scholarly journals Timing of Development of Measles-Specific Immunoglobulin M and G after Primary Measles Vaccination

1999 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita F. Helfand ◽  
Senait Kebede ◽  
Howard E. Gary ◽  
Hagos Beyene ◽  
William J. Bellini
Keyword(s):  
Positive Result ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Antibody Capture

ABSTRACT A standard method for diagnosing measles is to detect measles-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the serum of infected persons. Interpreting a positive IgM result from a person with suspected measles can be difficult if the person has recently received a measles vaccine. We have previously demonstrated that measles-specific IgM may persist for at least 8 weeks after primary vaccination, but it is unknown how quickly IgM appears. This study determined the timing of the rise of measles-specific IgM and IgG after primary measles vaccination with Schwartz vaccine. Two hundred eighty 9-month-old children from Ethiopia presenting for routine measles vaccination were enrolled. Sera were collected before and either 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks after vaccination and tested for measles-specific antibodies by an IgM capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and by an indirect IgG EIA. A total of 209 of the 224 children who returned for the second visit had prevaccination sera that were both IgM and IgG negative. The postvaccination IgM positivity rates for these 209 children were 2% at 1 week, 61% at 2 weeks, 79% at 3 weeks, and 60% at 4 weeks. The postvaccination IgG positivity rates were 0% at 1 week, 14% at 2 weeks, 81% at 3 weeks, and 85% at 4 weeks. We conclude that an IgM-positive result obtained by this antibody capture EIA is difficult to interpret if serum is collected between 8 days and 8 weeks after vaccination; in this situation, the diagnosis of measles should be based on an epidemiologic linkage to a confirmed case or on the detection of wild-type measles virus.

scholarly journals Decline of Measles-Specific Immunoglobulin M Antibodies after Primary Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita F. Helfand ◽  
Howard E. Gary ◽  
William L. Atkinson ◽  
James D. Nordin ◽  
Harry L. Keyserling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Suspected Infection ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACT Detection of measles-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) has become the standard diagnostic method for laboratory confirmation of measles. In outbreaks, the interpretation of an IgM-positive result can be complicated when persons with suspected measles receive a dose of measles vaccine as part of outbreak control measures. This investigation evaluated the decay of measles-specific IgM antibodies 1 to 4 months after primary vaccination with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMRII). Serum samples were obtained from 536 infants vaccinated when they were 15 months old as part of a study to assess primary and secondary measles vaccine failure. Sixty serum specimens per week were selected from specimens collected between 4 and 9 weeks after MMRII vaccination; all 176 available serum specimens collected between 10 and ≥16 weeks were included. Specimens were tested for the presence of measles-specific IgM by an antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay. The proportion of IgM-positive specimens dropped from 73% at 4 weeks after vaccination to 52% at 5 weeks after vaccination and then declined to 7% by 8 weeks after vaccination. Less than 10% of children remained IgM positive between 9 and 11 weeks. An IgM-negative result helps rule out the diagnosis of measles in a person with suspected infection and a history of recent vaccination. The interpretation of a positive IgM result from a person with a clinically suspected case of measles and a recent history of measles vaccination (especially within 8 weeks) is problematic, and the diagnosis of measles should be based on epidemiologic linkage to a confirmed case or on detection of wild-type measles virus.

scholarly journals Measles Vaccine-Associated Rash Illness in China: an Emerging Issue in the Process of Measles Elimination

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aili Cui ◽  
Huiling Wang ◽  
Zhen Zhu ◽  
Naiying Mao ◽  
Jinhua Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Measles Elimination ◽  
Vaccination History ◽  
Response Measures ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Nucleoprotein N ◽  
Measles Incidence

ABSTRACT Along with the implementation of measles case-based surveillance, measles vaccine-associated rash illness (VARI) cases were detected in China. To better understand the characteristics of VARI, 101 VARI cases confirmed by measles virus genotyping in 2011 to 2018 were analyzed in this study. With the decrease in measles incidence, the detection rate of VARI cases increased among the cases confirmed by genotyping. Compared with genotype H1 wild-type measles, VARI occurred throughout the year, without obvious seasonal distribution. Infants and children of ages 8 to 23 months were the main population of VARI. VARI mainly occurred within 14 days after measles vaccination. The number of VARI cases peaked on the 8th day after measles vaccination, which was later than that of genotype H1 wild-type measles cases with a measles vaccination history. VARI presents clinical symptoms similar to those of measles. The frequencies of the “3Cs” (cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis), Koplik spots, and complications in VARI cases were significantly lower than those in wild-type measles cases. In total, 94.06% of sequences from VARI cases were identical to measles vaccine strain S191 in the C-terminal 450-nucleotide sequence of the nucleoprotein (N-450) gene. A few substitutions were found in N-450 sequences of the VARI cases. The confirmation of VARI has become an emerging issue in the process of measles elimination. Rapid confirmation of VARI is critical for measles surveillance and will help to determine the response measures for measles, especially in measles preelimination and elimination settings. The suspected measles cases with measles-containing vaccine (MCV) vaccination were recommended to be tested by the laboratory to identify wild-type measles or VARI.

