scholarly journals A natural experiment reveals the impact of hydroelectric dams on the estuaries of tropical rivers

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. eaau9875 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ezcurra ◽  
E. Barrios ◽  
P. Ezcurra ◽  
A. Ezcurra ◽  
S. Vanderplank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Coastal Sediments ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Hydroelectric Dams ◽  
Sediment Trapping ◽  
Tropical Estuaries ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

We tested how sediment trapping by hydroelectric dams affects tropical estuaries by comparing two dammed and two undammed rivers on Mexico’s Pacific coast. We found that dams demonstrably affected the stability and productivity of the estuaries. The two rivers dammed for hydroelectricity had a rapid coastal recession (between 7.9 and 21.5 ha year−1) in what should otherwise be an accretional coastline. The economic consequences of this dam-induced coastal erosion include loss of habitat for fisheries, loss of coastal protection, release of carbon sequestered in coastal sediments, loss of biodiversity, and the decline of estuarine livelihoods. We estimate that the cost of the environmental damages a dam can cause in the lower part of basin almost doubles the purported benefits of emission reductions from hydroelectric generation.

Pound Wise and Penny Foolish? Weight Loss and The Dynamics of Health Care Spending

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G Koch
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Health Care Spending ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Dynamic Measures ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Current estimates of obesity costs ignore the impact of future weight loss and gain, and may either over or underestimate economic consequences of weight loss. In light of this, I construct static and dynamic measures of medical costs associated with body mass index (BMI), to be balanced against the cost of one-time interventions. This study finds that ignoring the implications of weight loss and gain over time overstates the medical-cost savings of such interventions by an order of magnitude. When the relationship between spending and age is allowed to vary, weight-loss attempts appear to be cost-effective starting and ending with middle age. Some interventions recently proven to decrease weight may also be cost-effective.

Does the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic influence the FX? A note.

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelos Vasileiou
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Interest Rate Risk ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Domestic Currency ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This note shows that the effective response of a country in its battle against COVID-19 influences the exchange rate of its currency. Particularly, we examine the GBPUSD, AUDUSD and AUDGBP pairs of currency during the COVID-19 outbreak and the results show that the domestic currency of the country which documents more COVID-19 cases in each pair is depreciated against the foreign one. Therefore, a country which cannot effectively mitigate the impact of COVID-19 and whose currency is depreciated may present further economic consequences in the future. Such consequences extend beyond economic recession and may include sovereign and interest rate risk. These findings may be useful for policy makers in order to estimate the cost of the pandemic.

Liberalization at Any Cost? Implications of IMF Policy for Sovereignty and Stability in East Asia

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Michael Spaulding
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Financial Governance ◽  
State Governance ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Cost Implications ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Globalization pits pressures for liberalization against state claims to political and economic sovereignty. Less powerful states in particular face strong pressure from the international trade regime to liberalize their economies irrespective of the impact on domestic stability and national goals. East Asia has been a hold-out against the global trend toward liberalization. This paper shows that the bail-out package demanded by the IMF in 1997 during the East Asian financial crisis imposed unprecedented restrictions on state governance without regard for long-term implications. The paper argues that the IMF's motivation was to harmonize financial governance of the affected economies with Western practices. However, the cost of this initiative to the stability of the region has been overlooked. The East Asian region has carved out for itself a unique niche in the international political economy by resisting penetration of Western finance capital. Already governments have fallen and deep resentments have been sewn over the reversal. More seriously for the future, assumptions that free-market liberalism can be imposed top-down ignore the extent to which economic institutions and preferences are embedded in culture.

