Scalable Microsprings for Integrated Test and Packaging

ASME 2011 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Systems, MEMS and NEMS: Volume 1 ◽

10.1115/ipack2011-52297 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Eugene M. Chow

Keyword(s):

Thermal Expansion ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Electrical Contacts ◽

Next Generation ◽

Stress Isolation ◽

Lower Height ◽

The Cost ◽

Low K ◽

Known Good Die ◽

Very High

Lithographically defined spring electrical contacts have many applications for next generation electronics test and packaging. The springs can lower the cost of multi-chip modules because their rework ability addresses the known-good-die problem. Lower height chip stacking for mobile electronics markets is enabled because a sliding spring can have a much shorter profile than solder. Larger die can be directly bonded to the board because the compliance absorbs thermal expansion mismatches between substrates. Significant stress isolation is possible, which is important for mechanically sensitive die such as MEMS and low K die. Very high density is possible, as 6 (am pitch has been demonstrated. Fabrication is scalable and assembly is low temperature. This paper reviews our prototype demonstrations for these applications as well as relevant reliability data and contact studies.

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Effects of Molybendum on Hardening Properties of Stainless Steels by Low Temperature Vacuum Carburizing and Pre-Treatment

10.31399/asm.cp.ht2021exabp0107 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sung Chul Cha ◽

Heon Joon Park ◽

Hae Hyuk Jung ◽

Hyun Seok Chun ◽

Sung Bo Heo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Product Quality ◽

Stainless Steels ◽

Improve Product Quality ◽

Next Generation ◽

Vacuum Carburizing ◽

Improve Product ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

The Cost

Abstract To develop low temperature vacuum carburizing for next generation of injector parts was the aim of this work. Concerned parts were stopper (SUS303) and position ring (1.4305) with current properties of carburized thickness of av. 22.7 μm and hardness of HV0.05 av. 935.New carburizing and pickling were developed to reduce the cost and improve product quality. Especially, both steels showed different pitting and oxide regeneration behavior during pickling due to the composition difference. In the case of SUS 303, MnS inclusions at the surface led to severe MnS pitting, in contrast, 1.4305 formed Mo-oxides on the surface during pickling, which the excessive pitting by MnS inclusion site was prevented, confirmed by OM, SEM-EDX and XPS. Furthermore, these oxides resolved easily by hydrogen during carburizing and subsequently enabled activated carburizing. In conclusion, 1.4305 showed excellent properties, hardness of 985 HV0.05, thickness of 23 μm incl. satisfaction of weldability.

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Determination of density and coefficient of thermal expansion of a liquid at low temperature

10.2514/6.1986-1280 ◽

1986 ◽

Author(s):

T. ROTHGEB

Keyword(s):

Thermal Expansion ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion

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Next-Generation Sequencing in Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics10110962 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 962

Author(s):

Dario de Biase ◽

Matteo Fassan ◽

Umberto Malapelle

Keyword(s):

Next Generation Sequencing ◽

Tumor Diagnosis ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Next Generation ◽

Multiple Genes ◽

Next Generation Sequencing Ngs ◽

Very High ◽

Generation Sequencing ◽

High Depth

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) allows for the sequencing of multiple genes at a very high depth of coverage [...]

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Cost per DALY averted in low, middle- and high-income countries: evidence from the global burden of disease study to estimate the cost-effectiveness thresholds

Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation ◽

10.1186/s12962-021-00260-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rajabali Daroudi ◽

Ali Akbari Sari ◽

Azin Nahvijou ◽

Ahmad Faramarzi

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Inverse Correlation ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Middle Income ◽

Capita Health Expenditure ◽

Per Capita ◽

Healthcare Interventions ◽

Disease Study ◽

The Cost ◽

Very High

Abstract Background Determining the cost-effectiveness thresholds for healthcare interventions has been a severe challenge for policymakers, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the cost per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted for countries with different levels of Human Development Index (HDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Methods The data about DALYs, per capita health expenditure (HE), HDI, and GDP per capita were extracted for 176 countries during the years 2000 to 2016. Then we examined the trends on these variables. Panel regression analysis was performed to explore the correlation between DALY and HE per capita. The results of the regression models were used to calculate the cost per DALY averted for each country. Results Age-standardized rate (ASR) DALY (DALY per 100,000 population) had a nonlinear inverse correlation with HE per capita and a linear inverse correlation with HDI. One percent increase in HE per capita was associated with an average of 0.28, 0.24, 0.18, and 0.27% decrease on the ASR DALY in low HDI, medium HDI, high HDI, and very high HDI countries, respectively. The estimated cost per DALY averted was $998, $6522, $23,782, and $69,499 in low HDI, medium HDI, high HDI, and very high HDI countries. On average, the cost per DALY averted was 0.34 times the GDP per capita in low HDI countries. While in medium HDI, high HDI, and very high HDI countries, it was 0.67, 1.22, and 1.46 times the GDP per capita, respectively. Conclusions This study suggests that the cost-effectiveness thresholds might be less than a GDP per capita in low and medium HDI countries and between one and two GDP per capita in high and very high HDI countries.

