Hand/Handhold Coupling: Influence of Active Grip Force and Friction on Breakaway Strength

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin G. Young ◽  
Chuck B. Woolley ◽  
Thomas J. Armstrong ◽  
James A. Ashton-Miller
Keyword(s):  
External Force ◽  
Grip Force ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Mechanical Coupling ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population

Fall-related fatalities and injuries during climbing tasks represent a significant socioeconomic problem whether they occur in children, in the working age population, or in the elderly. The strength of the mechanical coupling between hand and handhold largely determines if a person can support their bodyweight or will lose grip of the handhold, fall and risk injury. It therefore seems prudent to quantify the maximum amount of external force that the coupling between the hand and handhold is capable of withstanding and to determine how handle design properties influence this.

Deservingness Heuristics and Policy Attitudes toward the Elderly in an Aging Society: Evidence from Japan

2021 ◽  
pp. 106591292110160
Author(s):  
Yesola Kweon ◽  
ByeongHwa Choi
Keyword(s):  
Senior Citizens ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Issue Framing ◽  
Aging Society ◽  
Policy Attitudes ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
Economic Need

Deservingness theory contends that spending on the elderly is widely supported across age groups because, unlike other groups such as immigrants or the unemployed, senior citizens are perceived as morally worthy of social aid. However, through a survey experiment in Japan, a prototypical aging society, this study shows that in a state with a large population of senior citizens, there is a significant age gap in policy preferences with the working-age population demonstrating stronger opposition to government support for the elderly. To induce empathetic policy attitudes toward the elderly, therefore, effective issue framing is necessary. However, emphasizing economic need is not enough; it is only when both the elderly’s economic need and effort to work are emphasized that we see a positive attitudinal change among the working-age population. In addition, we find that the economically secure are more sensitive to senior citizens’ economic need and effort to work in determining their policy support. By contrast, the economically insecure exhibit unqualified support for the elderly. These findings demonstrate that deservingness for the elderly is not innate, but is driven by conditional altruism. Furthermore, our work emphasizes the importance of issue framing in generating intergenerational solidarity in a rapidly aging society.

scholarly journals Is There Empirical Evidence on How the Implementation of a Universal Basic Income (UBI) Affects Labour Supply? A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9459
Author(s):  
Manuela A. de Paz-Báñez ◽  
María José Asensio-Coto ◽  
Celia Sánchez-López ◽  
María-Teresa Aceytuno
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
Detailed Search ◽  
Maximum Reliability

The objective of this article is to determine, as conclusively as possible, if the implementation of a Universal Basic Income (UBI) would lead to a significant reduction in the working age population labour supply. If this were true, implementation of a UBI may not be sustainable. To do this, we will compile empirical evidence from studies over the last few decades on the effects of implementation of a UBI on employment. We apply the PRISMA methodology to better judge their validity, which ensures maximum reliability of the results by avoiding biases and making the work reproducible. Given that the methodologies used in these studies are diverse, they are reviewed to contextualize the results taking into account the possible limitations detected in these methodologies. While many authors have been writing about this issue citing experiences or experiments, the added value of this article is that it performs a systematic review following a widely tested scientific methodology. Over 1200 documents that discuss the UBI/employment relationship have been reviewed. We found a total of 50 empirical cases, of which 18 were selected, and 38 studies with contrasted empirical evidence on this relationship. The results speak for themselves: Despite a detailed search, we have not found any evidence of a significant reduction in labour supply. Instead, we found evidence that labour supply increases globally among adults, men and women, young and old, and the existence of some insignificant and functional reductions to the system such as a decrease in workers from the following categories: Children, the elderly, the sick, those with disabilities, women with young children to look after, or young people who continued studying. These reductions do not reduce the overall supply since it is largely offset by increased supply from other members of the community.