Fear Induced Stabilization in an Intraguild Predation Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (04) ◽  
pp. 2050053
Author(s):  
Mainul Hossain ◽  
Nikhil Pal ◽  
Sudip Samanta ◽  
Joydev Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Hopf Bifurcation ◽  
Intraguild Predation ◽  
Equilibrium Points ◽  
Stable Limit ◽  
Interior Equilibrium ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

In the present paper, we investigate the impact of fear in an intraguild predation model. We consider that the growth rate of intraguild prey (IG prey) is reduced due to the cost of fear of intraguild predator (IG predator), and the growth rate of basal prey is suppressed due to the cost of fear of both the IG prey and the IG predator. The basic mathematical results such as positively invariant space, boundedness of the solutions, persistence of the system have been investigated. We further analyze the existence and local stability of the biologically feasible equilibrium points, and also study the Hopf-bifurcation analysis of the system with respect to the fear parameter. The direction of Hopf-bifurcation and the stability properties of the periodic solutions have also been investigated. We observe that in the absence of fear, omnivory produces chaos in a three-species food chain system. However, fear can stabilize the chaos thus obtained. We also observe that the system shows bistability behavior between IG prey free equilibrium and IG predator free equilibrium, and bistability between IG prey free equilibrium and interior equilibrium. Furthermore, we observe that for a suitable set of parameter values, the system may exhibit multiple stable limit cycles. We perform extensive numerical simulations to explore the rich dynamics of a simple intraguild predation model with fear effect.

scholarly journals A modeled radiological dispersive device release and the impact to decision-making in an urban environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-322
Author(s):  
Paulo Oliveira ◽  
Ubiratan Oliveira ◽  
Ricardo Stenders ◽  
Ademir Silva ◽  
Helio Vital ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Training Environment ◽  
Stability Class ◽  
Radiological Dispersion Device ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

A radiological dispersion device is a weapon that combines radioactive material with conventional explosives for spreading radioactive material across an inhabited area. This study is focused on evaluating key parameters in an radiological dispersion device scenario. The calculations were performed to include two different situations: by using explosives and by simple mechanical release. Simulations were conducted with the use of the HotSpot Health Physics Codes. The results suggest the existence of significant correlations between stability classes in scenarios where they evolve with time, producing alternations between them. As long as the stability class remains constant, this latter finding offers the possibility of creating a suitable response, based on temporal evolutions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to: estimate the size of the potentially affected population, estimate absorbed doses, and estimate the cost-effectiveness in order to help initial responses by providing time-sensitive information about the event. A methodology capable of providing useful information allows prompt decisions and initial assessments of future risks to be made efficiently. This approach can also provide a training environment for the personnel responsible for the decision-making at an early stage of the response.

Web-based disclosure and the cost of debt: MENA countries evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-561
Author(s):  
Henda Abdi ◽  
Mohamed Ali Brahim Omri
Keyword(s):  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Cost Of Debt ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of web - based disclosure on the cost of debt for the MENA region setting. Design/methodology/approach The sample of this paper consists of 237 MENA listed non-financial companies for the year 2017. Multiple regression models were used to examine the impact of online disclosure on the cost of debt. Content analysis is used to measure the extent of web-based disclosure. Findings The results reveal that there is a negative and significant association between the web-based disclosure and the company’s cost of debt. These results support the hypothesis of the economic utility of the information disclosed on the website for creditors in this region. Practical implications The results of the study have important implications for managers in the MENA region. It is necessary for managers to improve the company’s transparency through web-based disclosure. The companies must benefit from the different technologies offered by the Internet in order to offer to the creditors unlimited access to up to date information. In fact, web-based disclosure may mitigate the information asymmetry, the uncertainty of creditors and, consequently, reduces the cost of debt. 10; 10;Moreover, the results of the study provide empirical evidence for the advantages of voluntary web-based disclosure. The results highlight the importance to companies and regulators of understanding the benefits of using the website as a means of information disclosure. The regulators in MENA countries can rely on these results to establish suitable policies to improve the quality of web-based disclosure. The regulators need also to put in rules in relation to the online disclosure. In fact, an understanding of web-based disclosure is important for regulators and companies. Given the positive effect of online disclosure (the reduction of the cost of debt), knowledge about the economic consequences of web-based disclosure would enable companies in the MENA region to optimize their online disclosure policies. Originality/value This study, added to the existing literature by examining the consequences of online disclosure practices in MENA countries. Most previous studies conducted in this region were limited to analyzing the determinants of the company’s web-based disclosure. This paper would extend the literature on the online disclosure practices by investigating the association between these practices and the cost of debt in a developing economics: the MENA region. Previous studies were limited to testing this association only in developed countries.

