Calculations of Scald Burns: Effects of Water Temperature, Exposure Duration, and Clothing

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nessa Johnson ◽  
John Abraham ◽  
Zach Helgeson
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Temperature Exposure

A numerical model has been constructed to assess the depth of injury incurred when skin is exposed to heated water. The model includes an extended duration which occurs when clothing, saturated with hot water is kept in contact with the skin after the direct exposure has ended. The model takes data from a broad summary of the literature which examines the ranges of reported tissue thicknesses, tissue thermophysical properties, and blood perfusion. Water temperatures ranging from 60–90°C and total exposure durations up to 110 seconds were modeled. As expected, longer durations and elevated temperatures lead to a greater extent of tissue injury. Calculated values of tissue injury were compared with prior injury reports. These reports, taken from the literature, reinforce the present calculations. It is seen that numerical models can accurately predict burn injury as observed in clinical settings, in fact, the calculations of burn injury presented here provide more information for the appropriate treatment of burn injuries compared to visual observation.

An Archive of Skin-Layer Thicknesses and Properties and Calculations of Scald Burns With Comparisons to Experimental Observations

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. Johnson ◽  
J. P. Abraham ◽  
Z. I. Helgeson ◽  
W. J. Minkowycz ◽  
E. M. Sparrow
Keyword(s):  
Thermophysical Properties ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Skin Layer ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Direct Exposure

A numerical model has been constructed to assess the depth of injury incurred when skin is exposed to heated water. The model includes an extended duration that occurs when clothing, saturated with hot water, is kept in contact with the skin after the direct exposure has ended. The model takes data from a broad summary of literature, which examines the ranges of reported tissue thicknesses, tissue thermophysical properties, and blood perfusion. Water temperatures ranging from 60°C to 90°C and total exposure durations up to 110 s were modeled. As expected, longer durations and elevated temperatures lead to a greater extent of tissue injury. For lower values of temperatures (60°C), burns range from mild (0.1 mm) to severe (2.2 mm) depending on the exposure duration. On the other hand, for higher exposure temperatures (90°C), all durations led to burns that extended at least halfway through the dermal layer. As expected, burn depths with intermediate temperatures fell between these ranges. Calculated values of tissue injury were compared with prior injury reports. These reports, taken from literature, reinforce the present calculations. It is seen that numerical models can accurately predict burn injury as assessed by clinical observations; in fact, the calculations of burn injury presented here provide more information for the appropriate treatment of burn injuries compared with visual observation. Finally, literature values of a number of skin-layer thicknesses, thermophysical properties, and burn-injury parameters were collected and presented as an archival repository of information.

Acclimation of rats following stepwise or direct exposure to heat

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 408-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Gwosdow ◽  
E. L. Besch ◽  
C. L. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Food And Water Intake

The physiological changes in male rats during acclimation were studied following direct or stepwise exposure to heat (32.5 degrees C) in a controlled-environment room. The animals were exposed to each temperature for 10 days beginning at 24.5 degrees C and returning to 24.5 degrees C in the reverse order of initial exposure. Relative humidity of 50 +/- 2% and a 12-h light-dark photoperiod (light from 0900 to 2100 h) were maintained. Physiological changes in metabolic rate (MR), evaporative water loss (EWL), plasma corticosterone, body water turnover, and food and water intake were measured. The results indicate a significantly (P less than 0.001) elevated plasma corticosterone and MR in rats exposed directly to heat from control temperature (24.5 degrees C) but not in those animals exposed stepwise via 29.0 degrees C. All kinetic parameters of water pool changed (P less than 0.01) on direct exposure to heat, whereas rats exposed in a stepwise manner increased only pool turnover. In addition, exposure to experimental temperatures resulted in reduced (P less than 0.05) relative food intake and increased (P less than 0.05) water intake. Compared with the control condition of 24.5 degrees C, EWL was significantly (P less than 0.05) elevated when the animals were exposed either directly or in a stepwise fashion to 32.5 degrees C. These data suggest that the response to elevated temperatures is influenced by the temperature to which the rat is acclimated.