Income Inequality Trends and their Challenges to Redistribution Policies in Japan

2007 ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Fukawa ◽  
Takashi Oshio
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Market Income ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Japanese Elderly ◽  
Working Age Population

This article is an overview of income inequality trends during the 1980s and 1990s and a discussion of their challenges to redistribution policies in Japan. The key results are summarized as follows. First, a widening disparity in market income for the working-age population has been driving rising income inequality in society as a whole, while population aging has added to the uptrend. Second, wide income inequality for the aged population reflects high rates of co-residency and labor force participation among the elderly. This unique feature to the Japanese elderly explains the fact that population aging has led to a rise in overall inequality measures. Third, the current scheme of redistribution policies is less effective for reducing income inequality compared to other countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries (OECD), leaving distribution of disposable income relatively uneven in Japan.

Number of dementia sufferers in Europe between the years 2000 and 2050

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 306-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Wancata ◽  
M. Musalek ◽  
R. Alexandrowicz ◽  
M. Krautgartner
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
European Region ◽  
Emotional Burden ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Year 2000

AbstractSeveral authors have pointed out that in the next few decades dementia will affect a considerably increasing number of the elderly. To our knowledge there exist no calculations of the number of demented persons for the whole European region. We made calculations on the number of dementia cases for the period 2000–2050 based on the population projections of the United Nations. For this purpose, we used the results of several meta-analyses of epidemiological studies. The number of prevalent dementia cases in the year 2000 was 7.1 million. Within the next 50 years, this number will rise to about 16.2 million dementia sufferers. The number of new dementia cases per year will increase from about 1.9 million in the year 2000 to about 4.1 million in the year 2050. Contrarily, the working-age population will considerably decrease during the next 50 years. In the year 2000, 7.1 million dementia cases faced 493 million persons in working-age. This equals a ratio of 69.4 persons in working-age per one demented person. Until the year 2050, this ratio will decrease to only 21.1. Thus, the financial and emotional burden placed by dementia on the working-age population will markedly rise.

Generations of İstanbul families, the elderly, and the social economy of welfare

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 5-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Duben
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Women ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Intergenerational Support ◽  
Support Material ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
The Relationship

As the population of the world ages, the balance between generations is irrevocably changing. Proportionally larger numbers of the no-longer economically active elderly will need to be supported by a shrinking working-age population. Women have increasingly come to outnumber men at advanced ages, presenting elderly women (and their families) with a novel and challenging old-age experience. Indeed, gender is central to understanding the relationship between generations and the glaring imbalance in intergenerational support, material and immaterial.

scholarly journals Long-term Labour Shortage. The Economic Impact of Population Transition and Post-Industrialism on the OECD Countries: the Nordic Case

2009 ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Perttu Salmenhaara
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Care ◽  
Research Question ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population

This paper presents a survey of results about studies on ageing. The data is collected from population projections by the United Nations, OECD, the European Union and the Eurostat.The research question is how population ageing affects the percentage of the working age population in the OECD. Special focus countries are the Nordic countries. The method is to collect together comparable data from these previous studies. The results imply that from 2005 to 2050 the number of the elderly in relation to the working-age population is projected to increase radically. Most advanced national economies are likely to have problems in providing elderly care services and pensions. In addition, post-industrialisation and ethnic discrimination add to the problem by excluding a fair share of the working-age population from the labour market.

X-ray computer densitometry in the diagnosis of fat hepatosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 681-686
Author(s):  
Valentin N. Druzhinin ◽  
Vadim G. Suvorov ◽  
Nikolay V. Druzhinin ◽  
Aleksandr N. Cherniyi ◽  
Sergey N. Troynyakov
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Liver Parenchyma ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
Fat Liver

