DETECTING HIDDEN FAULTS IN URBAN AREAS: CASE STUDIES AND METHODOLOGIES

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda R. Hultz ◽  
◽  
Kerri M. Gefeke ◽  
Kerri M. Gefeke ◽  
Elana Balch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Areas

scholarly journals Mapping 20 Years of Urban Expansion in 45 Urban Areas of Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Yann Forget ◽  
Michal Shimoni ◽  
Marius Gilbert ◽  
Catherine Linard
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Mapping Approach ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

By 2050, half of the net increase in the world’s population is expected to reside in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), driving high urbanization rates and drastic land cover changes. However, the data-scarce environment of SSA limits our understanding of the urban dynamics in the region. In this context, Earth Observation (EO) is an opportunity to gather accurate and up-to-date spatial information on urban extents. During the last decade, the adoption of open-access policies by major EO programs (CBERS, Landsat, Sentinel) has allowed the production of several global high resolution (10–30 m) maps of human settlements. However, mapping accuracies in SSA are usually lower, limited by the lack of reference datasets to support the training and the validation of the classification models. Here we propose a mapping approach based on multi-sensor satellite imagery (Landsat, Sentinel-1, Envisat, ERS) and volunteered geographic information (OpenStreetMap) to solve the challenges of urban remote sensing in SSA. The proposed mapping approach is assessed in 17 case studies for an average F1-score of 0.93, and applied in 45 urban areas of SSA to produce a dataset of urban expansion from 1995 to 2015. Across the case studies, built-up areas averaged a compound annual growth rate of 5.5% between 1995 and 2015. The comparison with local population dynamics reveals the heterogeneity of urban dynamics in SSA. Overall, population densities in built-up areas are decreasing. However, the impact of population growth on urban expansion differs depending on the size of the urban area and its income class.

European cities facing climate change: water management issue

BUILDER ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (7) ◽  
pp. 78-85
Author(s):  
Sebastian Dziedzic ◽  
Agata Twardoch
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Management ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Management Issue ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Integrated Approaches

The article provides an overview of spatial and legal solutions related to the issue of water management in cities in the context of climate change. The aim of the research is to identify the main differences between the traditional and integrated approaches to water-related infrastructure based on case studies of European Cities at different scales. Gathering, ordering and comparing adequate solutions will allow to establish guidelines for the development of Polish cities and point out directions for architects and urban planners designing urban spaces. The comparison of good examples with theory would make it possible to verify whether practise corresponds with theory, and whether it can actually - through the synergy of measures – bring new quality to urban areas.

scholarly journals Geoinformation approach to the urban geographic system research (case studies of Kharkiv region)

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
System Research ◽  
Automated Feature Extraction

Research problem introduction. The main research goal of this paper is to provide the urban geosystem research concept with both the theoretical basics presentation of GIS involvement in urban studies, and with examples of its practical applications. An urbogeosystem (UGS) has been presented not as a simple aggregate of cities, but as the emergent entity that produced complicated interconnections and interdependencies among its constituents. By the urbogeosystem concept the authors attempt to introduce a reliable research approach that has been deliberately developed to identify the nature and spatial peculiarities of the urbanization process in a given area. The exigency of this concept elaboration is listed by the number of needs and illustrated with ordinary 2D digital city cadaster limitations. The methodological background has been proposed, and its derivative applied solutions meet the number of necessities for more efficient urban mapping, city understanding, and municipal mana-gement. The geoinformation concept of the urban geographic system research. External and internal urbogeosystems. The authors explain why an UGS can be formalized as three major components: an aggregate of point features, a set of lines, an aggregate of areal features. The external UGS represents a set of cities, the internal one – a set of delineated areas within one urban territory. Algorithmic sequence of the urbogeosystem study with a GIS. The authors introduce algorithmic sequence of research provision with GIS, in which the LiDAR data processing block has been examined in the details with the procedure of the automated feature extraction explanation. Relevant software user interface sample of the visualization of the urban modeled feature attributes is provided. A case study of the external urbogeosystem. The regional case study of the external urbogeosystem modeling is introduced with GIS MapInfo Professional. The authors present the spatial econometric analysis for commuting study directed to a regional workforce market. The results of the external UGS research mainly correspond to some published social economic regularities in the area, but nonetheless it also demonstrates significant deviations that may be explained by this system’s emergent properties. Case studies of the internal urbogeosystem of Kharkiv-City. Two case studies of the internal urbogeosystem of Kharkiv City have been demonstrated, too. In the first one, automated feature extraction provided by the authors’ original software from LiDAR data has been applied for modeling this UGS content throughout a densely built-up urban parcel. In another case the GIS-analysis of the urbogeosystem functional impact on the catering services spatial distribution has been provided with the ArcGIS software. Results and conclusion. Summarizing all primary and derivative data processed with this technique as well as generalizing key ideas discussed in the text, the authors underline this whole methodological approach as such that can be considered as a general outlining showing how to use geoinformation software for the analysis of urban areas. Concluding their research, the authors emphasize that the urbogeosystem concept may be quite useful for visualization and different analysis applied for urban areas, including city planning, facility and other municipal management methods. The short list of the obtained results has been provided at the end of the text.

