scholarly journals Bioengineering Strategies for Developing Vaccines against Respiratory Viral Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalini Iyer ◽  
Rajesh Yadav ◽  
Smriti Agarwal ◽  
Shashank Tripathi ◽  
Rachit Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Viral Pathogens

Respiratory viral pathogens like influenza and coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have caused outbreaks leading to millions of deaths. Vaccinations are, to date, the best and most economical way to control such outbreaks and have been highly successful for several pathogens. Currently used vaccines for respiratory viral pathogens are primarily live attenuated or inactivated and can risk reversion to virulence or confer inadequate immunity.

scholarly journals Medicinal Plants, Phytochemicals, and Herbs to Combat Viral Pathogens Including SARS-CoV-2

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1775
Author(s):  
Arumugam Vijaya Anand ◽  
Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan ◽  
Mohandass Kaviya ◽  
Kathirvel Bharathi ◽  
Aluru Parithathvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Direct Inhibition ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Important Health Issue

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the most important health issue, internationally. With no specific and effective antiviral therapy for COVID-19, new or repurposed antiviral are urgently needed. Phytochemicals pose a ray of hope for human health during this pandemic, and a great deal of research is concentrated on it. Phytochemicals have been used as antiviral agents against several viruses since they could inhibit several viruses via different mechanisms of direct inhibition either at the viral entry point or the replication stages and via immunomodulation potentials. Recent evidence also suggests that some plants and its components have shown promising antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes certain phytochemical agents along with their mode of actions and potential antiviral activities against important viral pathogens. A special focus has been given on medicinal plants and their extracts as well as herbs which have shown promising results to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection and can be useful in treating patients with COVID-19 as alternatives for treatment under phytotherapy approaches during this devastating pandemic situation.

scholarly journals Preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection by blocking a tissue serine protease

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 204993612093307
Author(s):  
Katherine C. Jankousky ◽  
Jonathan Schultz ◽  
Samuel Windham ◽  
Andrés F. Henao-Martínez ◽  
Carlos Franco-Paredes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Serine Protease ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Clinical Impact ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Pharmacological Targets ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Viral Surface

Currently, there are no proven pharmacologic interventions to reduce the clinical impact and prevent complications of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the cause of the ongoing Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Selecting specific pharmacological targets for the treatment of viral pathogens has traditionally relied in blockage of specific steps in their replicative lifecycle in human cells. However, an alternative approach is reducing the molecular cleavage of the viral surface spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to prevent viral entry into epithelial cells.

scholarly journals CYPRINID HERPESVIRUS DISEASES

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
Vladimir Radosavljević ◽  
Jelena Maksimović-Zorić ◽  
Ljubiša Veljović ◽  
Dragana Ljubojević ◽  
Miroslav Ćirković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Carp ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Fish Family ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 ◽  
Herpesvirus 1

Cyprinidae, the largest known fish family including carp and minnows, has worldwide distribution with many species that are economically important in aquaculture. As would be expected, many viral pathogens can affect this group. The most pathogenic of these are the rhabdoviruses, a reovirus and three herpesviruses. Cyprinid herpesviruses can cause significant economic losses in aquaculture, and some of these viruses are oncogenic. The three herpesviruses are closely related but cause distinctly different diseases. Fish pox, caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (CyHV-1), is one of the oldest known fish diseases, being recorded as early as 1563. It takes the form of a hyperplastic, epidermal papilloma on common carp. Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is causative agent of herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (HVHN). The herpesvirus was first isolated from cultured goldfish in Japan. It causes a severe epizootic but no external clinical signs were apparent on affected fish. One of the most economically important and researched viral diseases of carp is koi herpesviral disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). The aim of this paper is to present the current knowledge on herpesvirus diseases of the cyprinids.

scholarly journals Current Findings on Gut Microbiota Mediated Immune Modulation against Viral Diseases in Chicken

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abaidullah ◽  
Shuwei Peng ◽  
Muhammad Kamran ◽  
Xu Song ◽  
Zhongqiong Yin
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Acute Viral Infection

