Growth rate of coeliac children is compromised before the onset of the disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (10) ◽  
pp. 964-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Auricchio ◽  
Pio Stellato ◽  
Dario Bruzzese ◽  
Donatella Cielo ◽  
Alfredo Chiurazzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
First Year ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Lower Growth Rate

IntroductionGrowth impairment has often been described in children who develop coeliac disease (CD). Based on data from the multicentre, longitudinal PreventCD study, we analysed the growth patterns of infants at genetic risk of CD, comparing those who developed CD by 6 years of age (CD ‘cases’, 113 infants) versus those who did not develop CD by 6 years (no CD ‘controls’, 831 infants).MethodsWeight and length/height were measured using a longitudinal protocol. Raw measurements were standardised, computing z-scores for length/height and weight; a linear mixed model was fitted to the data in order to compare the rate of growth in the two cohorts.ResultsNeither cases nor controls had significant growth failure. However, when the mean z-scores for weight and height were analysed, there was a difference between the two groups starting at fourth month of life. When the growth pattern in the first year was analysed longitudinally using mixed models, it emerged that children who develop CD had a significantly lower growth rate in weight z-score (−0.028/month; 95% CI −0.038 to −0.017; p<0.001) and in length/height z-score (−0.018/month; 95% CI −0.031 to −0.005; p=0.008) than those who do not develop CD. When the whole follow-up period was analysed (0–6 years), differences between groups in both weight and length/height z-scores were confirmed.ConclusionThe growth of children at risk of CD rarely fell below ‘clinical standards’. However, growth rate was significantly lower in cases than in controls. Our data suggest that peculiar pathways of growth are present in children who develop CD, long before any clinical or serological signs of the disease appear.

Age and growth of the echinoid Sphaerechinus granularis from the Algerian coast

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 1139-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Lila Soualili ◽  
Monique Guillou ◽  
Rachid Semroud
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Growth Difference ◽  
Algerian Population ◽  
Growth Bands ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
Algerian Coast

The growth bands in the plates of the echinoid Spharechinus granularis settled on the Algerian coast were analysed. Two distinct groups of sea urchins were identified with different growth patterns related to the period of recruitment, i.e. spring or autumn. The growth rate of the autumn cohort was higher over the year following the first winter after settlement. From the second winter there was little growth difference between the two cohorts. Compared to populations from Atlantic sites, the Algerian population has a lower growth rate and reduced longevity.

scholarly journals Growth in Infants, Children and Adolescents with Unilateral and Bilateral Cerebral Palsy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria de las Mercedes Ruiz Brunner ◽  
Eduardo Cuestas ◽  
Florian Heinen ◽  
Andreas Sebastian Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Severe Impairment ◽  
Z Scores

Abstract PURPOSE: To compare growth patterns during infancy, childhood and adolescence in children with unilateral and bilateral cerebral palsy (CP) phenotype and to assess the association with gross motor impairment, dysphagia and gestational age. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 389 children with CP from a single center population in Munich, Germany. 1536 measurements of height and weight were tabulated and z-scored from 6 to 180 months of age. Generalized linear mixed model were used to examine the association between growth, GMFCS, dysphagia and gestational age by CP phenotype. RESULTS: Children with unilateral CP tend to grow similarly to their typically developed peers. In the main effect model, bilateral CP phenotype was significantly associated with decreased mean z-scores for height (β[95% CI] = -0.953 [-1.145, -0.761], p < 0.001), weight (−0.999 [−1.176, −0.807], p < 0.001) and BMI (β[95% CI] = −0.437 [−0.799, −0.075]), compared with unilateral CP phenotype.This association remained significant in the interaction models. The height-for-age z-scores, weight-for-age decreased z-scores and BMI-for-age z-scores of children with bilateral CP and GMFCS III–V or dysphagia decreased more significantly than those of children with unilateral CP. Preterm birth was not significantly associated with decreased growth in height, weight and BMI.CONCLUSION: Reduced growth in children with bilateral CP was strongly associated with moderate to severe impairment in gross motor function (GMFCS III–V) and dysphagia.