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The Application of Electromagnetic Sensors for Determination of Cherenkov Cone Inside and in the Vicinity of the Detector Volume in Any Environment Known

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21030992 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 992

Author(s):

Valeriu Savu ◽

Mădălin Ion Rusu ◽

Dan Savastru

Keyword(s):

Energy Levels ◽

Cherenkov Detector ◽

Electromagnetic Sensors ◽

The Cost ◽

Information Errors ◽

The Universe ◽

Large Frequency ◽

Very High ◽

Detector Volume

The neutrinos of cosmic radiation, due to interaction with any known medium in which the Cherenkov detector is used, produce energy radiation phenomena in the form of a Cherenkov cone, in very large frequency spectrum. These neutrinos carry with them the information about the phenomena that produced them and by detecting the electromagnetic energies generated by the Cherenkov cone, we can find information about the phenomena that formed in the universe, at a much greater distance, than possibility of actually detection with current technologies. At present, a very high number of sensors for detection electromagnetic energy is required. Thus, some sensors may detect very low energy levels, which can lead to the erroneous determination of the Cherenkov cone, thus leading to information errors. As a novelty, we propose, to use these sensors for determination of the dielectrically permittivity of any known medium in which the Cherenkov detector is used, by preliminary measurements, the subsequent simulation of the data and the reconstruction of the Cherenkov cone, leading to a significant reduction of problems and minimizing the number of sensors, implicitly the cost reductions. At the same time, we offer the possibility of reconstructing the Cherenkov cone outside the detector volume.

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Addition of Flucytosine to Fluconazole for the Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis in Africa: A Multicountry Cost-effectiveness Analysis

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciz163 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 26-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tinevimbo Shiri ◽

Angela Loyse ◽

Lawrence Mwenge ◽

Tao Chen ◽

Shabir Lakhi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sensitivity Analysis ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Cryptococcal Meningitis ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

The Mean ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact ◽

Costing Analysis ◽

Very High

Abstract Background Mortality from cryptococcal meningitis remains very high in Africa. In the Advancing Cryptococcal Meningitis Treatment for Africa (ACTA) trial, 2 weeks of fluconazole (FLU) plus flucytosine (5FC) was as effective and less costly than 2 weeks of amphotericin-based regimens. However, many African settings treat with FLU monotherapy, and the cost-effectiveness of adding 5FC to FLU is uncertain. Methods The effectiveness and costs of FLU+5FC were taken from ACTA, which included a costing analysis at the Zambian site. The effectiveness of FLU was derived from cohorts of consecutively enrolled patients, managed in respects other than drug therapy, as were participants in ACTA. FLU costs were derived from costs of FLU+5FC in ACTA, by subtracting 5FC drug and monitoring costs. The cost-effectiveness of FLU+5FC vs FLU alone was measured as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). A probabilistic sensitivity analysis assessed uncertainties and a bivariate deterministic sensitivity analysis examined the impact of varying mortality and 5FC drug costs on the ICER. Results The mean costs per patient were US $847 (95% confidence interval [CI] $776–927) for FLU+5FC, and US $628 (95% CI $557–709) for FLU. The 10-week mortality rate was 35.1% (95% CI 28.9–41.7%) with FLU+5FC and 53.8% (95% CI 43.1–64.1%) with FLU. At the current 5FC price of US $1.30 per 500 mg tablet, the ICER of 5FC+FLU versus FLU alone was US $65 (95% CI $28–208) per life-year saved. Reducing the 5FC cost to between US $0.80 and US $0.40 per 500 mg resulted in an ICER between US $44 and US $28 per life-year saved. Conclusions The addition of 5FC to FLU is cost-effective for cryptococcal meningitis treatment in Africa and, if made available widely, could substantially reduce mortality rates among human immunodeficiency virus–infected persons in Africa.

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Transformation behavior of yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal–TiB2 composites

Journal of Materials Research ◽

10.1557/jmr.2001.0294 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. 2158-2169 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

B. Basu ◽

J. Vleugels ◽

O. Van Der Biest

Keyword(s):

Thermal Expansion ◽

Phase Transformation ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Tetragonal Zirconia ◽

Mechanical Analysis ◽

Transformation Behavior ◽

Thermal Expansion Data ◽

Thermally Induced ◽

First Time ◽

Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal

The objective of the present article is to study the influence of TiB2 addition on the transformation behavior of yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP). A range of TZP(Y)–TiB2 composites with different zirconia starting powder grades and TiB2 phase contents (up to 50 vol%) were processed by the hot-pressing route. Thermal expansion data, as obtained by thermo-mechanical analysis were used to assess the ZrO2 phase transformation in the composites. The thermal expansion hysteresis of the transformable ceramics provides information concerning the transformation behavior in the temperature range of the martensitic transformation and the low-temperature degradation. Furthermore, the transformation behavior and susceptibility to low-temperature degradation during thermal cycling were characterized in terms of the overall amount and distribution of the yttria stabilizer, zirconia grain size, possible dissolution of TiB2 phase, and the amount of residual stress generated in the Y-TZP matrix due to the addition of titanium diboride particles. For the first time, it is demonstrated in the present work that the thermally induced phase transformation of tetragonal zirconia in the Y-TZP composites can be controlled by the intentional addition of the monoclinic zirconia particles into the 3Y-TZP matrix.

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