Chicken gastrointestinal tract is an important site of immune cell development that not only regulates gut microbiota but also maintains extra-intestinal immunity. Recent studies have emphasized the important roles of gut microbiota in shaping immunity against viral diseases in chicken. Microbial diversity and its integrity are the key elements for deriving immunity against invading viral pathogens. Commensal bacteria provide protection against pathogens through direct competition and by the production of antibodies and activation of different cytokines to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. There are few economically important viral diseases of chicken that perturb the intestinal microbiota diversity. Disruption of microbial homeostasis (dysbiosis) associates with a variety of pathological states, which facilitate the establishment of acute viral infections in chickens. In this review, we summarize the calibrated interactions among the microbiota mediated immune modulation through the production of different interferons (IFNs) ILs, and virus-specific IgA and IgG, and their impact on the severity of viral infections in chickens. Here, it also shows that acute viral infection diminishes commensal bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Firmicutes, and Blautia spp. populations and enhances the colonization of pathobionts, including E. coli, Shigella, and Clostridial spp., in infected chickens.

scholarly journals Natural Products and Nutrients against Different Viral Diseases: Prospects in Prevention and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Syed Ghazanfar Ali ◽  
Mohammad Azam Ansari ◽  
Mohammad A. Alzohairy ◽  
Ahmad Almatroudi ◽  
Mohammad N. Alomary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Zoonotic Virus ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Current Scenario

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic and is posing a serious challenge to mankind. As per the current scenario, there is an urgent need for antiviral that could act as a protective and therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2. Previous studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 is much similar to the SARS-CoV bat that occurred in 2002-03. Since it is a zoonotic virus, the exact source is still unknown, but it is believed bats may be the primary reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 through which it has been transferred to humans. In this review, we have tried to summarize some of the approaches that could be effective against SARS-CoV-2. Firstly, plants or plant-based products have been effective against different viral diseases, and secondly, plants or plant-based natural products have the minimum adverse effect. We have also highlighted a few vitamins and minerals that could be beneficial against SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Acute Transverse Myelitis Secondary to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Durrani ◽  
Kevin Kucharski ◽  
Zachary Smith ◽  
Stephanie Fien
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Transverse Myelitis ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Lower Extremity Weakness ◽  
Thoracic Level ◽  
Acute Transverse Myelitis ◽  
Hyperintense Signal ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Introduction: Respiratory viral illnesses are associated with diverse neurological complications, including acute transverse myelitis (ATM). Among the respiratory viral pathogens, the Coronaviridae family and its genera coronaviruses have been implicated as having neurotropic and neuroinvasive capabilities in human hosts.1 Despite previous strains of coronaviruses exhibiting neurotropic and neuroinvasive capabilities, little is known about the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its involvement with the central nervous system (CNS). The current pandemic has highlighted the diverse clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 including a possible link to CNS manifestation with disease processes such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and cerebrovascular disease. It is critical to shed light on the varied neurological manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 to ensure clinicians do not overlook at-risk patient populations and are able to provide targeted therapies appropriately. Case Report: While there are currently no published reports on post-infectious ATM secondary to SARS-CoV-2, there is one report of parainfectious ATM attributed to SARS-CoV-2 in pre-print. Here, we present a case of infectious ATM attributed to SARS-CoV-2 in a 24-year-old male who presented with bilateral lower-extremity weakness and overflow urinary incontinence after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed non-enhancing T2-weighted hyperintense signal abnormalities spanning from the seventh through the twelfth thoracic level consistent with acute myelitis. Conclusion: The patient underwent further workup and treatment with intravenous corticosteroids with improvement of symptoms and a discharge diagnosis of ATM secondary to SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Emergence in Biopharmaceuticals: The Role of Gedunin and Nimbin from Azadirachta indica as a potential cure for SARS CoV-2 and other viral diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
charunayan kamath ◽  
Archanna J
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Neem Leaves ◽  
Effective Remedy

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 –SARS CoV- 2 has affected over 170 million people worldwide out of which 3.5 million have lost their lives so far. There is no effective remedy for this highly contagious disease to date. This study examines the effect of Gedunin and Nimbin, one of the constituents of Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica), especially as a possible prophylactic element and a remedy for Covid-19 using computational methods. Other main constituents of the neem leaves such as Azadirachtin and Nimbidin may also work as an active antiviral. This study was initiated by the insights gained from the traditional method of controlling respiratory ailments. We propose ‘Emergence’ as the property that dictates the need to use Gedunin and Nimbin along with the other bioactive components of neem leaves as adjuvants against coronaviruses and other viral diseases

scholarly journals Cross-Sectional Survey on Long Term Sequelae of Pediatric COVID-19 among Italian Pediatricians