536 Road Rash: Understanding a Challenging Form of Burn Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S106-S107
Author(s):  
Zachary J Collier ◽  
Katherine J Choi ◽  
Christopher H Pham ◽  
Haig A Yenikomshian ◽  
Justin Gillenwater
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Full Thickness ◽  
Optimal Care ◽  
Deep Tissue Injury ◽  
Traumatic Tattoo ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Level 1 Trauma Center

Abstract Introduction Road rash is a unique burn injury due to imbedded foreign debris and deeply seeded bacteria. Literature on this injury fails to address its unique mechanism and ways to reduce scarring and infection. Given the paucity of data, a retrospective review was performed at a single level 1 trauma center to study friction burn characteristics and outcomes from these injuries Methods We performed a systematic literature search with PubMed, Scopus, and OvidSP Medline databases using the following keywords: friction burn, traumatic tattoo, and road rash. Subsequently, we analyzed all patients treated by our ABA verified burn center for friction related injuries from January 1, 2015 to September 15, 2019 and evaluated demographics, interventions, and outcomes. Results Twenty-four pertinent articles were identified. Seven articles were included after full-text analysis. Analysis of 225 patients from these studies identified an average age of 23±7 years with 66% male. Most occurred from motor accidents (74%) with industrial (11%) and blast (10%) mechanisms accounting for the majority of the remaining cases. None of the studies recorded TBSA, but 49% were full thickness and 36% had associated injuries. Most patients (58%) required surgery. At our institution, 44 patients met inclusion criteria and the majority were young (25±18 years), men (75%), involved in motor accidents (75%), and low TBSA burns (6.3±5.6%). Over half (57%) had full thickness burns and 72% required surgery. Length of stay was 12±11 days. Of the 27% of patients with traumatic tattooing on admission, 92% successfully had all foreign debris removed by discharge. Eight (18%) patients had wound infections. Importantly, 75% of patients with wound infections had delayed evaluation by a burn practitioner; elucidating a strong and significant correlation (p< 10–5, Cramer’s V 0.84). Conclusions While road rash injuries are often small TBSA, the majority tend to be full thickness, often involve underlying critical structures and frequently require operative intervention. Significantly, patients who developed wound infections were often not evaluated by a burn provider. Applicability of Research to Practice The unique trauma of road rash causes a high degree of superficial and deep tissue injury with high risk for contamination, infection, and scarring such that rapid debridement is critical for optimal care. Burn surgeons should be consulted early as these patients have a high risk of wound infection when not consulted by wound experts.

scholarly journals Iatrogenic thermal burn after hot water immersion for weever fish sting treatment: a case report

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 205951312094404
Author(s):  
Khairun Izlinda Abdul Jalil ◽  
Muhammad Tayyab Qayyum
Keyword(s):  
Severe Pain ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Wound Irrigation ◽  
Thermal Burn ◽  
Main Symptom ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Saltwater Fish ◽  
Hot Water Immersion

Introduction: Lesser weever fish are saltwater fish that are found on the Mediterranean and European coasts, over sandy and muddy seabed areas, typically around the summer season. These bottom dwellers have envenoming dorsal spines that sting when stepped on. Severe pain is the main symptom. Initial treatment involves wound irrigation, removal of spines if they are visible and immediate hot water immersion (HWI). Tetanus prophylaxis, leg elevation and analgesia are recommended after pain subsides. HWI treatment is described as immersion of the affected area in hot, but not scalding, water to tolerance (upper limit 45 °C) for 30–90 min or until there is significant pain relief. While HWI is an effective therapy for the pain control of marine envenomation, it presents a potential risk of thermal burn injury in the untrained or unsupervised. Here, we present a case of an iatrogenic thermal burn after HWI for the treatment of a weever fish sting. Case report: A 16-year-old girl was referred to our outpatient department with a superficial dermal thickness burn to her big toe 12 days after accidental stepping on a lesser weever fish. She reported receiving HWI treatment at the scene of the injury. She was treated with dressing, oral antibiotics and leg elevation. This healed with no sequalae at nine-month follow-up. Conclusion: Thermal burn injury can occur after HWI treatment. Providers should be aware and diligent while the patient needs to be educated in the potential risks. Lay Abstract 5, e, s Stings from lesser weever fish occur mostly in the summer months. These bottom dweller saltwater fish are found in the Mediterranean and European coasts, over sandy and muddy seabed areas; it releases venom from its dorsal spine when stepped on. Severe pain is the main symptom. Recommended first aid includes wound irrigation, removal of spines if they are visible and immediate hot water immersion (HWI) treatment. HWI means immersion of the affected part into hot, but not scalding, water (upper limit 45 °C) for 30–90 min or until pain is alleviated. In an ideal situation, the water temperature should be checked with a thermometer. However, in practice, where no thermometer is available, the water must be tested before immersion. It is advised to ensure that the water should be no hotter than the first aider can stand or the highest temperature tolerable by the patient. However, HWI treatment has a potential risk of burn injury. Here we describe a case of a 16-year-old patient who sustained burn injury after HWI therapy received after a sting by a weever fish. The patient was treated with dressings and the wound healed without requiring surgical intervention. Here, we like to highlight that although HWI is effective in treating stings from marine animals, both the provider and the patient need to be aware of potential burn injury associated with this treatment.