scholarly journals Characteristics of measles immunity in students of the pediatric faculty of a medical university

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
D. O. Ivanov ◽  
V. N. Timchenko ◽  
E. B. Pavlova ◽  
E. V. Barakina ◽  
T. M. Chernova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Measles Antibodies ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Instructions For Use ◽  
Medical University ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: to evaluate the intensity of measles immunity in students of I–VI courses of the pediatric faculty of St. Petersburg State Medical University.Materials and methods: titers of antibodies to measles virus were determined in 986 students of I–VI courses in May –June 2019. The level of measles antibodies was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results: positive (protective) titres of measles antibodies were detected in 555 people. (56.4%), the absence of measles immunity was found in 431 people. (43.6%), including 57 people. (5.8%) specific antibodies were not detected. The relationship between the level of collective immunity and the duration of the period after the last vaccination against measles was revealed.Conclusions: in the majority of examined students (96.2%), protective titers of measles antibodies remained for 10 years after the last vaccination. Subsequently, a significant decrease in the level of measles antibodies was noted. All students who do not have a protective IgG titer are shown measles vaccination with live measles vaccine in accordance with the instructions for use. 

Measles Immunity After Revaccination: Results in Children Vaccinated Before 10 Months of Age

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-335
Author(s):  
Calvin C. Linnemann ◽  
Mark S. Dine ◽  
Gary A. Roselle ◽  
P. Anne Askey
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Lymphocyte Transformation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Pediatric Practice ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
First Year Of Life

Measles immunity was studied in children in a private pediatric practice who had been revaccinated because they had received their primary measles vaccination before 1 year of age. Antibody was measured in 72 of these children who had received the first injection of live measles virus vaccine at <10 months of age, and the second at >1 year of age. Of the 72 children, 29 (40%) had no detectable antibody and the geometric mean titer for the group was approximately 1:4. Of the children with low antibody titers, 15 were given a third injection of measles vaccine and five (33%) still did not respond. Cell- mediated immunity as indicated by lymphocyte transformation to measles antigen was measured in 11 of the children. Five (45%) had responses to measles antigen, but the responses did not correlate with the presence or absence of antibody. This study confirms the observation that revaccination is unsuccessful in many children who received measles vaccine in the first year of life, and shows that even a third injection of vaccine may fail to produce a significant antibody response.

An Evaluation of Measles Revaccination Among School-entry-aged Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 613-618
Author(s):  
John C. Watson ◽  
John A. Pearson ◽  
Lauri E. Markowitz ◽  
Andrew L. Baughman ◽  
Dean D. Erdman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Schedule ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Measles Outbreaks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Vaccination Time

Background. A two dose measles vaccination schedule is recommended routinely for all schoolentry-aged children. We evaluated this recommendation by determining both measles antibody seroprevalence and the response to revaccination in seronegative children in this age group. Methods. Children 4 to 6 years of age who had received a single dose of measles vaccine between the ages of 15 to 17 months were tested for measles antibody by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) microneutralization technique. Seronegative children were revaccinated and again tested for measles antibody (immunoglobulin M [IgM] and neutralizing). Results. Of 679 children tested, 37 (5.4%) were seronegative. Seronegativity was not significantly associated with age, sex, race, age at initial vaccination, time since vaccinalion, or maternal year of birth. However, children of mothers with a college degree were 12 times more likely to be seronegative than children of mothers who never attended college (P< .01). Of the 37 seronegative children, 36 seroconverted after revaccination—33 producing IgM measles antibody, suggestive of a primary immune response. The cost per seroconversion would have been an estimated $415 if all 679 children had been revaccinated. Conclusions. Revaccination reduces the pool of children who are susceptible to measles. Although the cost per seroconversion is high, a two-dose schedule should reduce the substantial costs of controlling measles outbreaks by reducing the number of outbreaks.

scholarly journals Rash after measles vaccination: laboratory analysis of cases reported in São Paulo, Brazil

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria I Oliveira ◽  
Suely P Curti ◽  
Cristina A Figueiredo ◽  
Ana MS Afonso ◽  
Márcia Theobaldo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Parvovirus B19 ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Laboratory Analysis ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Etiological Diagnosis ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Clinical Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Rubella Vaccination