scholarly journals Methodology to Prioritize Climate Adaptation Measures in Urban Areas. Barcelona and Bristol Case Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 4807 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Guerrero-Hidalga ◽  
Eduardo Martínez-Gomariz ◽  
Barry Evans ◽  
James Webber ◽  
Montserrat Termes-Rifé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Welfare Impacts ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Detailed Assessment

In the current context of fast innovation in the field of urban resilience against extreme weather events, it is becoming more challenging for decision-makers to recognize the most beneficial adaptation measures for their cities. Detailed assessment of multiple measures is resource-consuming and requires specific expertise, which is not always available. To tackle these issues, in the context of the H2020 project RESCCUE (RESilience to cope with Climate Change in Urban arEas), a methodology to effectively prioritize adaptation measures against extreme rainfall-related hazards in urban areas has been developed. It follows a multi-phase structure to progressively narrow down the list of potential measures. It begins using less resource-intensive techniques, to finally focus on the in-depth analysis on a narrower selection of measures. It involves evaluation of risks, costs, and welfare impacts, with strong focus on stakeholders’ participation through the entire process. The methodology is adaptable to different contexts and objectives and has been tested in two case studies across Europe, namely Barcelona and Bristol.

Innovative Mobility Solutions in Rural Areas With Case Studies

2020 ◽  
pp. 156-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Gogola ◽  
Dana Sitányiová
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
Important Challenge

Rural areas still have some disadvantages in comparison to urban areas. Access to jobs, education, or health services provided for inhabitants in rural areas are limited. Another important topic is mobility, which is crucial to meet the travel expectations of inhabitants in rural areas. Finding new forms of mobility capable of covering all areas and meeting the requirements of rural inhabitants is the most important challenge. This chapter deals with mobility in rural areas from the perspective of demographics, social change, and accessibility to transport services. Moreover, this chapter offers various case studies dealing with innovative solutions for mobility in rural areas resulting from the RUMOBIL project.

scholarly journals Geological Challenges of Archaeological Prospecting: The Northern Peloponnese as a Type Location of Populated Syn-Rift Settings

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2450
Author(s):  
Katharina Rusch ◽  
Harald Stümpel ◽  
Walter Gauß ◽  
Silke Müth ◽  
Alexander Sokolicek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Alluvial Deposits ◽  
Archaeological Prospection ◽  
Wave Refraction ◽  
Wave Measurements ◽  
Marine Terraces

The Northern Peloponnese is not only home of a series of ancient poleis that are being studied by archaeologists, but it is also located on the southern shoulder of the most active extensional crustal structure in the world; the Corinthian rift. This rift has shaped the Northern Peloponnese as we now see it today since the Pliocene. Normal faulting, the tectonic uplift of syn-rift sediments and sea level changes, has shaped a landscape of steps rising from the coast to the ridges in the hinterland that provides challenging conditions to a geophysical survey. Where we can find coarse grained slope and delta deposits of conglomerate on top of banks of marl on ridges and slopes, the lower marine terraces and the coastal plain as well as valleys show the protective caprock eroded and the marl covered by young alluvial deposits. These materials show only a small contrast in their magnetic properties, which reduces the importance of magnetic mapping for the archaeological prospection in this region. The human utilization of the coastal plain and the urban areas pose additional challenges. These challenges have been overcome through various approaches that are shown in exemplary case studies from Aigeira and Sikyon. Whereas a combination of magnetic mapping and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) works very well on the ridges and along the slopes where we find coarser sediments in addition to the magnetic mapping, it is not suitable in the coastal plain due to the attenuating properties of the alluvial sediment. Here, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) proved to be very successful in mapping entire parts of a settlement in great detail. Seismic soundings were also sucessfully applied in determining the bedrock depth, the detection of walls and in the question of locating the harbor basin. In the presented six exemplary case studies, the following findings were made: (1) A fortification wall and building foundations at a depth of 0.4–1.2 m on a plateau northwest of the acropolis of Aigeira was found by 400 MHz GPR. (2) A honeycomb-shaped pattern of magnetic anomalies that suggested cavities could be identified as a weathering pattern of conglomerate rocks. (3) A rock basement 2.3 m deep and remains of an enclosing wall of the Aigeira theater area were found by shear wave refraction measurements. (4) Extensive ERT surveys detected several building remains in Sikyon like a potential building and grave monuments as well as several small houses. (5) A silted-up depression in the sediments of the coastal plane located through Love wave measurements, could be taken as evidence for either a silted harbor or a navigable riverbed.