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 769
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Fabio Parisi ◽  
Lucia Diaferio ◽  
Giulia Brindisi ◽  
Cristiana Indolfi ◽  
Giuseppina Rosaria Umano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pediatric Society ◽  
Allergy And Immunology ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

The persistence of symptoms after recovery from Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is defined as long COVID, an entity that had occurred among adults but which is not yet well characterized in pediatric ages. The purpose of this work was to present some of the data from a survey addressed to Italian pediatricians concerning the impact of long-COVID among children who recovered from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The questionnaire was designed and pre-tested in February 2021 by a working group of experts from the Italian Pediatric Society for Allergy and Immunology (SIAIP). The survey was emailed once in March 2021 to a sample of Italian pediatricians. A total 267 Italian pediatricians participated in our survey. According to most pediatricians (97.3%), the persistence of symptoms is found in less than 20% of children. Specifically, with regard to the symptoms that persist even after swab negativization, fatigue was the most mentioned one (75.6%). Long-COVID would seem to be a phenomenon of limited occurrence in pediatric ages, affecting less than 20% of children. Among all of the symptoms, the one that was most prevalent was fatigue, a pathological entity that is associated with many viral diseases.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology Applications of Flavonoids for Viral Diseases

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1895
Author(s):  
Khoshnur Jannat ◽  
Alok K. Paul ◽  
Tohmina A. Bondhon ◽  
Anamul Hasan ◽  
Muhammad Nawaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Effective Drugs ◽  
Dietary Flavonoids

Recent years have witnessed the emergence of several viral diseases, including various zoonotic diseases such as the current pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Other viruses, which possess pandemic-causing potential include avian flu, Ebola, dengue, Zika, and Nipah virus, as well as the re-emergence of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) coronaviruses. Notably, effective drugs or vaccines against these viruses are still to be discovered. All the newly approved vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2-induced disease COVID-19 possess real-time possibility of becoming obsolete because of the development of ‘variants of concern’. Flavonoids are being increasingly recognized as prophylactic and therapeutic agents against emerging and old viral diseases. Around 10,000 natural flavonoid compounds have been identified, being phytochemicals, all plant-based. Flavonoids have been reported to have lesser side effects than conventional anti-viral agents and are effective against more viral diseases than currently used anti-virals. Despite their abundance in plants, which are a part of human diet, flavonoids have the problem of low bioavailability. Various attempts are in progress to increase the bioavailability of flavonoids, one of the promising fields being nanotechnology. This review is a narrative of some anti-viral dietary flavonoids, their bioavailability, and various means with an emphasis on the nanotechnology system(s) being experimented with to deliver anti-viral flavonoids, whose systems show potential in the efficient delivery of flavonoids, resulting in increased bioavailability.

scholarly journals The Virality of Pandemics: Reassembling the Social in the Anthropocene

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-31
Author(s):  
Subhadeepta Ray
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
First Century ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Polar Ice ◽  
Ice Caps ◽  
The Social ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
Human And Nature ◽  
Climate Crisis

Since the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which was the first pandemic of the twenty-first century, viral epidemics, such as the avian flu, swine flu, Ebola, COVID-19, et cetera, have been appearing with increasing frequency. The adaptation of existing diseases and the emergence of novel viruses are a cause of concern and need to be situated in the context of the anthropogenic events such as deforestation, collapsing biodiversity, species extinction and the melting of polar ice caps. Can the virus make us rethink the categories of life–non-life and classificatory practices of biology? How does the trope of immunity link viral diseases and modern forms of biopower? I attempt to locate the virus as an actor in the evolution of life on the planet that sutures the domains of biological, social, political and the geological. The virus forces us to re-examine our conception of sociality, which is predicated on instituting dichotomies of human–non-human and nature–culture. The reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic may help in overcoming the inertia and helplessness in facing planetary climate crisis.

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