scholarly journals Impact of culture condition modulation on the high-yield, high-specificity and cost-effective production of terpenoids from microbial sources: A review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vibha Shukla ◽  
Suresh Chandra Phulara
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fermentation Medium ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Native Form ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Recent years have seen a remarkable increase in the non-natural production of terpenoids from microbial route. This is due to the advancements in synthetic biology tools and techniques, which have overcome the challenges associated with the non-native production of terpenoids from microbial hosts. Although, microbes in their native form have ability to grow in wide range of physicochemical parameters such as, pH, temperature, agitation, aeration etc; however, after genetic modifications, culture conditions need to be optimized in order to achieve improved titers of desired terpenoids from engineered microbes. The physicochemical parameters together with medium supplements, such as, inducer, carbon and nitrogen source, and cofactor supply not only play an important role in high-yield production of target terpenoids from engineered host, but also reduce the accumulation of undesired metabolites in fermentation medium, thus facilitate product recovery. Further, for the economic production of terpenoids, the biomass derived sugars can be utilized together with the optimized culture conditions. In the present mini-review, we have highlighted the impact of culture conditions modulation on the high-yield and high-specificity production of terpenoids from engineered microbes. Lastly, utilization of economic feedstock has also been discussed for the cost-effective and sustainable production of terpenoids.

scholarly journals Size-Dependent Thermo- and Photoresponsive Plasmonic Properties of Liquid Crystalline Gold Nanoparticles

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 875
Author(s):  
Aleksander Promiński ◽  
Ewelina Tomczyk ◽  
Mateusz Pawlak ◽  
Agnieszka Jędrych ◽  
Józef Mieczkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Condensed State ◽  
Organic Shell ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Shell Composition ◽  
The Impact

Achieving remotely controlled, reversibly reconfigurable assemblies of plasmonic nanoparticles is a prerequisite for the development of future photonic technologies. Here, we obtained a series of gold-nanoparticle-based materials which exhibit long-range order, and which are controlled with light or thermal stimuli. The influence of the metallic core size and organic shell composition on the switchability is considered, with emphasis on achieving light-responsive behavior at room temperature and high yield production of nanoparticles. The latter translates to a wide size distribution of metallic cores but does not prevent their assembly into various, switchable 3D and 2D long-range ordered structures. These results provide clear guidelines as to the impact of size, size distribution, and organic shell composition on self-assembly, thus enhancing the smart design process of multi-responsive nanomaterials in a condensed state, hardly attainable by other self-assembly methods which usually require solvents.

scholarly journals Tandem Synthesis of High Yield MoS2 Nanosheets and Enzyme Peroxidase Mimicking Properties

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1009
Author(s):  
Suresh Thangudu ◽  
Mu Tzu Lee ◽  
Sami Rtimi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Science ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Energy Difference ◽  
Molybdenum Sulfide ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bulk Mos2

Molybdenum Sulfide nanosheets (MoS2 NSs) have unique properties that allow its use in a wide range of applications. Unfortunately, a lack of green synthesis methods to achieve a high yield remains a challenge after decades. Herein we report a simple, ecofriendly, green and cost-effective approach to synthesize water soluble MoS2 NSs via probe/Tip sonication method. The sequential batch manner pathway allows us to attain a high yield of MoS2 NSs (~100%). The prepared MoS2 NSs were characterized using up-to-date surface science techniques. UV-visible-NIR spectroscopy allowed us to visualize the doublet peaks of pristine MoS2 at 610 and 680 nm concomitant with the inter-band transitions at 394 nm and 460 nm. Using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), the crystallites’ sizes were estimated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman Spectroscopy were performed with respect to the bulk MoS2. The energy difference between the Raman peaks revealed that our NSs are formed of 5–6 layers. Further, we explored enzyme peroxidase mimetic properties of the synthesized MoS2 NSs. Results showed that the present MoS2 NSs offer excellent peroxidase mimicking properties. Most importantly, we observed that the optical properties and characteristics of MoS2 NSs synthesized by the current green method are similar to those of MoS2 NSs synthesized using conventional harsh methods reported in the literature. So that we strongly assume that the present method is a green alternative for the existing low yield and harsh experimental procedures to achieve water soluble MoS2 NSs in high yield. The synthesized soluble NSs are promising catalysts for the detection of toxic chemicals in the environment and/or for following enzymatic chromogenic reactions.

Health economic analysis of pharmaceutical inventory levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-628
Author(s):  
Peter Benjamin Ellison ◽  
Robert A. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Health Economics ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Inventory Theory ◽  
Health Economic Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Humanitarian Supply Chain ◽  
Demand Coverage ◽  
The Impact