Securing Pipeline Approvals in a Tough Regulatory Environment

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario E. Buszynski
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
The Public ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Study Results

The Regional Municipality of York is located immediately north of the City of Toronto. It is the fastest growing municipality in Ontario. The rapid expansion of residential, industrial and commercial development in the municipality has led to a weakness in the electrical and gas infrastructure. The Ontario Power Authority (the agency responsible for managing the power requirements in the Province of Ontario) has recognized this weakness and has developed plans calling for a new gas-fired generating station and improvements to the electrical grid. The shortages of gas supply and electricity have not developed overnight. Hydro One, which runs the electrical grid, initiated a supply study in 2002. The study recommended upgrading a 115 kV transmission line to a double circuit 230 kV transmission line on the existing corridor. The ensuing public outcry resulted in the municipality passing a resolution against the upgrade. Similarly, a large gas-fired generating station proposal was abandoned as the result of citizen opposition. In 2003, the Ontario Energy Board approved new Environmental Guidelines for the Location, Construction and Operation of Hydrocarbon Pipelines and Facilities in Ontario. The guidelines include specific new requirements for planning pipelines in urban areas. Among other things, these requirements involve the identification of indirectly affected landowners and a more detailed analysis of public issues and how they were resolved. It became clear that in order to achieve regulatory success, not only would the public have to become actively engaged in the decision-making early in the process, the technical reviewers (federal, provincial and municipal agencies) would likewise have to be actively involved. Through the use of two case studies of proposed large-diameter natural gas pipelines initiated in York Region in 2005, this paper describes the techniques used to engage the public and the regulators. It also describes how the public involvement requirements contained in the Ontario Energy Board’s new guidelines were incorporated into the planning process. The case studies begin with a rationale for the study area selected. A description of issues follows. The techniques used to address these issues and the success of the program are documented. Techniques include face-to-face project initiation meetings, use of technical and citizens’ advisory committees, sub-committee meetings to resolve specific issues and site-specific field work. The study results illustrate that it is possible to plan a right-of-way in such a manner as to satisfy the general public and regulators, be compatible with existing development, conform to the new Ontario Energy Board guidelines and minimize the amount of remedial work required to mitigate the impacts occurring on and adjacent to the right-of-way.

scholarly journals Understanding Computational Methods for Solar Envelopes Based on Design Parameters, Tools, and Case Studies: A Review

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miktha Farid Alkadri ◽  
Francesco De Luca ◽  
Michela Turrin ◽  
Sevil Sariyildiz
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Digital Tools ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Urban Heat

The increasing population density in urban areas simultaneously impacts the trend of energy consumption in building sectors and the urban heat island (UHI) effects of urban infrastructure. Accordingly, passive design strategies to create sustainable buildings play a major role in addressing these issues, while solar envelopes prove to be a relevant concept that specifically considers the environmental performance aspects of a proposed building given their local contexts. As significant advances have been made over the past decades regarding the development and implementation of computational solar envelopes, this study presents a comprehensive review of solar envelopes while specifically taking into account design parameters, digital tools, and the implementation of case studies in various contextual settings. This extensive review is conducted in several stages. First, an investigation of the scope and procedural steps of the review is conducted to frame the boundary of the topic to be analyzed within the conceptual framework of solar envelopes. Second, comparative analyses between categorized design methods in parallel with a database of design parameters are conducted, followed by an in-depth discussion of the criteria for the digital tools and case studies extracted from the selected references. Third, knowledge gaps are identified, and the future development of solar envelopes is discussed to complete the review. This study ultimately provides an inclusive understanding for designers and architects regarding the progressive methods of the development of solar envelopes during the conceptual design stage.

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