scholarly journals Design of a Workstation Table With Improved Crashworthiness Performance

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Parent ◽  
David C. Tyrell ◽  
Robert Rancatore ◽  
Benjamin Perlman
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Federal Regulations ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Occupant Protection ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Passenger Rail ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Material Usage ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
Energy Absorbing

Work is currently underway to develop strategies to protect rail passengers seated at workstation tables during a collision or derailment. Investigations have shown that during a collision, these tables can present a hostile secondary impact environment to the occupants. This effort includes the design, fabrication, and testing of an improved workstation table. The key criteria for the design of this table are that it must compartmentalize the occupants and reduce the risk of injury relative to currently installed tables. Strengthening the attachments between the table and the passenger car body will ensure compartmentalization. Employing energy-absorbing mechanisms to limit and distribute the load imparted on the abdomen of the occupant will reduce injury risk. This paper details the design requirements for an improved workstation table, which include service, fabrication, and occupant protection requirements. Service requirements define the geometry of the table, the performance of the table under normal service loads, and the maintenance of the table over the period of installation. Fabrication requirements define the limitations on material usage and construction costs. Occupant protection requirements define the ability of the table to reduce injury risk to the occupants under collision loads. The table must also conform to federal regulations pertaining to interior structures on passenger rail equipment. Four design concepts are evaluated against these design requirements. These concepts present different modes of deformation or displacement that absorb energy during impact. These concepts have been evaluated, and the highest-ranking concept involves a crushable foam or honeycomb table edge attached to a rigid center frame. Preliminary results from a computer simulation demonstrate the effectiveness of this concept in reducing the injury risk to the occupants.

scholarly journals Train-to-Train Impact Test of Crash Energy Management Passenger Rail Equipment: Occupant Experiments

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine J. Severson ◽  
Daniel P. Parent
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Occupant Protection ◽  
Injury Threshold ◽  
Passenger Rail ◽  
Upper Abdominal ◽  
Head And Neck Injury

As part of an ongoing passenger rail crashworthiness effort, a full-scale impact test of a train with crash energy management (CEM) passenger cars was conducted on March 23, 2006. In this test, a train made up of a CEM cab car, four CEM coach cars, and a locomotive impacted a stationary train of similar mass at 30.8 mph. This test included five occupant experiments on the cab car and the first coach car to evaluate occupant injury risk and seat/table performance during the collision using anthropomorphic devices (ATDs). Three occupant protection strategies were evaluated in these occupant experiments. Forward-facing intercity seats were modified to reduce the high head injury risk observed in a previous test. Prototype commuter seats, included in both forward-facing and rear-facing orientations, were designed to mitigate the consequences of higher decelerations in the lead two CEM cars. Improved workstation tables, tested with two different advanced ATDs, were designed to compartmentalize the occupants and reduce the upper abdominal injury risk to the occupants. Similar experiments were also conducted on the two-car impact test of CEM equipment [1]. The experiments described in this paper were conducted to evaluate the level of occupant protection provided by seats and tables that were specifically designed to improve crashworthiness. Pre-test analyses indicated that the occupant environment would be more severe for the CEM test than for the comparable test of conventional equipment. The environment in the leading cab car was predicted to be similar to a 12g, 250 millisecond triangular crash pulse. The environment in the first coach was predicted to be comparable to an 8g, 250 millisecond crash pulse. To aid the design of the occupant experiments, occupant response models were developed for each of the occupant experiments using MADYMO. These models were developed for the previous two-car CEM full-scale test and adapted to the newly designed commuter seats and tables. Predictions of the occupant response during the CEM train-to-train test were developed before the test. The models were subsequently fine-tuned to better agree with the test data, so that many different collision scenarios may be simulated. Most of the test results were similar to the pre-test predictions. The modified intercity seats successfully compartmentalized the occupants. The risk of both head and neck injury, however, were above the respective injury threshold values. In the forward-facing commuter seat experiment the impacted seat experienced a partial failure of the seat pedestal attachment, resulting in loss of compartmentalization. The attachment failures occurred because the seats weren't fabricated as designed. However, the occupants were still compartmentalized, and the injury criteria were within survivable levels. The rear-facing commuter seat experiment experienced a more significant failure of the seat pedestal attachment, resulting in a loss of compartmentalization. The attachment failures likely occurred because the seats were not fabricated as designed and the collision was slightly more severe than predicted. To assure that this failure mode is prevented in the future, a more robust attachment is currently being developed. It will be tested quasi-statically and dynamically to demonstrate its effectiveness. The improved workstation tables successfully compartmentalized the occupants while limiting the injury risk to acceptable levels.

