scholarly journals Relationships Between Triathlon Performance and Pacing Strategy During the Run in an International Competition

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann Le Meur ◽  
Thierry Bernard ◽  
Sylvain Dorel ◽  
Chris R. Abbiss ◽  
Gérard Honnorat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Video Analysis ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
International Competition ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Significant Inverse Correlation ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
High Level

Purpose:The purpose of the present study was to examine relationships between athlete’s pacing strategies and running performance during an international triathlon competition.Methods:Running split times for each of the 107 finishers of the 2009 European Triathlon Championships (42 females and 65 males) were determined with the use of a digital synchronized video analysis system. Five cameras were placed at various positions of the running circuit (4 laps of 2.42 km). Running speed and an index of running speed variability (IRSVrace) were subsequently calculated over each section or running split.Results:Mean running speed over the frst 1272 m of lap 1 was 0.76 km-h–1 (+4.4%) and 1.00 km-h–1 (+5.6%) faster than the mean running speed over the same section during the three last laps, for females and males, respectively (P < .001). A significant inverse correlation was observed between RSrace and IRSVrace for all triathletes (females r = -0.41, P = .009; males r = -0.65, P = .002; and whole population -0.76, P = .001). Females demonstrated higher IRSVrace compared with men (6.1 ± 0.5 km-h–1 and 4.0 ± 1.4 km-h–1, for females and males, respectively, P = .001) due to greater decrease in running speed over uphill sections.Conclusions:Pacing during the run appears to play a key role in high-level triathlon performance. Elite triathletes should reduce their initial running speed during international competitions, even if high levels of motivation and direct opponents lead them to adopt an aggressive strategy.

Corticosteroid receptors and lymphocyte subsets in mononuclear leukocytes in aging

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (4) ◽  
pp. E464-E466 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Armanini ◽  
I. Karbowiak ◽  
M. Scali ◽  
E. Orlandini ◽  
V. Zampollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphocyte Subsets ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone ◽  
Mononuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Significant Inverse Correlation ◽  
Corticosteroid Receptors ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Aged Subjects

Plasma cortisol and aldosterone levels and number of related receptors in mononuclear leukocytes were measured in 49 healthy aged subjects (62-97 yr) and in 21 adult controls (21-50 yr). In all subjects, in addition, lymphocyte subsets were determined as an index of corticosteroid action. The mean number of type I and type II receptors was significantly lower in aged subjects than in controls (respectively, 198 +/- 96 and 272 +/- 97 receptors/cell for type I, and 1,794 +/- 803 and 3,339 +/- 918 for type II receptors). Plasma aldosterone and cortisol and lymphocyte subsets were not different in the two groups. All of the parameters were also tested for correlation, and a significant inverse correlation was found between age and type I and type II receptors when all subjects were plotted and between aged and CD4 and age and CD4/CD8 in the aged group. These data show that aged subjects have reductions of corticosteroid receptors that are not associated with increase of related steroids and that this situation probably represents a concomitant of the normal aging process.

Seasonal and Diurnal Vertical Distribution of Herring (Clupea harengus L.) in Passamaquoddy, Bay, N.B.

1960 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 699-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivien M. Brawn
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Significant Inverse Correlation ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Passamaquoddy Bay ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Echo Sounder

The depth of schools of immature herring in Passamaquoddy Bay was determined from echo-sounder records taken from 1947 to 1958. The records gave no information on the presence of herring between the surface and 14 ft, and any herring in this zone have been omitted from the calculations. The herring schools showed diurnal vertical movements, being closer to the surface by night than by day in every month of the year. From May until December the median depth varied from 30 to 44 ft by day and from 21 to 26 ft by night. From January to April the schools were deeper in the water by day with a median depth of 83 to 126 ft, though still rising towards the surface at night, to a median depth of 36 ft in February. No correlation was found between the mean solar radiation for the daylight hours and the median depth of herring by day in each month. Between 2° and 4–7 °C there was a significant inverse correlation between water temperature and the depth of the herring by day, but as temperature increased above 7 °C, up to 12°, there was no further decrease in median depth.