scholarly journals The SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant is associated with increased clinical severity of disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J Pascall ◽  
Guy Mollett ◽  
Rachel Blacow ◽  
Naomi Bulteel ◽  
Robyn Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Generalised Linear Mixed Model ◽  
The Impact

Background The Alpha (B.1.1.7) SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern has been associated with increased transmission and increased 28-day mortality. We aimed to investigate the impact of infection on clinical severity of illness, including the need for oxygen or ventilation in a national cohort study. Methods In this prospective clinical cohort study, 1475 SARS-CoV-2 sequences were obtained from patients infected in Scotland, UK between the 1st November 2020 and 30th January 2021 and matched to clinical outcomes as the lineage became dominant in Scotland. We modelled the association between B.1.1.7 infection and severe disease using a cumulative generalised linear mixed model employing a 4-point scale of maximum severity based on requirement of respiratory support at 28 days. We also estimated the growth rate of B.1.1.7-associated infections as it emerged in Scotland using a phylogenetic exponential growth rate population model. Results The B.1.1.7 lineage was responsible for a third wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Scotland in association with a transmission rate 5-fold higher than the preceding second wave B.1.177 lineage. Of 1475 patients, 364 were infected with B.1.1.7, 1030 with B.1.177 and 81 with other lineages. Our analysis found a positive association between increased clinical severity and lineage (B.1.1.7 versus non-B.1.1.7; cumulative odds ratio: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.93). Viral load was higher in B.1.1.7 samples than in non-B.1.1.7 samples, as measured by cycle threshold (Ct) value (mean Ct change: -2.46, 95% CI: -4.22, -0.70). Conclusions The B.1.1.7 lineage was associated with more severe clinical disease in Scottish patients than co-circulating lineages.

Caecotrophes intake in growing rabbits estimated either from urinary excretion of purine derivatives or from direct measurement using animals provided with a neck collar: effect of type and level of dietary carbohydrate

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Belenguer ◽  
J. Balcells ◽  
M. Fondevila ◽  
C. Torre
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
G Ratio ◽  
Microbial N

AbstractThe present study compares estimates of caecotrophes production from urinary purine derivatives (PD) excretion with that from preventing caecotrophy by using a neck collar. A total of 64 New Zealand growing male rabbits were used to study the effect of diet composition on caecotrophes production. Diets were formulated using two sources of structural carbohydrates (fibre): alfalfa hay (AH) and sugar-beet pulp (SBP), mixed at two constant proportions, (0·75: 0·25) AH diets and (0·25: 0·75) SBP diets. Both diets included either barley or maize grain at two fibre: grain ratios (F/G, 80: 20 and 45: 55). Diets were given ad libitum. Growth rate, dry matter intake and digestibility were not modified by the grain source, although high F/G diets resulted in a lower growth rate (19·8 v. 26·4 g/day; P < 0·001). Between fibre sources, dry-matter intake and growth were higher in AH than in SBP diets (122·5 and 25·6 v. 101·6 and 20·4 g/day, respectively, P < 0·001 and P < 0·01). Rabbits given high F/G ratio and AH diets excreted more caecotrophes than those given low F/G ratio and SBP diets (19·5 and 20·9 v. 16·3 and 14·85 g/day, respectively). Microbial-N recycling through the caecotrophy process was higher when considering data from PD excretion (1·33 g/d) than when estimated by preventing caecotrophy (0·72 g/day).

Shape evolution of a spherical particle growing in supersaturated solution affected by straining flows

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (06) ◽  
pp. 1650059
Author(s):  
Jingjing Gao ◽  
Mingwen Chen ◽  
Zidong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Expansion Method ◽  
Supersaturated Solution ◽  
Shape Evolution ◽  
Interface Microstructure ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Ambient Flow ◽  
Multiple Variable ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
Asymptotic Expansion Method

The convection of ambient flow field has a significant influence on the pattern formation of growing particles. In this paper, we investigate the shape evolution of particles growing in supersaturated solution affected by straining flows. By using the multiple variable asymptotic expansion method, we obtain the asymptotic solution. The solution indicates that the interface microstructure is greatly affected by the straining flows. The flow results in a higher growth rate in the surface where it is incoming and a lower growth rate where it is outgoing. Besides, the flow also has effects on the concentration distribution.