scholarly journals Two-Car Impact Test of Crash-Energy Management Passenger Rail Cars: Analysis of Occupant Protection Measurements

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine J. Severson ◽  
Daniel P. Parent ◽  
David C. Tyrell
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Rigid Barrier ◽  
Passenger Rail ◽  
Equipment Safety ◽  
Safety Research ◽  
Accident Data ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Energy Absorbing

As a part of ongoing passenger rail equipment safety research, a full-scale impact test of two cars with energy absorbing end structures was carried out on February 26, 2004. In this test, two coupled cars impacted a rigid barrier at 29 mph. Similar to previous full-scale tests in the series [1,2,3], anthropomorphic test devices (or ATDs) were included on the rail cars to measure the occupant response during the collision. These ATDs were instrumented with accelerometers and load cells to measure the injury risk to the occupants. This paper presents preliminary tests results. Five occupant experiments were included in the two-car test. Three of the experiments were similar to those conducted on the two-car test of conventional equipment that was held on April 4, 2000: forward-facing occupants in inter-city seats, forward-facing occupants in commuter seats, and rear-facing occupants in commuter seats. Two of the experiments examine the interaction of an occupant with a workstation table in a facing-seat configuration. These two tests used experimental ATDs with an increased capacity for recording abdominal impact response. To aid the analysis of this problem, MADYMO computer models were developed for four of the five of the occupant experiments. The models were either modified from earlier simulations, in the case of the commuter seats, or newly developed, in the case of the inter-city seats and table experiment with THOR ATD. The models were validated based on previous tests and/or accident data. Predictions of the ATD response agree closely for the overall kinematics of the ATDs, and for many of the measurements made with the ATDs in the full-scale test.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Dynamic Balance and Jumping Tests among Adolescent Amateur Rugby Players. A Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 312
Author(s):  
Bartosz Wilczyński ◽  
Jakub Hinca ◽  
Daniel Ślęzak ◽  
Katarzyna Zorena
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Counter Movement Jump ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rugby Players

Rugby is a demanding contact sport. In light of research, poor balance, reduced jumping ability, muscle strength, and incorrect landing patterns might contribute to the increased risk of injury in athletes. Investigating the relationship between tests assessing these abilities might not only allow for the skillful programming of preventive training but also helps in assessing the risk of injury to athletes. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between dynamic balance, vertical and horizontal jumps, and jump-landings movement patterns. Thirty-one healthy amateur adolescent rugby players (age: 14.3 ± 1.6 years, height 171.4 ± 9.7 cm, body mass 80 ± 26 kg) participated in the study. Data were collected by the Y-balance Test (YBT), Counter Movement Jump (CMJ), Single Leg Hop for Distance (SLHD), and Landing Error Score System (LESS). Significant positive correlations were found between SLHD both legs (SLHDb) and YBT Composite both legs (COMb) (r = 0.51, p = 0.0037) and between SLHDb and CMJ (r = 0.72, p < 0.0001). A relationship was also observed between the CMJ and YBT COMb test (r = 0.51, p = 0.006). Moderate positive correlations were found between the dominant legs in SLHD and the posterolateral (r = 0.40, p = 0.027), posteromedial (r = 0.43, p = 0.014), and composite (r = 0.48, p = 0.006) directions of the YBT. These results indicate that variables that are dependent on each other can support in the assessment of injury-risk and in enhancing sports performance of young athletes.

scholarly journals Protection Against Spikes in Workload With Aerobic Fitness and Playing Experience: The Role of the Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio on Injury Risk in Elite Gaelic Football

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Malone ◽  
Mark Roe ◽  
Dominic A. Doran ◽  
Tim J. Gabbett ◽  
Kieran D. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Injury Protection

