scholarly journals Clinical Application of a Dot Blot Test for Diagnosis of Enteric Fever Due to Salmonella entericaSerovar Typhi in Patients with Typhoid Fever from Colombia and Peru

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 312-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Cardona-Castro ◽  
Eduardo Gotuzzo ◽  
Monica Rodriguez ◽  
Humberto Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Laboratory Facilities ◽  
Flagellar Antigen

ABSTRACT Clinical application of a dot blot test to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) (88% sensitivity and specificity) and IgM (12.1% sensitivity and 97% specificity) against flagellar antigen from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi was performed in Peruvian and Colombian patients with typhoid fever. This test can be used as a good predictor of serovar Typhi infection in regions lacking laboratory facilities and in field studies.

scholarly journals Typhoid fever: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uttam Kumar Paul ◽  
Arup Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Third Line ◽  
Flagellar Antigen ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins

Typhoid fever is still a deadly disease in developing countries, particularly in India. Although, the paediatric population is mostly affected by this disease, yet the disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in adult populations also. In India, most of the cases of typhoid fever are diagnosed clinically, or at the most by the Widal test which is not fool proof. The disease typhoid fever is an orally transmitted communicable infectious disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. It is usually caused by consuming impure water and contaminated food. Salmonella typhi is serologically positive for lipopolysaccharide antigens O9 and O12, protein flagellar antigen Hd, and polysaccharide capsular antigen Vi. S. typhi Vi-positive strains are more infectious and virulent than Vi-negative strains. Following the incubation period of 7 to 14 days, there is onset of fever and malaise. The fever is then accompanied by chills, headache, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vague abdominal discomfort, dry cough and myalgia. These are followed by coated tongue, tender abdomen, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Azithromycin (10mg/kg) given once daily for seven days has proven effective in the treatment of typhoid fever in some adults and children. A dose of 1g per day for five days was also found to be more effective in most adults. Of the third generation cephalosporins, oral Cefixime (15-20mg per kg per day, for adults, 100-200mg twice daily) has been widely used. Intravenous third generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime) are effective. Aztreonam and imipenem are potential third line drugs.

TYPHOID FEVER 002.0 (Enteric Fever)

2008 ◽  
pp. 92-94
Author(s):  
Theodore H. Curtis ◽  
David T. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Enteric Fever

scholarly journals Drug-Resistant Salmonella typhi in Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine E. Petrin ◽  
Russell W. Steele ◽  
Elizabeth A. Margolis ◽  
Justin M. Rabon ◽  
Holly Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
The United States ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins

Enteric fever (formerly typhoid fever) is a bacterial illness caused by fecal-oral transmission of Salmonella typhi or paratyphi. In early 2018, an outbreak of Salmonella typhi resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol was reported in Pakistan. This strain, termed “extensively resistant typhi,” has infected more than 5000 patients in endemic areas of South Asia, as well as travelers to and from these areas, including 5 cases in the United States. We present the case of one such child who developed extensively resistant enteric fever during a recent visit to Pakistan and required broader antimicrobial treatment than typically required. Clinicians should be aware that incoming cases of enteric fever may be nonsusceptible to commonly recommended antibiotics and that extensively resistant typhi requires treatment with carbapenems such as meropenem or azithromycin.

scholarly journals Human immunoglobulin G hinge regulates agonistic anti-CD40 immunostimulatory and antitumour activities through biophysical flexibility

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobo Liu ◽  
Yingjie Zhao ◽  
Huan Shi ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Xueying Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Application ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Human Immunoglobulin ◽  
Humanized Mice ◽  
Human Igg ◽  
Human Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapies

