scholarly journals Experimental Infection of Reindeer with Cervid Herpesvirus 2

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 1758-1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos G. das Neves ◽  
Torill Mørk ◽  
Jacques Godfroid ◽  
Karen K. Sørensen ◽  
Eva Breines ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Vaginal Swab ◽  
Mild Hyperthermia ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Vaginal Swabs ◽  
Positive Immunostaining ◽  
Serological Data

ABSTRACT Cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) has been isolated from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus), and serological data indicate that in reindeer this virus is endemic in Fennoscandia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. CvHV2 has been described as a cause of subclinical genital infections in reindeer, but little information on primary infections exists. In this study, six seronegative and presumably pregnant reindeer were allocated to one of two groups. Two animals were inoculated with CvHV2 intratracheally, and two animals intravaginally, with one control animal in each group receiving sterile water. Mild hyperthermia and serous discharges from the vagina and nose were observed. No abortions were recorded, but one calf died shortly after birth. Inoculated animals seroconverted and had neutralizing antibodies after days 7 to 10 postinfection. CvHV2 was detected by PCR in nasal and vaginal swabs from animals in both groups but could be isolated only from nasal swabs in the respiratory group and from vaginal swabs in the genital group. CvHV2 was detected by PCR in various organs and tissues postmortem. In control animals, the virus could not be isolated in spite of PCR-positive nasal and vaginal swab samples and some degree of positive immunostaining. One of the animals that were inoculated intratracheally developed a hemorrhagic, necrotizing bronchopneumonia, which was CvHV2 positive by PCR and immunohistochemistry. We conclude that CvHV2 can cause systemic infection, that both genital and respiratory inoculations can lead to virus shedding, and that the virus can infect the fetus in utero.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection among antenatal women

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1768
Author(s):  
Nishita Shettian ◽  
Shetty Theertha Shankar ◽  
Manjunath Kamath Ammembal
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Vaginal Swab ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Vaginal Swabs ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Group B

Background: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection in pregnant women is a major concern as it causes septicemia in neonates which is fatal and potentially life threatening. Objectives of present study were to study the distribution of Group B streptococcus infection among pregnant women at term, to understand if penicillin is still effective as the drug of choice, to determine the alternate drug of choice in women with Group B streptococcus infection if resistant to penicillin and analyze the proportion of Group B Streptococcus infection as a vaginal commensal.Methods: This is a hospital based prospective study comprising of 350 pregnant women at term gestation. Vaginal swabs as well as neonatal nasal swabs following delivery were collected under aseptic precautions and sent for culture and sensitivity.Results: Vaginal swab culture reports of 308 women out of 350 showed a growth. Candida albicans (23.8%), Enterococcus (5.6%), Escherichia coli (4.2%), MRSA (4.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (1.4%) and Group B Streptococcus (1.4%) were the organisms isolated. Penicillin is still the drug of choice for group B Streptococcal infection in antenatal women with Linezolid being the alternate drug of choice. None of the neonatal nasal swabs revealed any growth on culture and sensitivity.Conclusions: This study does not recommend routine screening for Group B Streptococcus in all pregnant women unless they have a positive history in previous pregnancies. Our study also revealed various other organisms which could be responsible for increasing the risk of maternal and neonatal morbidity.

scholarly journals Determining Proportion of Exfoliative Vaginal Cell during Various Stages of Estrus Cycle Using Vaginal Cytology Techniques in Aceh Cattle

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongku N. Siregar ◽  
Juli Melia ◽  
Rohaya ◽  
Cut Nila Thasmi ◽  
Dian Masyitha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Vaginal Swab ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Estrus Cycle ◽  
Vaginal Swabs ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Vaginal Cytology ◽  
Superficial Epithelium ◽  
Healthy Females

The aim of this study was to investigate the period of estrus cycle in aceh cattle, Indonesia, based on vaginal cytology techniques. Four healthy females of aceh cattle with average weight of 250–300 kg, age of 5–7 years, and body condition score of 3-4 were used. All cattle were subjected to ultrasonography analysis for the occurrence of corpus luteum before being synchronized using intramuscular injections of PGF2 alpha 25 mg. A vaginal swab was collected from aceh cattle, stained with Giemsa 10%, and observed microscopically. Period of estrus cycle was predicted from day 1 to day 24 after estrus synchronization was confirmed using ultrasonography analysis at the same day. The result showed that parabasal, intermediary, and superficial epithelium were found in the vaginal swabs collected from proestrus, metestrus, and diestrus aceh cattle. Proportions of these cells in the particular period of estrus cycle were 36.22, 32.62, and 31.16 (proestrus); 21.33, 32.58, and 46.09 (estrus); 40.75, 37.58, and 21.67 (metestrus); and 41.07, 37.38, and 21.67 (diestrus), respectively. In conclusion, dominant proportion of superficial cell that occurred in estrus period might be used as the base for determining optimal time for insemination.

