests were carried out on a well-defined path, in the same driving style, by the same driver.

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