Analysis and optimization based on a sex pheromone and pesticide pest model with gestation delay

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (05) ◽  
pp. 1950054
Author(s):  
Shu Xiang ◽  
Yongzhen Pei ◽  
Xiyin Liang
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Optimal Parameter ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Gestation Delay ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Sex pheromone, aiming at mating disruption (MD), being species specific and leaving no toxic residues in the produce grown, offers an attractive alternative to conventional pesticides. In this paper, by incorporating the gestation delay and sex pheromone, we explore the impact of MD control on the dynamic behaviors of pest system. Firstly, the boundness, stability and bifurcation of system are deliberated. Secondly, an optimal control problem based on sex pheromone and pesticide is transformed into an equivalent optimal parameter selection problem by introducing the constrain violation function. Additionally, the gradients of the cost function with respect to the dose of sex pheromone and the killing rate are given. Furthermore, simulations are executed to validate the validity of our method. Meanwhile, our results indicate that gestation delay increases the extinction risk of the population and liberating sex pheromone destroys the stability of equilibrium states.

Analysis of Earth Berm on the Impact of Cantilever Retaining Structure Based on ABAQUS

2014 ◽  
Vol 1065-1069 ◽  
pp. 3-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Yu Wu ◽  
Zhong Yuan Duan
Keyword(s):  
Bending Moment ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Retaining Structure ◽  
Supporting Structure ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Software ABAQUS was carried out to analyze the effect of earth berms on behavior of cantilever retaining structure, and the soil was in modified Cambridge model. The results showed that: in the premise of ensuring the stability of earth berm itself, height and width of earth berm increased reasonably can reduce the horizontal displacement and bending moment of supporting structure, so as to improve the safety of the supporting structure, and save the cost of project.

scholarly journals Economic Security of the Region: Evaluation and Security Mechanisms

2019 ◽  
pp. 83-93
Author(s):  
Marina Buyanova ◽  
Irina Averina ◽  
Alina Kulakova
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Integral Indicator

Modern globalization processes cause the emergence of new threats to society, and necessitate the development of innovative mechanisms to overcome them in order to improve the level of security at various levels of management. The objective of this study is to test the methodology for assessing the level of security of the economic system of the region (based on the use of an integral indicator), as well as the definition of mechanisms for its provision at the meso-level. The structure of this indicator includes aspects of the impact on the stability of the system of the following factors (market, non-market and social ones), based on the system of indicators (the number of employed population, the cost of technological innovation per capita, investment in fixed capital, etc.). The calculation of summary indicators is given on the example of one of the subjects of the Russian Federation (Volgograd region), which allowed to determine negative changes in the level of economic security in the region (significant technological backwardness, consistent depletion of natural resources, growth of budget commitments, etc.). Due to the comprehensive assessment, a list of factors that cause this condition has been identified with the aim of further targeted impact from public authorities to overcome the negative trends in the economic system of the region and (or) leveling their consequences. The development of mechanisms to ensure the economic security of the region, based on the above-mentioned method of integrated assessment, allows not only to fully assess the state of the regional economy, but also to identify the potential to strengthen the position of the entity of the country both at the national and international arena.

scholarly journals This Changes Everything

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (79) ◽  
Author(s):  
Serhan Cevik ◽  
João Tovar Jalles
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Sovereign Risk ◽  
Bond Yields ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Climate change is already a systemic risk to the global economy. While there is a large body of literature documenting potential economic consequences, there is scarce research on the link between climate change and sovereign risk. This paper therefore investigates the impact of climate change vulnerability and resilience on sovereign bond yields and spreads in 98 advanced and developing countries over the period 1995–2017. We find that the vulnerability and resilience to climate change have a significant impact on the cost government borrowing, after controlling for conventional determinants of sovereign risk. That is, countries that are more resilient to climate change have lower bond yields and spreads relative to countries with greater vulnerability to risks associated with climate change. Furthermore, partitioning the sample into country groups reveals that the magnitude and statistical significance of these effects are much greater in developing countries with weaker capacity to adapt to and mitigate the consequences of climate change.

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