Purpose:To examine the association between combined session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) workload measures and injury risk in elite Gaelic footballers.Methods:Thirty-seven elite Gaelic footballers (mean ± SD age 24.2 ± 2.9 y) from 1 elite squad were involved in a single-season study. Weekly workload (session RPE multiplied by duration) and all time-loss injuries (including subsequent-wk injuries) were recorded during the period. Rolling weekly sums and wk-to-wk changes in workload were measured, enabling the calculation of the acute:chronic workload ratio by dividing acute workload (ie, 1-weekly workload) by chronic workload (ie, rolling-average 4-weekly workload). Workload measures were then modeled against data for all injuries sustained using a logistic-regression model. Odds ratios (ORs) were reported against a reference group.Results:High 1-weekly workloads (≥2770 arbitrary units [AU], OR = 1.63–6.75) were associated with significantly higher risk of injury than in a low-training-load reference group (<1250 AU). When exposed to spikes in workload (acute:chronic workload ratio >1.5), players with 1 y experience had a higher risk of injury (OR = 2.22) and players with 2–3 (OR = 0.20) and 4–6 y (OR = 0.24) of experience had a lower risk of injury. Players with poorer aerobic fitness (estimated from a 1-km time trial) had a higher injury risk than those with higher aerobic fitness (OR = 1.50–2.50). An acute:chronic workload ratio of (≥2.0) demonstrated the greatest risk of injury.Conclusions:These findings highlight an increased risk of injury for elite Gaelic football players with high (>2.0) acute:chronic workload ratios and high weekly workloads. A high aerobic capacity and playing experience appears to offer injury protection against rapid changes in workload and high acute:chronic workload ratios. Moderate workloads, coupled with moderate to high changes in the acute:chronic workload ratio, appear to be protective for Gaelic football players.

Design Concepts for the Next Generation of High-Speed Diesel-Electric Locomotives

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Tunna ◽  
Jingjun Zhang ◽  
Adrian Gorski
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Passenger Rail ◽  
High Speed Diesel ◽  
Unsprung Mass

The Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act (PRIIA) Section 305 Next Generation Equipment Committee’s specification for diesel-electric locomotives has several challenging requirements. Among these is limiting P2 Force to 82,000 pound force (lbf) at 125 miles per hour (mph). To achieve this, the locomotive designer would have to balance unsprung mass and axle load. A design envelope exists within which that balance can be achieved. Advanced designs of traction and braking systems are required, and attention has to be paid to minimizing the overall mass of the locomotive.

scholarly journals Push-Up Detector Applications Using Quality Function Development and Anthropometry for Movement Error Detection

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Muzakir ◽  
Christofora Desi Kusmindari
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Motion Sensors ◽  
Quality Function ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Movement Error ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Quality Function Development ◽  
Push Up

Push-up is the simplest and most widely performed sport. Although simple, it also has a high risk of injury risk if done not in accordance with the rules. Push-up detector is a good push-up motion monitoring solution. In this way, nonstandard movements can be detected and corrected immediately. It has two motion sensors integrated with Arduino-based microcontroller. From this detector tool got the data of push-up result from sensor mounted. Sensor data will be displayed in the application in real-time. Quality function development is used to determine the criteria of the user. The sample data involved 200 participants who followed the testing of this tool and got 90% who can do the push-up correctly. Factors that affect the height, age, and weight. Tests conducted on adolescent boys aged 18-23 years. The results of this study is an application capable of monitoring each push-up movement to position in accordance with the provisions to minimize injuries resulting from movement errors.