OBJECTIVE: The clinical differential diagnosis of rash due to viral infections is often difficult, and misdiagnosis is not rare, especially after the introduction of measles and rubella vaccination. A study to determine the etiological diagnosis of exanthema was carried out in a group of children after measles vaccination. METHODS: Sera collected from children with rash who received measles vaccine were reported in 1999. They were analyzed for IgM antibodies against measles virus, rubella virus, human parvovirus B19 (HPV B19) using ELISA commercial techniques, and human herpes virus 6 (HHV 6) using immunofluorescence commercial technique. Viremia for each of those viruses was tested using a polimerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: A total of 17 cases of children with exanthema after measles immunization were reported in 1999. The children, aged 9 to 12 months (median 10 months), had a blood sample taken for laboratory analysis. The time between vaccination and the first rash signs varied from 1 to 60 days. The serological results of those 17 children suspected of measles or rubella infection showed the following etiological diagnosis: 17.6% (3 in 17) HPV B19 infection; 76.5% (13 in 17) HHV 6 infection; 5.9% (1 in 17) rash due to measles vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: The study data indicate that infection due to HPV B19 or HHV 6 can be misdiagnosed as exanthema due to measles vaccination. Therefore, it is important to better characterize the etiology of rash in order to avoid attributing it incorrectly to measles vaccine.

scholarly journals Gamma interferon levels among Bangladeshi children after measles vaccination

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-121
Author(s):  
S Sultana ◽  
S Tabassum ◽  
A Nessa ◽  
M Jahan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Measles Vaccination

Gamma interferon (IFN-?) plays an important role in the immune response to live measles virus vaccination. To study the immune response to measles vaccination, IFN-? level was estimated in 30 children. Of these, 24 children vaccinated with a single dose of measles vaccine at nine months of age and 06 children vaccinated with a second dose during the Measles Catch-up Immunization campaign. Measles vaccine strain was cultured in Vero cell line and the Tissue Culture Infective Dose (TCID)50 was used as standard live virus. Peripheral blood Mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was separated by Ficoll- Hypaque density gradient centrifugation and stimulated with measles virus antigens and mitogens (lectin), cultured in CO2 and IFN-? level was measured from culture supernatant by ELISA. On stimulation with measles antigen and lectin respectively, IFN-? level was highest (105 pg/ml and 226.54 pg/ml) in the 109-120 months age group while it was lowest (12.97±8.16 pg/ml and 13.16±8.0 pg/ml) in the 61-72 months age group. No significant difference was observed in IFN-? level after stimulation with either measles antigen or lectin among well-nourished (p<0.8) and mal-nourished (p<0.7) children suggesting that nutritional status did not have any effect on IFN-? level. However, IFN-? level was higher in children who received two dose of measles vaccine than those who received a single dose (p<0.001).Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2014; 40 (3): 118-121

scholarly journals Progress towards Rapid Detection of Measles Vaccine Strains: a Tool To Inform Public Health Interventions

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 686-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill K. Hacker
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Epidemiological Tool ◽  
Type Strains

ABSTRACT Rapid differentiation of vaccine from wild-type strains in suspect measles cases is a valuable epidemiological tool that informs the public health response to this highly infectious disease. Few public health laboratories sequence measles virus-positive specimens to determine genotype, and the vaccine-specific real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) assay described by F. Roy et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 55:735–743, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01879-16 ) offers a rapid, easily adoptable method to identify measles vaccine strains in suspect cases.

scholarly journals Infection of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with different wild-type measles viruses

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (7) ◽  
pp. 2028-2034 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Sittana El Mubarak ◽  
Selma Yüksel ◽  
Geert van Amerongen ◽  
Paul G. H. Mulder ◽  
Maowia M. Mukhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Cynomolgus Macaques ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Kinetics Of

Both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques have been used as animal models for measles vaccination and immunopathogenesis studies. A number of studies have suggested that experimental measles virus (MV) infection induces more-characteristic clinical features in rhesus than in cynomolgus monkeys. In the present study, both macaque species were infected with two different wild-type MV strains and clinical, virological and immunological parameters were compared. The viruses used were a genotype C2 virus isolated in The Netherlands in 1991 (MV-Bil) and a genotype B3 virus isolated from a severe measles case in Sudan in 1997 (MV-Sudan). Following infection, all rhesus monkeys developed a skin rash and conjunctivitis, which were less obvious in cynomolgus monkeys. Fever was either mild or absent in both species. Virus reisolation profiles from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and broncho-alveolar lavage cells and the kinetics of MV-specific IgM and IgG responses were largely identical in the two animal species. However, in animals infected with MV-Sudan, viraemia appeared earlier and lasted longer than in animals infected with MV-Bil. This was also reflected by the earlier appearance of MV-specific serum IgM antibodies after infection with MV-Sudan. Collectively, these data show that cynomolgus and rhesus macaques are equally susceptible to wild-type MV infection, although infection in the skin seems to follow a different course in rhesus macaques. MV-Sudan proved more pathogenic for non-human primates than MV-Bil, which may render it more suitable for use in future pathogenesis studies.

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