Currently, the problem of reducing the risk of developing fat liver hepatosis from exposure to household and industrial toxicants among the working-age population continues to be an important medical and social problem, since not timely diagnosis of the disease can lead to its progressive course with the development of inflammatory changes, necrosis and liver fibrosis up to cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer. In this regard, the search for methods and techniques that optimize the diagnosis of fat hepatosis is relevant. Modern methods of radiation diagnostics of liver density characteristics can significantly reduce subjectivity in the assessment of changes due to the use of quantitative indicators. The aim of study - improving the quality of x-ray diagnostics of fat liver disease based on a precision assessment of the density of the liver parenchyma using computed tomography. A comparative retrospective analysis of the results of a comprehensive clinical and radiological examination of 115 men of working age in the range of 40-55 years was performed. The main group (48 people) - employees of machine-building plants: shapers, stumpers, fitters-assemblers who had industrial contact with such factors as local vibration, dust, noise, muscle strain, burdened with a long alcoholic history and the presence of signs of metabolic syndrome: hyperlipidemia, impaired tolerance to carbohydrates, diabetes, abdominal obesity. The comparison group included representatives of auxiliary professions without clinical signs of pathology (47 people), comparable in age and experience with the main group. X-ray examinations were performed using computer tomographs: "HI Spead CT/e Dual" by GE Medical Systems and "Aqulion 64" by Toshiba. To measure the liver density in Hounsfield units (HU), the ROI (zone of interest) tool was used, which allows determining the desired value over areas of different dimensions. Measurements were performed on computer screens in 4 zones of interest at 4 levels of scanning of the liver lobes (apex, level of the caval gate, level of the left lobe, level of the portal gate) with the calculation of the average values of the density index (IDH) and density gradients (IDG) relative to the aorta, spleen and kidney. Analysis of the results of a posteriori CT densitometry of various parts of the liver within the framework of the developed algorithm, including the use of absolute and relative (gradient) x-ray density indicators of hepatic, vascular (aorta),splenic and renal structures, allowed us to expand our understanding of the quantitative density characteristics both in normal and in patients with signs of diffuse fat hepatosis (FH). It was found that the liver parenchyma density indicators can be a kind of (conditional), sometimes the only indicators of the degree of severity of changes that objectively manifest positive or negative dynamics of pathophysiological processes and, in particular, at the initial stages of the development of the studied pathology. Density differences in the right and left liver parenchyma in the control group (conditional norm) in terms of absolute density and its gradient, regardless of the level of scanning, were insignificant (statistically unreliable). In patients with clinical signs of fatty liver infiltration at the stage of steatosis, in the absence of x-ray morphologically detectable structural changes, a decrease in IDH and the dynamics of its increase (recovery) at various stages of observation were revealed. Even with comparatively equal IDH of the evaluated departments, the IDG of different people differed, manifesting the individuality of metabolic processes occurring in the body, in particular in the liver, is a kind of indicator of their direction and severity. The significance of density indicators as predictors of the subsequent stages of the pathology under consideration was particularly evident in the analysis of the results of primary diagnostics and its development in the dynamics of observations. The application of the developed methodological approach allowed us to expand our understanding of the possibilities of KT-liver densitometry in patients with metabolic syndrome (hyperlipidemia, impaired carbohydrate tolerance, diabetes mellitus, abdominal obesity) in the diagnosis of fatty liver disease (FLD) at various stages of examination, including in the early subclinical phases of pathology development. The results obtained indicate the predominant role of ethyl alcohol as a hepatotoxicant in the development of FLD in the estimated cohort of the working-age population. The use of an original algorithm for evaluating tissue density makes it possible to significantly ensure the objectivity of the interpretation of research results.

ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT USING FOUR-FACTOR MODEL IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ľubica Hurbánková ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Economic Statistics ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
Microsoft Office

The paper deals with the analysis of unemployment in European Union countries on the basis of data of the unemployment rate and the number of unemployed. The data are obtained from the Eurostat website. The aim of the paper is to find out how the number of unemployed in individual EU countries changed in 2018 compared to 2009, in which country the number of unemployed increased the most, in which the least. Appropriate tools of economic statistics are used for the analysis. Based on a four-factor model of the analysis of the number of unemployed, we find out how this indicator has changed depending on the change in the unemployment rate, the economic activity rate, the share of the working age population in the total population, and the total population. The application of statistical method is implemented through the programme Microsoft Office Excel.

The development of information interaction as a key element of state risk management and health protection

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
S. Voronkova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Information System ◽  
Information Interaction ◽  
New Information ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
Types Of Information

The article discusses ways to obtain information about risk factors and the health status of the population. The article describes a new information system «labor Medicine», which allows to organize the collection of a wide range of data for further analysis and application in the activities of various Executive authorities, public organizations, foundations, legal entities and citizens. It is proposed to improve this system by expanding the types of information collected, creating a passport for health promotion organizations, as well as integration with systems that are being implemented in the Russian Federation for managing the health of the working-age population in the context of state policy in the field of Informatization.

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