PurposeHumanitarian crises increase vulnerability of children to pneumonia, so aid agencies store pharmaceuticals in advance of this demand. Decisions on how much to store are plagued by many diverse challenges as is common in humanitarian contexts, so this study considers storing more medications to improve the relatively poor (∼80) demand coverage at a representative aid agency.Design/methodology/approachThe paper combines inventory theory with health economics to calculate the impact inventory increases would have on the final cost of pneumonia treatment. It can then assess to what extent inventory can be increased while pneumonia treatment remains cost effective.FindingsThe study finds that more drug investment has only a small effect on the final treatment cost. Substantial drug inventory increases remain well within established guidelines for highly cost-effective treatments, so the agency should consider large increases as an efficient use of funding.Research limitations/implicationsThe study focuses on pneumonia treatment only to allow sufficient depth of analysis. Further research could look at many other treatments using the same approach, although some problem scenarios will include complicating parameters like drug perishability.Practical implicationsThe level of pharmaceutical inventory at humanitarian warehouses is a high-value decision for the aid sector. The method shows the potential for health economics to provide practical decision support for a wide range of humanitarian and ministry of health warehouse operations. While large increases in inventory investment are within guidelines, there is an asymptotically increasing cost as demand coverage approaches 100%. As a result, decision makers may want to set a target demand coverage (e.g. 99%) and allocate remaining aid funding to other projects.Originality/valueMany humanitarian supply chain decisions lack analytical support due to issues with complexity, scale or a lack of reliable input data, and this study is the first to provide analytical insights which can greatly improve the current approach to inventory control policies for pneumonia medications and beyond.

scholarly journals Usnic acid and Triacylglycerides Production by the Cultured Lichen Mycobiont of Ramalina celastri

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra T. Fazio ◽  
Mónica T. Adler ◽  
Marta S. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Usnic Acid ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Lichen Thallus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

A strain of the lichen mycobiont of Ramalina celastri, isolated from ascospores, was cultured axenically on two solid media containing high amounts of the carbon source: sucrose in MY10 and mannitol in BMRM. Usnic acid, the major cortical lichen metabolite, was produced by the colonies grown on MY10, with a very high yield (7.9%) in comparison with that in the lichen thallus. Mycelia grown on BMRM did not produce the lichen secondary metabolite and rendered triacylglycerides (8.5%) instead. Analysis by GC-MS of the fatty acid methyl esters revealed the presence of oleic, palmitic and stearic acids as the main triacylglyceride constituents. The present results highlight the impact of the culture conditions on the lichen mycobiont secondary metabolism and confirm that MY10 is a useful medium to obtain usnic acid from mycobionts in the laboratory.

The Impact of the Surface Shape of the Piston on Power Losses

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley M. Wondergem ◽  
Monika Ivantysynova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Surface Shape ◽  
Critical Gap ◽  
Piston Cylinder ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Gap Height ◽  
The Impact

Axial piston machines are widely used in industry thus new cost-effective and highly efficient designs are needed. One way to increase efficiency and decrease cost is by altering the geometry along with the configuration of the piston/cylinder interface influencing the fluid film generation and in turn the energy dissipation and load carrying capacity while still having a design that is cost effective and easy to manufacture. This paper presents a study on a reduction of energy dissipation between the piston and cylinder over a wide range of operating conditions at both full and partial displacements based on the surface shape of the piston along with the minimum clearance. First, it is necessary to measure a base design and then compare those results to simulations in order to verify the simulation results. Once a baseline is established, various piston surface shapes and minimum clearances are then also simulated and compared back to the simulated baseline. Not only is energy dissipation important to compare, but also the minimum gap height over one revolution. The minimum gap height is in direct correlation to friction loss and wear. Therefore, this paper also includes an understanding of how the gap height affects the total losses thus leading to the importance of finding a relative clearance that satisfies a median between torque losses and leakage along with the importance of reducing the occurrence of critical gap heights to reduce the need for wear in in the machine.

scholarly journals BNC Biosynthesis with Increased Productivity in a Newly Designed Surface Air-Flow Bioreactor

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3850
Author(s):  
Izabela Cielecka ◽  
Małgorzata Ryngajłło ◽  
Stanisław Bielecki
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Flow Ratio ◽  
Culture Time ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Burman Design ◽  
Plackett Burman Design

The application of bacterial cellulose (BNC) could be widely expanded if the production costs were reduced. This study aims to determine factors simultaneously affecting the yield and tensile strength of BNC in a newly designed surface air-flow bioreactor (SAF). For this purpose, a two-stage study was done. Firstly, the most important factors for high yield were determined based on the Plackett–Burman Design. Secondly, impact of the chosen variables on both responses was assessed in a wide range of factor values. The greatest influence on the yield and mechanical strength was proved for such factors as air-flow ratio, glucose concentration, and culture time. The productivity in a SAF bioreactor with controlled air-flow ratio was enhanced by 65%. In terms of mechanical properties, the stress of BNC membranes varied from 0.8 to 6.39 MPa depending on the culture conditions. The results of the performed tests make a useful basis for future optimizations.

scholarly journals The Structure of Sucrose-Soaked Levansucrase Crystals from Erwinia tasmaniensis reveals a Binding Pocket for Levanbiose

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Polsinelli ◽  
Rosanna Caliandro ◽  
Nicola Demitri ◽  
Stefano Benini
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Binding Pocket ◽  
Chain Elongation ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Negative Bacterium ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Erwinia Tasmaniensis