scholarly journals Tree Growth and Wood Quality in Pure Vs. Mixed-Species Stands of European Beech and Calabrian Pine in Mediterranean Mountain Forests

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Russo ◽  
Pasquale A. Marziliano ◽  
Giorgio Macrì ◽  
Giuseppe Zimbalatti ◽  
Roberto Tognetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Mixture Effect ◽  
Calabrian Pine

Mixed-species forests may deliver more forest functions and services than monocultures, as being considered more resistant to disturbances than pure stands. However, information on wood quality in mixed-species vs. corresponding pure forests is poor. In this study, nine plots grouped into three triplets of pure and mixed-species stands of European beech and Calabrian pine (three dominated by European beech, three dominated by Calabrian pine, and three mixed-species plots) were analysed. We evaluated tree growth and wood quality through dendrochronological approaches and non-destructive technologies (acoustic detection), respectively, hypothesizing that the mixture might improve the fitness of each species and its wood quality. A linear mixed model was applied to test the effects of exogenous influences on the basal area index (BAI) and the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd). The recruitment period (Rp) was studied to verify whether wood quality was independent from stem radial growth patterns. Results showed that the mixture effect influenced both wood quality and BAI. In the mixed-species plots, for each species, MOEd values were significantly higher than in the corresponding pure stands. The mixture effect aligned MOEd values, making wood quality uniform across the different diameter classes. In the mixed-species plots, a significant positive relationship between MOEd and Rp, but also significantly higher BAI values than in the pure plots, were found for European beech, but not for Calabrian pine. The results suggest the promotion of mixing of European beech and Calabrian pine in this harsh environment to potentially improve both tree growth and wood quality.

Competition, Growth Rate, and CO2Fixation in Triazine-Susceptible and -Resistant Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus)

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Ahrens ◽  
E. W. Stoller
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Amaranthus Hybridus ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Synthetic Capacity ◽  
Smooth Pigweed

Triazine-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) biotypes of smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL.) were grown in the field under competitive conditions at varying initial proportions of S and R plants. R plants were less competitive than S plants as measured by accumulation of total above-ground dry weight and seed dry weight. S and R plants were also grown in the field under non-competitive conditions at 100, 40, and 10% light. Growth rate at 10% light did not differ between S and R plants. At the two higher light intensities, dry-matter accumulation 11 weeks after seeding was about 40% less in the R plants. At 100% light, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were lower in the R plants by about 3.5 and 19%, respectively. The light- and CO2-saturated rates of CO2fixation in intact leaves of glasshouse-grown R plants were 20% less than those in S plants. An apparent 10 and 20% greater number of chlorophyll molecules per photosystem II reaction center in R plants (as compared with S plants) grown in the field at 40 and 100% light, respectively, did not explain differences between the S and R biotypes in photo synthetic capacity. The S and R plants did not differ in specific leaf weight or chlorophyll content on a leaf-area basis. Lower growth rate of R plants may be responsible for inferior competitive ability of R biotypes and could be the result of an impaired photosynthetic capacity.

scholarly journals Physiological Characterization of an Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacterium Belonging to the “Candidatus Scalindua” Group

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (13) ◽  
pp. 4145-4148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takanori Awata ◽  
Mamoru Oshiki ◽  
Tomonori Kindaichi ◽  
Noriatsu Ozaki ◽  
Akiyoshi Ohashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Maximum Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Physiological Characterization ◽  
Phylogenetic Affiliation ◽  
Lower Growth Rate

ABSTRACTThe phylogenetic affiliation and physiological characteristics (e.g.,Ksand maximum specific growth rate [μmax]) of an anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacterium, “CandidatusScalindua sp.,” enriched from the marine sediment of Hiroshima Bay, Japan, were investigated. “CandidatusScalindua sp.” exhibits higher affinity for nitrite and a lower growth rate and yield than the known anammox species.