scholarly journals Porcine Teschoviruses Comprise at Least Eleven Distinct Serotypes: Molecular and Evolutionary Aspects

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1620-1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Zell ◽  
Malte Dauber ◽  
Andi Krumbholz ◽  
Andreas Henke ◽  
Eckhard Birch-Hirschfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Genome Region ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
Porcine Enterovirus ◽  
Group I ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Serological Data

ABSTRACT Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 10 recognized prototype strains of the porcine enterovirus (PEV) cytopathic effect (CPE) group I reveals a close relationship of the viral genomes to the previously sequenced strain F65, supporting the concept of a reclassification of this virus group into a new picornavirus genus. Also, nucleotide sequences of the polyprotein-encoding genome region or the P1 region of 28 historic strains and recent field isolates were determined. The data suggest that several closely related but antigenically and molecular distinct serotypes constitute one species within the proposed genus Teschovirus. Based on sequence data and serological data, we propose a new serotype with strain Dresden as prototype. This hitherto unrecognized serotype is closely related to porcine teschovirus 1 (PTV-1, former PEV-1), but induces type-specific neutralizing antibodies. Sequencing of field isolates collected from animals presenting with neurological disorders prove that other serotypes than PTV-1 may also cause polioencephalomyelitis of swine.

scholarly journals Induction of Neutralizing Antibodies in Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) after Administration of a Killed West Nile Virus Vaccine

2004 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell V. Palmer ◽  
W. Ray Waters ◽  
Douglas D. Pedersen ◽  
William C. Stoffregen
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals HPV Testing of Self-Collected Vaginal Swabs for Cervical Cancer Prevention in South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 65s-66s ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Kuhn ◽  
Rakiya Saidu ◽  
Cecilia Svanholm-Barrie ◽  
Ana Tergas ◽  
Rosalind Boa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Vaginal Swab ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Hpv Testing ◽  
Cervical Sample ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Vaginal Swabs

Abstract 33 Background: Cervical cancer screening programs in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC) need to be strengthened. One of the challenges is insufficient health care personnel to achieve optimal coverage. We evaluated the potential of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing using self-collected vaginal swabs to improve screening. Methods: As part of a larger NCI-supported study in Cape Town, South Africa, we recruited 261 HIV-uninfected and 237 HIV-infected women aged 30-60 years, at one primary health care site. All women were instructed to self-collect a vaginal swab on site immediately prior to a gynecologic exam, during which a cervical sample was collected. Both self- and clinician-collected samples were tested for high risk HPV types (16, 18, 45, 31, 33, 35, 52, 58, 51, 59, 39, 56, 66, 68) using Cepheid GeneXpert (HPV XpertTM). All women underwent at least one colposcopy with histological sampling. Classification of endpoint was based on expert pathology review. Results: The HPV prevalence using the cervical vs. self sample, respectively, was 14% vs. 25% among HIV-uninfected and 50% vs. 62% among HIV-infected women. Among women who were diagnosed with grade 2 or 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or cervical cancer, 94% were positive on HPV Xpert on the cervical and 88% on the vaginal swab, ignoring HIV status. However, specificity was poor for HPV tests done on self samples, 78% in HIV-uninfected and 52% in HIV-infected women. On a patient preference questionnaire, >90% of women stated they would be prepared to collect a sample at home and two-thirds expressed a preference to be examined by a clinician. Conclusion: Even in self-collected vaginal samples, HPV Xpert has excellent sensitivity for detecting cervical cancer precursor lesions. In LMIC settings where the ratio of health care workers to the population is low, HPV testing of self-collected samples could successfully triage women who require further evaluation and treatment. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Louise Kuhn No relationship to disclose Rakiya Saidu No relationship to disclose Cecilia Svanholm-Barrie No relationship to disclose Ana Tergas Consulting or Advisory Role: Helomics Rosalind Boa No relationship to disclose Jennifer Moodley No relationship to disclose Thomas C. Wright No relationship to disclose David Persing No relationship to disclose Scott Campbell No relationship to disclose Lynette Denny No relationship to disclose

scholarly journals Piglet innate immune response to Streptococcus suis colonization is modulated by the virulence of the strain