scholarly journals Serum Lipid Profile of Newly Diagnosed Hypertensive Patients in Nnewi, South-East Nigeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles U. Osuji ◽  
Emeka G. Omejua ◽  
Emmanuel I. Onwubuya ◽  
Gladys I. Ahaneku
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Serum Lipid ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Significant Inverse Correlation ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Tertiary Healthcare ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lipid Abnormalities

Abnormalities in serum lipid and lipoprotein levels are recognized major modifiable cardiovascular disease and essential hypertension risk factors. The objective of this study was to examine the serum lipid patterns of newly diagnosed hypertensive patients attending a tertiary healthcare centre in South East Nigeria.Methods. Two hundred and fifty newly diagnosed adult hypertensive patients and an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls without hypertension were consecutively recruited from the Medical and General Outpatient Clinics of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi.Result. 126 males and 124 females were in each of the two groups. Mean age was comparable in both groups. Hypertensives had significantly higher mean systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and fasting blood sugar than the controls. The mean TC, TG, and LDL-C were significantly higher among the hypertensives. The mean HDL-C was comparable;P=0.8. Among the hypertensive subjects, there was statistically significant positive correlation between BMI and TC; LDL-C and TG; WC and TG; FBS and TC; LDL-C and TG. HDL-C showed a statistically significant inverse correlation with WHR in hypertensives.Conclusion. This study showed that lipid abnormalities are highly prevalent among newly diagnosed hypertensives in South-East Nigeria.

scholarly journals 2D Video Analysis System to Analyze the Performance Model of Figure Roller Skating: A Pilot Study

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Cristian Romagnoli ◽  
Vincenzo Bonaiuto ◽  
Giorgio Gatta ◽  
Naomi Romagnoli ◽  
Anas Alashram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Video Analysis ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Performance Model ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Knee Joints ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Compensatory Strategy ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
High Level

Figure roller skating is a discipline composed of various movements which involve jumps, artistic figures and spins in a seamless program which has both technical and shapely difficult. A biomechanical analysis of a double salchow was performed using a 2D video analysis of one European and in two Italian roller skaters. On average, the high level (HL) roller skater showed a horizontal velocity of the center of mass higher than the average, especially in the prop stage, whereas the medium level (ML) and low level (LL) athletes reduced their velocity significantly. The spin angular velocity of the ML and LL skaters was always higher than of the HL. This phenomenon would seem to be a compensatory strategy for a lower jump height, with a reduced trunk-thigh angle and less thigh lever arm (coxo-femur/knee joints) during the take-off and landing phases of the double salchow jump.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: How Reliable is Laboratory Reporting?

1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Fleming ◽  
Steven D. Helgerson ◽  
Barbara L. Mallery ◽  
Laurence R. Foster ◽  
Mary C. White
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
The State ◽  
Significant Inverse Correlation ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Initial Results

AbstractMicrobiology laboratories in Oregon were surveyed in 1981 to determine how often methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was being reported to physicians in the state. Results of this survey were surprising in three respects. First, the mean percent of S. aureus isolates reported by laboratories as methicillin-resistant was 8.3%. Second, a significant inverse correlation was found between the percent of reported MRSA and laboratory size (p=0.0001). Finally, laboratories which retested initially resistant isolates reported significantly less MRSA (mean 3.3%, median 1%) than those laboratories which accepted initial results (mean 20%, median 12%) (p=0.0001). Independent testing by the Centers for Disease Control of isolates reported to be MRSA confirmed that some misideiitification was occurring. Participating laboratories were notified of our initial findings and their potentially serious clinical ramifications. Laboratories were resurveyed in 1982, and a significant decrease in the reported MRSA to a mean percentage of 3.4% was observed (p=<0.002). It is unlikely that this situation is unique to Oregon, and similar misreporting of MRSA to physicians in other areas of the country may be compromising the safe and effective treatment of S. aureus infections.

scholarly journals Firing Variability of Frontal Pole Neurons during a Cued Strategy Task

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Tsujimoto ◽  
Aldo Genovesio
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Fano Factor ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Frontal Pole ◽  
Significant Inverse Correlation ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feedback Time