Given its potential role in the synthesis of novel prebiotics and applications in the pharmaceutical industry, a strong interest has developed in the enzyme levansucrase (LSC, EC 2.4.1.10). LSC catalyzes both the hydrolysis of sucrose (or sucroselike substrates) and the transfructosylation of a wide range of acceptors. LSC from the Gram-negative bacterium Erwinia tasmaniensis (EtLSC) is an interesting biocatalyst due to its high-yield production of fructooligosaccharides (FOSs). In order to learn more about the process of chain elongation, we obtained the crystal structure of EtLSC in complex with levanbiose (LBS). LBS is an FOS intermediate formed during the synthesis of longer-chain FOSs and levan. Analysis of the LBS binding pocket revealed that its structure was conserved in several related species. The binding pocket discovered in this crystal structure is an ideal target for future mutagenesis studies in order to understand its biological relevance and to engineer LSCs into tailored products.

scholarly journals Physiological Microenvironmental Conditions in Different Scalable Culture Systems for Pluripotent Stem Cell Expansion and Differentiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-54
Author(s):  
Fuad G. Torizal ◽  
Ikki Horiguchi ◽  
Yasuyuki Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Culture System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Culture Systems ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Cell Propagation

Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (PSCs) are a valuable cell type that has a wide range of biomedical applications because they can differentiate into many types of adult somatic cell. Numerous studies have examined the clinical applications of PSCs. However, several factors such as bioreactor design, mechanical stress, and the physiological environment have not been optimized. These factors can significantly alter the pluripotency and proliferation properties of the cells, which are important for the mass production of PSCs. Nutritional mass transfer and oxygen transfer must be effectively maintained to obtain a high yield. Various culture systems are currently available for optimum cell propagation by maintaining the physiological conditions necessary for cell cultivation. Each type of culture system using a different configuration with various advantages and disadvantages affecting the mechanical conditions in the bioreactor, such as shear stress. These factors make it difficult to preserve the cellular viability and pluripotency of PSCs. Additional limitations of the culture system for PSCs must also be identified and overcome to maintain the culture conditions and enable large-scale expansion and differentiation of PSCs. This review describes the different physiological conditions in the various culture systems and recent developments in culture technology for PSC expansion and differentiation.

scholarly journals The Cascade Analysis Tool: software to analyze and optimize care cascades

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1488 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J Kedziora ◽  
Romesh Abeysuriya ◽  
Cliff C Kerr ◽  
George L Chadderdon ◽  
Vlad-Ștefan Harbuz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Software Application ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cascade Analysis ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Advanced Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Cascades, which track the progressive stages of engagement on the path towards a successful outcome, are increasingly being employed to quantitatively assess progress towards targets associated with health and development responses. Maximizing the proportion of people with successful outcomes within a budget-constrained context requires identifying and implementing interventions that are not only effective, but also cost-effective. Methods: We developed a software application called the Cascade Analysis Tool that implements advanced analysis and optimization methods for understanding cascades, combined with the flexibility to enable application across a wide range of areas in health and development. The tool allows users to design the cascade, collate and enter data, and then use the built-in analysis methods in order to answer key policy questions, such as: understanding where the biggest drop-offs along the cascade are; visualizing how the cascade varies by population; investigating the impact of introducing a new intervention or scaling up/down existing interventions; and estimating how available funding should be optimally allocated among available interventions in order to achieve a variety of different objectives selectable by the user (such as optimizing cascade outcomes in target years). The Cascade Analysis Tool is available via a user-friendly web-based application, and comes with a user guide, a library of pre-made examples, and training materials. Discussion: Whilst the Cascade Analysis Tool is still in the early stages of existence, it has already shown promise in preliminary applications, and we believe there is potential for it to help make sense of the increasing quantities of data on cascades.

scholarly journals The Cascade Analysis Tool: software to analyze and optimize care cascades

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1488
Author(s):  
David J Kedziora ◽  
Romesh Abeysuriya ◽  
Cliff C Kerr ◽  
George L Chadderdon ◽  
Vlad-Ștefan Harbuz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Software Application ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cascade Analysis ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Advanced Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Cascades, which track the progressive stages of engagement on the path towards a successful outcome, are increasingly being employed to quantitatively assess progress towards targets associated with health and development responses. Maximizing the proportion of people with successful outcomes within a budget-constrained context requires identifying and implementing interventions that are not only effective, but also cost-effective. Methods: We developed a software application called the Cascade Analysis Tool that implements advanced analysis and optimization methods for understanding cascades, combined with the flexibility to enable application across a wide range of areas in health and development. The tool allows users to design the cascade, collate and enter data, and then use the built-in analysis methods in order to answer key policy questions, such as: understanding where the biggest drop-offs along the cascade are; visualizing how the cascade varies by population; investigating the impact of introducing a new intervention or scaling up/down existing interventions; and estimating how available funding should be optimally allocated among available interventions in order to achieve a variety of different objectives selectable by the user (such as optimizing cascade outcomes in target years). The Cascade Analysis Tool is available via a user-friendly web-based application, and comes with a user guide, a library of pre-made examples, and training materials. Discussion: Whilst the Cascade Analysis Tool is still in the early stages of existence, it has already shown promise in preliminary applications, and we believe there is potential for it to help make sense of the increasing quantities of data on cascades.

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