Stability check of tapered steel beams in fire

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Couto ◽  
Élio Maia ◽  
Paulo Vila Real ◽  
Nuno Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Steel Beams ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Design Methodologies ◽  
Accurate Design ◽  
Improved Design

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess whether the adaptation to fire of current proposals/design methodologies at normal temperature is capable of producing accurate predictions of resistance for the out-of-plane stability of tapered beams. Design/methodology/approach The adaptation of these methodologies to fire has been done by accounting for the reduction in steel material properties with the temperature. Results were then compared to FEM calculations by performing GMNIA analyses to determine the ultimate strength of the numerical models and to ascertain the validity and accuracy of the adapted methodologies. Findings Although all methodologies produce safe results at normal temperatures, only the general method is recommended for the safety verification at elevated temperatures, although the data points were overly conservative. This investigation demonstrates the need of proper and accurate design methods for tapered beams at elevated temperatures, which should be the subject of future developments. Research limitations/implications The research in this paper is limited to the adaptation of existing room temperature design methods to fire. Therefore, possible assumptions made during the conception of the initial formulae, which may be valid exclusively for 20ºC, may have been disregarded. Originality/value For the time being, design methodologies for the safety check of tapered beams for the case of fire are inexistent. This paper investigates the adaptation of existing room temperature design to the fire situation by providing insights on their accuracy level, as well as on how to proceed. Finally, a safe design methodology for tapered beams in case of fire is provided until improved design methods are developed.

scholarly journals Resistance of thermally modified and pressurized hot water extracted Scots pine sapwood against decay by the brown-rot fungus Rhodonia placenta

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Altgen ◽  
Suvi Kyyrö ◽  
Olli Paajanen ◽  
Lauri Rautkari
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Effective Reduction ◽  
Cell Wall Porosity

AbstractThe thermal degradation of wood is affected by a number of process parameters, which may also cause variations in the resistance against decay fungi. This study compares changes in the chemical composition, water-related properties and decay resistance of Scots pine sapwood that was either thermally modified (TM) in dry state at elevated temperatures (≥ 185 °C) or treated in pressurized hot water at mild temperatures (≤ 170 °C). The thermal decomposition of easily degradable hemicelluloses reduced the mass loss caused by Rhodonia placenta, and it was suggested that the cumulative mass loss is a better indicator of an actual decay inhibition. Pressurized hot water extraction (HWE) did not improve the decay resistance to the same extent as TM, which was assigned to differences in the wood-water interactions. Cross-linking reactions during TM caused a swelling restraint and an effective reduction in moisture content. This decreased the water-swollen cell wall porosity, which presumably hindered the transport of degradation agents through the cell wall and/or reduced the accessibility of wood constituents for degradation agents. This effect was absent in hot water-extracted wood and strong decay occurred even when most hemicelluloses were already removed during HWE.

Initial results from International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration cruise NBP20-02

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Larter ◽  
Julia Wellner ◽  
Alastair Graham ◽  
Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand ◽  
Kelly Hogan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Seismic Profiles ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Regional Survey ◽  
Amundsen Sea ◽  
Marine Research ◽  
Initial Results