Abstract Human immunoglobulin G (IgG) agonistic antibodies targeting costimulatory immunoreceptors represent promising cancer immunotherapies yet to be developed. Whether, and how, human IgG hinge and Fc impact on their agonistic functions have been disputed. Here, we show that different natural human IgGs confer divergent agonistic anti-CD40 immunostimulatory and antitumour activities in FcγR-humanized mice, including inactive IgG3 and superior IgG2. This divergence is primarily due to their CH1-hinges despite all human IgGs requiring Fc-FcγR binding for optimal agonistic activities. Unexpectedly, biophysical flexibility of these CH1-hinges inversely correlates with, and can modulate, their agonistic potency. Furthermore, IgG Fcs optimized for selective FcγR binding synergize with and still require IgG hinge, selected for rigidity, to confer improved anti-CD40 immunostimulatory and antitumour activities. These findings highlight the importance of both hinge rigidity and selective FcγR binding in antibody agonistic function, and the need for newer strategies to modulate antibody agonism for improved clinical application.

scholarly journals Salmonella Hepatitis in Children : An Update

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-399
Author(s):  
Sadika Kadir ◽  
Tamanna Begum ◽  
Md Rafiqul Islam ◽  
Golam Nabi ◽  
Md Ashraful Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Reticuloendothelial System ◽  
Bleeding Diathesis ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Time Index ◽  
Atypical Presentations

Salmonella hepatitis is one of the atypical presentations of typhoid fever and can be defined as reversible involvement of liver during the course of typhoid fever. There have been more than 150 cases of salmonella hepatitis reported both in developed and developing countries. The documented incidence varies widely from 1 to 26% of patients with Typhoid fever. It presents with jaundice and tender hepatosplenomegaly. Investigation shows slightly raised transaminase levels with or without 5 adenosine neucleosidase and or decreased prothombin time index. It complicates into hepatic encephalopathy and bleeding diathesis. A positive culture for Salmonella from blood or stool is essential to differentiate Salmonella hepatitis from other causes of acute hepatitis. Hepatic pathology is characterized by the presence of typhoid nodules with marked hyperplasia of reticuloendothelial system. The ALT/LDH ratio < 9 is suggestive of Salmonella hepatitis which is > 9 in viral hepatitis. The prognosis is usually good as Salmonella hepatitis responses with specific antibiotic therapy and jaundice resolves with clinical improvement. The clinical course can be severe with high mortality (20%) sometime. In our country where enteric fever is endemic, the recognition of Salmonella hepatitis is of clinical importance . Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.10 (2) Jan 2019: 397-399

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Determine Rapid Syphilis TP Assay Using Sera

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Diaz ◽  
Maria de Gloria Bonecini Almeida ◽  
Ingebourg Georg ◽  
Suely de Carvalho Maia ◽  
Rogerio Valls de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hemagglutination Assay ◽  
Laboratory Facilities ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Hiv Negative

ABSTRACT The Abbott Determine Rapid Syphilis TP assay is a treponemal test that can be used in resource-poor settings that lack laboratory facilities. However, this test has not been extensively evaluated. We measured its sensitivity and specificity by using stored serum specimens (n = 567) from all persons who tested Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) positive (n = 250) or TPHA indeterminate (n = 17) in the year 2001 and the first 300 patients in 2001 who tested TPHA negative at the Evandro Chagas Research Institute in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This rapid assay was independently interpreted by three different observers. With TPHA results as the reference, sensitivity ranged between readers from 95.6 to 98.4% and specificity ranged from 97.3 to 95.7%. There was little interreader variability in the interpretation of results, with approximately 98% agreement for all reader combinations. Of samples from persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (n = 198), sensitivity was 96.9 to 99.2% and it was 94.4 to 96.3% among HIV-negative persons (n = 127). Specificity was 92.4 to 95.5% among HIV-positive persons and 97.2 to 100% among HIV-negative persons. We found this test to have high sensitivity and specificity and little interreader variability, indicating that it may be easily used in resource-poor settings without laboratory facilities. Further studies are needed using this test on whole blood and under the clinical conditions for which it is intended.

scholarly journals The comparison of cultures, widal agglutination test and polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic tool in typhoid fever

Open Medicine ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 470-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilker Devrim ◽  
Koray Ergünay ◽  
Ates Kara ◽  
Hasan Tezer ◽  
Inci Yiğitkanl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Group I ◽  
Polymerase Chain

AbstractTyphoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi, paratyphi A and B, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries. A rapid and sensitive method for the detection of S. typhi is essential for early diagnosis of typhoid fever and effective therapy. In this study 45 febrile patients who were suspected to have enteric fever were enrolled, and the results of blood cultures, widal agglutination tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction in these cases were evaluated. Group I consisted of 11 patients with diseases other than salmonella infections, group II represented 6 patients with positive cultures, and group III represented 28 patients with negative blood cultures negative but who were clinically suspected cases that had a medical history of using variable antimicrobial agents. Two positive PCR results were present; one of them was in culture positive group (16,6%) and the other was in culture negative group (3,5%). In our study widal agglutination tests and cultures were found not to be helpful in differential dignosis. Although PCR based detection of S. typhi is reported to be a sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of enteric fever, in our study the benefit of this method in the diagnosis of especially patients who were treated with antimicrobial therapy was not clearly determined. Other methods to increase sensitiviy and specificity to levels such as those of real time PCR should be developed and large-scaled studies should be done in endemic and non-epidemic regions.

scholarly journals An investigation of the normal agglutinins for typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli in human sera in Victoria, and the interpretation of the Widal test

1938 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 566-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Gregory ◽  
Nancy Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Widal Test ◽  
Human Sera

1. Five hundred samples of sera sent for the Wassermann test were tested for the presence of H and O agglutinins for Bact. typhosum, Bact. paratyphosum A and Bact. paratyphosum B. Histories were obtained of nearly all those persons whose sera gave H agglutination at dilutions of 1:40 or higher, or O agglutination at 1:80 or higher. It was found that at least 20 people in this series had been inoculated or had suffered from enteric fever. The remaining 480 were considered to be normal. This assumption is likely to be correct in this community where typhoid is the only enteric fever which occurs, and that rarely, and where inoculation is not commonly practised.2. The results are tabulated so as to show all the combinations of agglutinins which occurred at serum dilutions from 1:20 to 1:1280. Out of sixty-three possible combinations of agglutinins twenty-three were found to occur.3. The interpretation of the results for single agglutinins and for certain combinations of agglutinins is discussed, and also the application of these results to the diagnosis of typhoid fever in this community and enteric fever elsewhere.4. A comparison of the local “level” of normal agglutinins with that of other communities is made, and the origin of normal and co-agglutinins discussed.

scholarly journals Rapid Detection of Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis in Blood Cultures by a Dot Blot Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 977-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kritsana Janyapoon ◽  
Sunee Korbsrisate ◽  
Hatairat Thamapa ◽  
Sittichai Thongmin ◽  
Suwattana Kanjanahareutai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Biochemical Method ◽  
Dot Blot

ABSTRACT A dot blot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a monoclonal antibody specific to phase1-c Salmonella was developed for the direct detection of Salmonella entericaserovar Choleraesuis in blood cultures. This system was applied to the identification of serovar Choleraesuis, and the results were compared with those obtained by a conventional biochemical method. It was revealed that all 12 samples identified to be infected with serovar Choleraesuis were positive on testing by the ELISA. In contrast, 77 samples infected with bacteria commonly isolated from the blood were not reactive by the ELISA. The calculated sensitivity and specificity of the established assay are 100%.

scholarly journals Typhoid Fever in Palestine

1928 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Peller
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The Government ◽  
Local Health Authorities ◽  
Official Sources

No information from official or non-official sources is available on the prevalence of enteric fevers in Palestine in pre-war days. Since the establishment of the British Administration (1919) the Annual Reports of the Government Department of Health invariably emphasise the high incidence of enteric fevers. Several papers dealing with the epidemiology of the disease appeared in the Hebrew periodicals Briuth Haam and Harefuah and in 1926 an elaborate Report was submitted to the Department of Health by a Committee of Enquiry appointed by the Department to consider and advise on the situation as regards enteric fever in the country. The data thus accumulated, although very valuable for the local health authorities, did not reveal any peculiar features of more than local interest. Their publication abroad seemed, therefore, superfluous.

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