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Neila-Ibáñez ◽  
Louise Brogaard ◽  
Lola Pailler-García ◽  
Jorge Martínez ◽  
Joaquim Segalés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Streptococcus Suis ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Transcriptional Analysis ◽  
Local Inflammatory Response ◽  
Virulence Potential ◽  
Nasal Swabs

AbstractStreptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen of swine involved in arthritis, polyserositis, and meningitis. Colonization of piglets by S. suis is very common and occurs early in life. The clinical outcome of infection is influenced by the virulence of the S. suis strains and the immunity of the animals. Here, the role of innate immunity was studied in cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived piglets inoculated intranasally with either virulent S. suis strain 10 (S10) or non-virulent S. suis strain T15. Colonization of the inoculated piglets was confirmed at the end of the study by PCR and immunohistochemistry. Fever (≥40.5 °C) was more prevalent in piglets inoculated with S10 compared to T15 at 4 h after inoculation. During the 3 days of monitoring, no other major clinical signs were detected. Accordingly, only small changes in transcription of genes associated with the antibacterial innate immune response were observed at systemic sites, with S10 inducing an earlier response than T15 in blood. Local inflammatory response to the inoculation, evaluated by transcriptional analysis of selected genes in nasal swabs, was more sustained in piglets inoculated with the virulent S10, as demonstrated by transcription of inflammation-related genes, such as IL1B, IL1A, and IRF7. In contrast, most of the gene expression changes in trachea, lungs, and associated lymph nodes were observed in response to the non-virulent T15 strain. Thus, S. suis colonization in the absence of systemic infection induces an innate immune response in piglets that appears to be related to the virulence potential of the colonizing strain.

scholarly journals Neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 in stray animals from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248578
Author(s):  
Helver Gonçalves Dias ◽  
Maria Eduarda Barreto Resck ◽  
Gabriela Cardoso Caldas ◽  
Alessandro Fioretti Resck ◽  
Natália Valente da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Stray Dog ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Stray Cat ◽  
Serological Data

The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel Betacoronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) became a public health emergency worldwide. Few reports indicate that owned pets from households with at least one human resident that was diagnosed with COVID-19 can be infected by SARS-CoV-2. However, the exposure to SARS-CoV-2 of pets from households with no COVID-19 cases or stray animals remains less assessed. Using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT90), we investigated the infection and previous exposure of dogs and cats to SARS-CoV-2 during the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. From June to August 2020, 96 animals were sampled, including 49 cats (40 owned and 9 stray) and 47 dogs (42 owned and 5 stray). Regarding owned pets, 75.6% (62/82) belonged to households with no COVID-19 cases. Samples included serum, and rectal and oropharyngeal swabs. All swabs were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, but serum samples of a stray cat and a stray dog presented neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-2, with PRNT90 titer of 80 and 40, respectively. Serological data presented here suggest that not only owned pets from households with COVID19 cases, but also stray animals are being exposed to SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals A Spike protein-based subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for pets: safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in juvenile cats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kairat Tabynov ◽  
Madiana Orynbassar ◽  
Leila Yelchibayeva ◽  
Nurkeldi Turebekov ◽  
Toktassyn Yerubayev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Wild Type Virus ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Virus Shedding