<p>Thwaites Glacier (TG) is more vulnerable to unstable retreat than any other part of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. This is due to its upstream-dipping bed, the absence of a large ice shelf buttressing its flow and the deep bathymetric troughs that route relatively warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) to its margin. Over the past 30 years the mass balance of TG has become increasingly negative, suggesting that unstable retreat may have already begun. The International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration (ITGC) is an initiative jointly funded by the US National Science Foundation and the Natural Environment Research Council in the UK to improve knowledge of the boundary conditions and drivers of change at TG in order improve projections of its future contribution to sea level. The ITGC is funding a range of projects that are conducting on-ice and marine research, and applying numerical models to utilize results in order to predict how the glacier will change and contribute to sea level over coming decades to centuries.</p><p>RV Nathaniel B Palmer cruise NBP20-02, taking place from January­ to March 2020, will be the second ITGC multi-disciplinary research cruise, building on results from NBP19-02, which took place last year. Thwaites Offshore Research Project (THOR) aims during NBP20-02 include: extending the bathymetric survey in front of TG, collecting sediment cores at sites selected from the survey data, and acquiring high-resolution seismic profiles to determine the properties of the former bed of TG that is now exposed. The detailed bathymetric data will reveal the dimensions and routing of troughs that conduct CDW to the glacier front and will image seabed landforms that provide information about past ice flow and processes at the bed when TG was more extensive. The sediment cores, together with ones collected recently beneath the ice shelf via hot-water drilled holes, will be analysed to establish a history of TG retreat, subglacial meltwater release, and CDW incursions extending back over decades, centuries and millennia before the short instrumental record. Thwaites-Amundsen Regional Survey and Network Project (TARSAN) researchers will reach islands and ice floes via zodiac boats to attach satellite data relay loggers to Elephant and Weddell seals. The loggers record ocean temperature and salinity during the seals’ dives, greatly increasing the spatial extent and time span of oceanographic observations. In addition to work that is part of the THOR and TARSAN projects, another cruise objective is to recover and redeploy long-term oceanographic moorings in the Amundsen Sea. We will present initial results from NBP20-02.</p>

Extravasation Injury Associated with Low-Dose Dopamine

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie L Chen ◽  
Marianne O'Shea
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dopamine Infusion ◽  
Tissue Ischemia ◽  
Large Vein ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
High Doses

OBJECTIVE: To describe the occurrence of extravasation in two patients receiving low-dose dopamine infusions. CASE SUMMARY: Intravenous dopamine was infused peripherally (in the antecubital fossa) to two patients in the cardiac intensive care unit in an attempt to enhance renal blood perfusion and urine output. Dopamine extravasation occurred in both patients while the low dose (<3 μg/kg/min) was infused. Significant local tissue injury was observed in both patients. DISCUSSION: Dopamine infusion can cause tissue ischemia or necrosis secondary to vasospasm and extravasation. Most of the case reports in the literature have occurred when relatively high doses of dopamine were infused. Only one reported extravasation-induced injury with low-dose dopamine. Although low-dose dopamine has a vasodilatory effect in selected tissues, high concentrations achieved locally as a result of extravasation can still cause severe vasoconstriction and ischemic tissue injury. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose dopamine therapy should be administered with similar precautions as high-dose dopamine. A central intravenous access should be placed for dopamine infusion whenever possible. If this approach is not feasible, dopamine should be infused only peripherally through a long intravenous catheter into a large vein. A 5-cm angiocatheter that is 20 gauge or larger is recommended for peripheral dopamine infusion in our institution. The infusion site should be inspected frequently for early detection of extravasation, and changed to a central or a peripherally inserted central catheter as soon as possible, especially in patients at high risk for extravasation.

scholarly journals Association between early airway damage-associated molecular patterns and subsequent bacterial infection in patients with inhalational and burn injury

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (9) ◽  
pp. L855-L860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Maile ◽  
Samuel Jones ◽  
Yinghao Pan ◽  
Haibo Zhou ◽  
Ilona Jaspers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Inhalation Injury ◽  
High Mobility Group Protein ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

Bacterial infection is a major cause of morbidity affecting outcome following burn and inhalation injury. While experimental burn and inhalation injury animal models have suggested that mediators of cell damage and inflammation increase the risk of infection, few studies have been done on humans. This is a prospective, observational study of patients admitted to the North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center at the University of North Carolina who were intubated and on mechanical ventilation for treatment of burn and inhalational injury. Subjects were enrolled over a 2-yr period and followed till discharge or death. Serial bronchial washings from clinically indicated bronchoscopies were collected and analyzed for markers of tissue injury and inflammation. These include damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as hyaluronic acid (HA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), heat-shock protein 70 (HSP-70), and high-mobility group protein B-1 (HMGB-1). The study population was comprised of 72 patients who had bacterial cultures obtained for clinical indications. Elevated HA, dsDNA, and IL-10 levels in bronchial washings obtained early (the first 72 h after injury) were significantly associated with positive bacterial respiratory cultures obtained during the first 14 days postinjury. Independent of initial inhalation injury severity and extent of surface burn, elevated levels of HA dsDNA and IL-10 in the central airways obtained early after injury are associated with subsequent positive bacterial respiratory cultures in patients intubated after acute burn/inhalation injury.

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