In previous reports, we described neuronal activity in the polar (PFp), dorsolateral (PFdl), and orbital (PFo) PFC as monkeys performed a cued strategy task with two spatial goals. On each trial, a cue instructed one of two strategies: Stay with the previous goal or shift to the alternative. A delay period followed each cue, and feedback followed each choice, also at a delay. Our initial analysis showed that the mean firing rate of a population of PFp cells encoded the goal chosen on a trial, but only near the time of feedback, not earlier in the trial. In contrast, PFdl cells encoded goals and strategies during the cue and delay periods, and PFo cells encoded strategies in those task periods. Both areas also signaled goals near feedback time. Here we analyzed trial-to-trial variability of neuronal firing, as measured by the Fano factor (FF): the ratio of variance to the mean. Goal-selective PFp neurons had two properties: (1) a lower FF from the beginning of the trial compared with PFp cells that did not encode goals and (2) a weak but significant inverse correlation between FF throughout a trial and the degree of goal selectivity at feedback time. Cells in PFdl and PFo showed neither of these properties. Our findings indicate that goal-selective PFp neurons were engaged in the task throughout a trial, although they only encoded goals near feedback time. Their lower FF could improve the ability of other cortical areas to decode its selected-goal signal.

scholarly journals Communication Patterns and Related Factors among Iranian Couples: A Cross-sectional Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Sedigheh HasaniMoghadam ◽  
Jila Ganji ◽  
Hamid Sharif Nia ◽  
Mohsen Aarabi ◽  
Soghra Khani
Keyword(s):  
Marital Satisfaction ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Communication Patterns ◽  
Communication Pattern ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Significant Inverse Correlation ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean

Background: Given the effect of various factors on the use of communication patterns by couples, this study aimed to determine the most common communication pattern among couples and related factors in Sari, northern Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 520 people (260 couples) in Sari. Data were collected using a demographic–fertility factors questionnaire, Enrich couple scale, communication patterns questionnaire, general health questionnaire (GHQ-28), and NEO personality inventory. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 25 using descriptive and inferential statistics (multiple regression model). Results: While the mean (standard deviation) age of women included in the study was 34.08 (7.71) years, the mean age of men was 39.13 (9.18) years. The most common communication patterns in both women and men was the mutual constructive communication, whereas the lowest frequent communication pattern was the demand/withdraw communication in both men and women. Marital satisfaction had a significant positive correlation with mutual constructive communication pattern in women and men (P = 0.001). In addition, a significant inverse correlation was observed between the number of marriage to date, women’s age, and spouses' demand/withdraw communication pattern with mutual constructive communication pattern in women. Also, a significant inverse correlation was observed between flexibility (P = 0.047), number of marriages (P = 0.013), and the wives' age (P = 0.005) with mutual constructive communication pattern in men. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it is necessary to recognize the factors related to couples’ communication patterns in order to improve the communication patterns so that marital conflicts could be avoided while a more effective communication is established.  Keywords: communication patterns, couples, personality characteristics, marital satisfaction, public health

scholarly journals Role of diffusion weighted MRI in characterization of renal diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1485
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kumar ◽  
Yashpaul . ◽  
P. K. Soni ◽  
Dhiraj Kapoor ◽  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Significant Inverse Correlation ◽  
Adc Value ◽  
Adc Values ◽  
The Mean