A narrative review of the risk factors and psychological consequences of injury in horseracing stable staff

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
E. Davies ◽  
W. McConn-Palfreyman ◽  
J.M. Williams ◽  
G.P. Lovell
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Drug Misuse ◽  
Psychological Responses ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
Risk Of Injury

Horseracing stable staff have a multifaceted role, acting as care givers, skilled athletes and equine experts, resulting in inherent high emotional, physical and mental demands. Despite these demands, and reports of significant injury risk to those working in racing at ground level, there has been no research investigating the psychological risk factors for injury in UK racing stable staff and how psychological responses to injury may affect long term mental health and wellbeing. With mental health at the forefront of industry consideration, this narrative review aimed to reflect on the current literature to propose occupational, life and social stressors that may be increasing the risk of injury in racing staff. In addition, this review aims to apply current injury theory to propose whether stable staff are at heightened risk of injury mismanagement. A literature search was undertaken to investigate the psychological aspects of injury, using five search engines and the following key words: injury, psychological responses, occupational, sport and/or athlete, equestrian, horseracing, jockey, risk of injury, rehabilitation, and injury minimisalisation. Articles were selected based on relevance to review aims, and research findings were synthesised under two primary areas: predictors of injury (working hours, job security, job control, life stressors, mental health and drug misuse) and responses to injury (positive and negative responses to injury, the role of social support, rehabilitation adherence, and injury minimalisation). Whilst there are limitations to narrative reviews, this study provides a novel interpretation of injury risk and responses specific to staff working in horseracing, where injury-related challenges are currently a key focus for sector employees, managerial staff and racing organisations. Recommendations for further research have been made to direct the advancement of knowledge in the field.

scholarly journals Association Between Gout and Injury Risk: A National Retrospective Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3679
Author(s):  
Shih-Hsiang Ou ◽  
Chu-Lin Chou ◽  
Chia-Wei Lin ◽  
Wu-Chien Chien ◽  
Te-Chao Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Drug Intervention ◽  
Cox Regression Analysis ◽  
Analysis Group ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Insurance Database

The association between gout and injury remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the injury risk in patients with gout. Using the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID) from 2000 to 2010 in Taiwan, patients with gout (group CFG) and those without gout (group C) were enrolled for further analysis. The CFG group was separated into two subgroups (with and without medication) to determine whether the risk of injury was reduced with drug intervention. The follow-up period was defined as the time from the initial diagnosis of gout to the date of injury. A total of 257,442 individuals were enrolled in this study, with 85,814 people in group CFG and 171,628 people in group C. Using Cox regression analysis, group CFG showed a significant increase in the risk of injury. Traffic injuries, poisoning, falls, crushing/cutting/piercing injury, and suicides were prominent among these injuries. Furthermore, when urate-lowing drugs were used to treat the CFG group, there were no significant differences in the occurrence of injury. Patients with gout had an increased risk of injury overall, and drug intervention did not lower the risk of injury in these patients.

scholarly journals Injury Risk Associated With Sports Specialization and Activity Volume in Youth

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 232596711987012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison E. Field ◽  
Frances A. Tepolt ◽  
Daniel S. Yang ◽  
Mininder S. Kocher
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
The United States ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Sports Activity ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Background: Sports specialization has become increasingly common among youth. Purpose/Hypothesis: To investigate the relative importance of specialization vs volume of activity in increasing risk of injury. Hypotheses were that specialization increases the risk of injury and that risk varies by sport. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A prospective analysis was conducted with data collected from 10,138 youth in the Growing Up Today Study—a prospective cohort study of youth throughout the United States—and their mothers. Activity was assessed via questionnaires in 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2001. Sports specialization was defined as engaging in a single sport in the fall, winter, and spring. Injury history was provided by participants’ mothers via questionnaire in 2004. The outcome was incident stress fracture, tendinitis, chondromalacia patella, anterior cruciate ligament tear, or osteochondritis dissecans or osteochondral defect. Results: Females who engaged in sports specialization were at increased risk of injury (hazard ratio [HR], 1.31; 95% CI, 1.07-1.61), but risk varied by sport. Sports specialization was associated with greater volume of physical activity in both sexes ( P < .0001). Total hours per week of vigorous activity was predictive of developing injury, regardless of what other variables were included in the statistical model (males: HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.06; females: HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.05-1.08). Among females, even those engaging in 3 to 3.9 hours per week less than their age were at a significantly increased risk of injury (HR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.34-2.77). In males, there was no clear pattern of risk. Conclusion: Sports specialization is associated with a greater volume of vigorous sports activity and increased risk of injury. Parents, coaches, and medical providers need to be made aware of the volume threshold above which physical activity is excessive.

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