Evaluation of Bone Mineral Density in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 106-106
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Lal ◽  
Ellen Fung ◽  
Bamidele Kammen ◽  
Zahra Pakbaz ◽  
Nancy Sweeters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Z Scores

Abstract Background : Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) has been reported in adults and children with sickle cell anemia (SCA). Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is routinely used for measuring BMD because of less radiation exposure and lower cost. However, changes in vertebral body shape, marrow hyperplasia and bone infarction due to SCA may affect the evaluation of BMD with DXA. Hence, we compared DXA with quantitative computerized tomography (QCT), which measures true volumetric density, and may be less influenced by bone changes. Methods : The study enrolled children between 9–19 years of age with SCA, and one or more severe manifestations: &gt;2 hospital admissions/year, growth failure, avascular necrosis, or regular red cell transfusions for sickle cell-related complications. BMD of lumbar spine was determined by performing DXA of lumbar spine (Hologic Delphi-A, Bedford, MA). The apparent volumetric bone mineral density (BMAD) was calculated from bone mineral content, and compared to age, sex and ethnicity-matched reference data. BMD of the lumbar spine was also measured by QCT (Mindways Software, San Francisco, CA), and compared to age and sex-appropriate reference data. Results : The study has enrolled 25 patients (13 females and 12 males), of which 16 were younger than 14 years. In 6 children the height was &lt;10th centile for age. Thirteen patients were on regular transfusions for &gt;6 months, including 10 who had been transfused for &gt;2 years. Calcium intake, assessed by a standardized questionnaire, was less than recommended dietary allowance in 13 patients. The z-score for BMAD determined by DXA was &gt; −1.0 in 8, between −1.0 and −2.0 in 5, and &lt; −2.0 in 12 patients. The z-score for lumbar spine by QCT was &gt; −1.0 in 20, between −1.0 and −2.0 in 1 and &lt; −2.0 in 4 patients. DXA-derived BMD (areal density) and BMAD (apparent volumetric density) z-scores did not differ significantly (p=0.16). On the other hand, the paired values of z-scores by DXA (BMAD) and QCT were significantly different (p=.002). When z-scores were categorized as greater or less than −1.0, the results were concordant in 13 (both DXA and QCT normal in 8, and both DXA and QCT abnormal in 5), and discordant in 12 cases (abnormal DXA with normal QCT in every case). Among patients in discordant group, 9/12 had been on regular red cell transfusions for &gt;6 months, compared to 4/13 with concordant results (p=.047). There was no difference in the serum ferritin values between the two groups (p=.685). No significant difference in the prevalence of low BMAD z-scores was detected between groups based upon age, calcium intake, or growth failure. Five out of the 12 patients with BMAD z-score &lt; −2.0 were not on regular transfusion program. Conclusions : Almost half of the children with SCA had BMD below −2 standard deviations compared to age-matched controls. Low BMD was observed in chronically transfused as well as non-transfused children. In comparison, 16% of the patients were classified as low BMD (z &lt; −2.0) by QCT. The paired DXA/QCT results were discordant in half of the sample, with patients on regular transfusions for &gt;6 months more likely to have normal QCT results. It is likely that the reduction in marrow hyperplasia following initiation of regular transfusions may disproportionately affect the trabecular BMD measured by QCT. Longitudinal evaluation of BMD in patients starting on transfusion program could help to define the effect of transfusions on measures of BMD in SCA.

Growth and Genetic Variation of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) from Different Sections of the River Alta, North Norway

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1828-1835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tor G. Heggberget ◽  
Roar A. Lund ◽  
Nils Ryman ◽  
Gunnar Ståhl
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
North Norway ◽  
Smolt Age

Growth of young Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from three different sections of the River Alta was correlated with estimated growth differences among adult salmon caught in corresponding sections of the river. Young salmon grew most quickly each of the three years investigated in the upper section of the river; further downriver, presmolts had a significantly lower growth rate. Growth calculations based on scale samples from adults indicated corresponding river growth patterns from the three sections. Salmon caught in the upper section of the river had significantly lower smolt age (mean 3.92 yr) and better presmolt growth than salmon caught further downriver (mean smolt age in the middle and lower sections was 4.35 and 4.19 yr, respectively). Correlations between growth differences in young and adult salmon suggest that presmolts that have lived their first years in the upper section of the river apparently return there after having been at sea. Genetic analyses of presmolts indicate that local populations exist. Allele frequency differences at three electrophoretically detectable protein loci give independent support for the existence of genetically differentiated local populations within the River Alta.

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