Background: MRI has the unique ability to show both structure and function objectively without any radiation exposure to the patient. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) is a quantitative parameter that combines the effects of capillary perfusion and water diffusion. Renal parameters have shown inverse relationship with the ADC values in these studies. So, ADC values have a potential to serve as a marker of renal function. The aim of the present endeavor was to study the role of DW MRI in characterization of renal function and to find out the clinical use of DW MRI in renal diseases; and establish the relationship between renal function assessed by eGFR and that by DW MRI calculated in terms of ADC values in various renal diseasesMethods: Total 30 patients were included in the study. The study was carried out in department of radiodiagnosis at Dr. RPMGC Kangra. 1.5 Tesla MRI machine was used. The ADC value was calculated at upper, mid and lower pole of each kidney and the mean was taken. Then the mean of right and left kidneys was taken to calculate the mean ADC of the patient.Results: Serum creatinine in present study ranged from 0.67 to 13.9mg/dl, with mean value of 7.28mg/d. Serum urea ranged from 22 to 293mg/dl with the mean of 119.6mg/dl. There was significant inverse correlation occurred between ADC values and serum urea (r=-0.43, p=0.02). There was significant inverse correlation between ADC values and serum creatinine (p=0.01) and a positive correlation between eGFR and ADC values (r=0.14, p=0.47).Conclusions: ADC values consistently decreased with increasing stage of renal failure, so these can be used as an indirect maker of renal function. Authors conclude that lower would be the ADC value more advanced would be the stage of renal failure. DW MRI can also be detect early stages of renal failure even when the serum maker are within normal range.

Game Strategy Used by the World’s Top Female Squash Players in International Competition - A Notational Analysis

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44
Author(s):  
Youlian Hong ◽  
Paul D. Robinson ◽  
Wan Ka Chan
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
International Competition ◽  
System A ◽  
Notational Analysis ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

The purpose of this paper was to profile game strategy used by world’s top female squash players in international competitions using postevent notational analysis methods. A total of 10 matches from the Ladies Hong Kong Open 1993 and 1994 were selected for analysis. A total of 15 right-handed competitors, who were ranked in the top 15 in the world at that time, were involved in the matches. Matches were played under the International scoring system. A 3-CDD video camera, positioned behind the court, was used to record the player’s performance throughout the matches. Frame-by-frame video notation was used to record the player, the kind of stroke, the position where the stroke was made, and the success or failure of that stroke. Shots were classified as “effective”, “ineffective”, “winning” and “losing” shots. Statistics show that the mean number of games per match was 4, rallies per game was 13.57 and shots per rally was 12.44. Of all the shots, 57.13% were “effective”, 31.36% were “ineffective”, 6.24% were “winning” and 5.27% were “losing” shots. Over half (62.01%) of all shots played were the drive, followed by drop (18.20%), volley (11.23%), boast (5.06%) and lob (3.50%). Of all shots played, 43.81% were in the back left court, 32.66% in the back right court, 13.04% in the front left court, and 10.49% in the front right court, showing that these right-handed players preferred to attack the backhand of the opponent. The drive (45.9%) was found to provide the greatest contribution shots to winning scores, with the next greatest being the drop (27.9%), then the volley (20.2), the boast (5.6%) and, finally, the lob (0.5%). Almost an equal number of cross-court shots and straight shots were played. In an average game, the winner played 50% more winning shots than the losing player, showing that in high level competition of female squash, the attacking shots, which produce the most winning scores, are required for success.

An Analysis of Pacing Strategies During Men’s World-Record Performances in Track Athletics

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Tucker ◽  
Michael I. Lambert ◽  
Timothy D. Noakes
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
World Record ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
World Records

Purpose:To analyze pacing strategies employed during men's world-record performances for 800-m, 5000-m, and 10,000-m races.Methods:In the 800-m event, lap times were analyzed for 26 world-record performances from 1912 to 1997. In the 5000-m and 10,000-m events, times for each kilometer were analyzed for 32 (1922 to 2004) and 34 (1921 to 2004) world records.Results:The second lap in the 800-m event was significantly slower than the first lap (52.0 ± 1.7 vs 54.4 ± 4.9 seconds, P < .00005). In only 2 world records was the second lap faster than the first lap. In the 5000-m and 10,000-m events, the first and final kilometers were significantly faster than the middle kilometer intervals, resulting in an overall even pace with an end spurt at the end.Conclusion:The optimal pacing strategy during world-record performances differs for the 800-m event compared with the 5000-m and 10,000-m events. In the 800-m event, greater running speeds are achieved in the first lap, and the ability to increase running speed on the second lap is limited. In the 5000-m and 10,000-m events, an end spurt occurs because of the maintenance of a reserve during the middle part of the race. In all events, pacing strategy is regulated in a complex system that balances the demand for optimal performance with the requirement to defend homeostasis during exercise.

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