Abstract Whereas multiple vaccine types have been developed to curb the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) among humans, there are very few vaccines being developed for animals including pets. To combat the threat of human-to-animal, animal-to-animal and animal-to-human transmission and the generation of new virus variants, we developed a subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine which is based on recombinant spike protein extracellular domain expressed in insect cells then formulated with appropriate adjuvants. Sixteen 8-12-week-old outbred female and male kittens (n=4/group) were randomly assigned into four treatment groups: Group 1, Antigen alone; Group 2, Sepivac SWE™ adjuvant; Group 3, aluminum hydroxide adjuvant; Group 4, PBS administered control animals. All animals were vaccinated twice at day 0 and 14, intramuscularly in a volume of 0.5 mL (Groups 1-3: 5 µg of Spike protein). On days 0 and 28 serum samples were collected to evaluate anti-spike IgG, inhibition of spike binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), neutralizing antibodies to Wuhan-01 SARS-CoV-2 D614G (wild-type) and Delta variant viruses, and whole blood for hematology studies. At day 28, all groups were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 wild-type virus 106 TCID50 intranasally. On day 31, tissue samples (lung, heart, and nasal turbinates) were collected for histology, viral RNA detection and virus titration. Parameters evaluated in this study included safety, immunogenicity, and protection from infection with wild-type SARS-CoV-2 virus. After two immunizations, both vaccines induced high titers of serum anti-spike IgG, ACE-2 binding inhibitory and neutralizing antibodies against both wild-type and Delta variant virus in the juvenile cats. Both subunit vaccines provided protection of juvenile cats against virus shedding from the upper respiratory tract, and against viral replication in the lower respiratory tract and hearts. These promising data warrant ongoing evaluation of the vaccine’s ability to protect cats against SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant and in particular to prevent transmission of the infection to naïve cats, before proceeding with large-scale field trials.

scholarly journals Comparison of the pathogenicity and virus shedding of SARS CoV-2 VOC 202012/01 and D614G variant in hamster model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sreelekshmy Mohandas ◽  
Pragya D Yadav ◽  
Dimpal Nyayanit ◽  
Gururaj Deshpande ◽  
Anita Shete-Aich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Lung Pathology ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Hamster Model ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Vaccination Programs

AbstractThe emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has posed a serious challenge to public health system and vaccination programs across the globe. We have studied the pathogenicity and virus shedding pattern of the SARS-CoV-2 VOC 202012/01 and compared with D614G variant in Syrian hamsters. VOC 202012/01 could produce disease in hamsters characterized by body weight loss and respiratory tract tropism but mild lung pathology. Further, we also documented that neutralizing antibodies developed against VOC 202012/01 could equally neutralize D614G variant. Higher load of VOC 202012/01 in the nasal wash specimens was observed during the first week of infection outcompeting the D614G variant. The findings suggest increased fitness of VOC 202012/01 to the upper respiratory tract which could lead to higher transmission. Further investigations are needed to understand the transmissibility of new variants.One-Sentence SummarySARS-CoV-2 VOC 202012/01 infected hamsters demonstrated high viral RNA shedding through the nasal secretions and significant body weight loss with mild lung pathology compared to the D614G variant.

scholarly journals Interferon Inducing Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Vaccine Candidate Protected Piglets from HP-PRRSV Challenge and Evoke a Higher Level of Neutralizing Antibodies Response

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 490
Author(s):  
Yafei Li ◽  
Junhui Li ◽  
Sun He ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Jian Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Candidate ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Type I ◽  
Lethal Challenge ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Type I Ifns

Although widespread administration of attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccines has been implemented since they first became commercially available two decades ago, PRRSV infection prevalence in swine herds remains high. The limited success of PRRSV vaccines is partly due to the well-established fact that a given vaccine strain confers only partial or no protection against heterologous strains. In our past work, A2MC2-P90, a novel PRRSV vaccine candidate that induced a type I IFNs response in vitro, conferred complete protection against challenge with genetically heterologous PRRSV strains. Here we assessed the ability of the PRRSV vaccine candidate A2MC2-P90 to protect piglets against the HP-PRRSV challenge and compared its efficacy to that of a licensed HP-PRRSV-specific vaccine (TJM-F92) assessed in parallel. A2MC2-P90 provided vaccinated piglets with 100% protection from a lethal challenge with extremely virulent HP-PRRSV-XJA1, while 100% mortality was observed for unvaccinated piglets by day 21 post-challenge. Notably, comparison of partial sequence (GP5) of XJA1 to A2MC2-P90 suggested there was only 88.7% homology. When comparing post-HP-PRRSV challenge responses between piglets administered A2AMC2-P90 versus those immunized with licensed vaccine TJM-F92, A2MC2-P90-vaccinated piglets rapidly developed a stronger protective humoral immune response, as evidenced by much higher titers of neutralizing antibodies, more rapid clearance of viremia and less nasal virus shedding. In conclusion, our data suggest that this novel vaccine candidate A2MC2-P90 has improved protection spectrum against heterologous HP-PRRSV strains.

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