Sex, gender or occupational psychology: what matters most to preventing heat-related illnesses and improving outcomes for women in ground close combat?

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjmilitary-2020-001480
Author(s):  
Robert M Gifford ◽  
N Taylor ◽  
M Stacey ◽  
D R Woods
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Real World ◽  
Heat Illness ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Thermal Physiology ◽  
Occupational Psychology ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Environmental Setting ◽  
The Impact

Since the advent of women in ground close combat (WGCC) roles, the impact on women of the attendant risk of heat stress and heat illness has been considered. Much emphasis has been placed on sex differences in thermal physiology. This article considers the application of evidence of sex-associated thermoregulatory variation to the occupational and environmental setting of WGCC, and weighs the relative importance of physiological differences arising from biological sex, and behaviour associated with gender normatives. Quantifying the risk of heat illness to WGCC should draw on data from their real-world occupational context.

scholarly journals Sex differences in the developmental origins of hypertension and cardiorenal disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (6) ◽  
pp. R1941-R1952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Gilbert ◽  
Mark J. Nijland
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
The Impact

The “developmental origins of health and disease” (DOHAD) hypothesis derives from clinical observations, indicating long-term health consequences for persons of low birth weight. There is growing evidence, primarily from animal studies, that supports the idea that processes put in motion during development that contribute to DOHAD do not necessarily reflect as significantly compromised growth and altered birth weight. Throughout the body of work investigating the DOHAD hypothesis, several themes have emerged; the importance of the placenta, the presence of critical periods of vulnerability, the involvement of the kidney in programmed hypertension, the presence of sex differences in the progression and development of adult diseases. Despite compelling findings in recent studies, much remains unclear regarding the impact of biological sex in the progression of human diseases, in general, and in the mechanisms underlying developmentally programmed responses, in particular. Although the contribution of biological sex to DOHAD is increasingly recognized, it also appears that it may exert distinctly different influences during fetal and adult life. The mechanisms by which biological sex contributes to these processes remains nebulous at present; nevertheless, several intriguing mechanistic candidates have been proposed ranging from differences in the amounts of sex hormones (e.g., estrogens, androgens) to recently described sexual dimorphism in the transcriptome of a variety of mammalian tissues. Recognizing the influences of biological sex or sex hormones on DOHAD uniquely situates research in this area to provide significant insights into the development and progression of many diseases, recent examples of which are the subject of this review.

scholarly journals 1524. Sex Differences in Influenza: The Challenge Study Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S764-S764
Author(s):  
Luca Giurgea ◽  
Adriana Cervantes-Medina ◽  
Alison Han ◽  
Lindsay Czajkowski ◽  
Holly Baus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Experimental Therapy ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Our understanding of the impact of biological sex on influenza-associated disease and the mechanisms that underpin it is still incomplete. Further investigation of sex-linked effects on influenza pathogenesis and clinical outcomes may help tailor vaccine strategies. Animal studies have shown female mice experience more symptoms than male mice during influenza infection. Similarly, human females of reproductive age have higher rates of influenza and influenza-related hospitalizations. However, data is sometimes conflicting and may be confounded by other important differences in baseline characteristics. Human challenge studies have demonstrated the importance of NAI titers as a correlate of protection and may also provide an ideal opportunity to study sex differences in a homogenous group of participants controlled for confounders. Methods Data from 168 volunteers who underwent Influenza A/California/04/2009/H1N1 challenge studies affiliated with NIAID’s LID Clinical Studies Unit were compiled to compare differences between sexes. Participants were included in the analysis if they received a challenge dose of virus of 107 TCID50 and were excluded if they had received any vaccines or experimental therapy during the study period. Results Baseline differences between male and female participants were observed in NAI titers but not HAI titers or age. Outcomes of interest included presence of viral shedding/duration which were similar among sexes. However, symptom number and duration were higher among female participants (p=0.008 and p=0.045 respectively). Ongoing data analysis also shows females have lower post-challenge NAI titers than males. Conclusion Female participants in our H1N1 challenge studies had more symptoms and a longer duration of symptoms compared to their male counterparts. Differences in NAI titers may potentially explain the observed relationship between sex and symptoms associated with influenza. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

1607-P: Real-World Evidence of the Impact of Obesity on Residual Teeth in the Japanese Population

Diabetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1607-P
Author(s):  
MAYU HAYASHI ◽  
KATSUTARO MORINO ◽  
KAYO HARADA ◽  
MIKI ISHIKAWA ◽  
ITSUKO MIYAZAWA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Japanese Population ◽  
Real World Evidence ◽  
The Impact

INFLUENCE OF GREENHOUSE SHADING AND DIFFERENT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ALLEVIATING HEAT STRESS, IMPROVING PLANT NUTRIENTS STATUS, FLOWERING GROWTH AND YIELD OF TOMATO

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1001-1014
Author(s):  
Sulaiman & Sadiq
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Nutrition Programs ◽  
The Impact

The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons to evaluate the impact of the shading and various nutrition programs on mitigating heat stress, reducing the use of chemical minerals, improving the reproductive growth and yield of tomato plant. Split-plot within Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in this study. Shading factor was allocated in the main plots and the nutrition programs distributed randomly in the subplots. Results indicate that shading resulted in the decrease of daytime temperature by 5.7˚C as an average for both seasons; thus a significant increasing was found in leaf contents of macro nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium), and micro nutrients (Iron, Zinc and Boron), except the Iron content in 2018 growing season. Furthermore, shading improved significantly the reproductive growth and tomato yield. Among the plant nutrition programs, the integrated nutrient management (INM) including the application of organic substances, bio inoculum of AMF and 50% of the recommended dose of chemical fertilizers; lead to the enhancement of nutrients content, reproductive characteristics and plant yield. Generally, combination of both shading and INM showed positive effects on plants nutrient status and persisting balance on tomato flowering growth and fruits yield.

Sex Differences in Anxiety Disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 404-432
Author(s):  
Teresa A. Piggott ◽  
Alexandra N. Duran ◽  
Isha Jalnapurkar ◽  
Tyler Kimm ◽  
Stephanie Linscheid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Psychosocial Influences ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Women are more likely than men to meet lifetime criteria for an anxiety disorder. Moreover, anxiety is a risk factor for the development of other psychiatric conditions, including major depression. Numerous studies have identified evidence of sex differences in anxiety disorders, and there is considerable research concerning factors that may contribute to vulnerability for anxiety in females. In addition to psychosocial influences, biological components such as the female reproductive hormone cycle have also been implicated. Although psychotropic medication is more likely to be prescribed to women, there is little controlled data available concerning sex differences in the efficacy and/or tolerability of pharmacotherapy in anxiety disorders. This chapter provides an overview of the impact of gender in the epidemiology, phenomenology, course, and treatment response in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder (PD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

The traditional sexual script and humor in courtship

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-218
Author(s):  
Elaina M. Ross ◽  
Jeffrey A. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Sexual Script ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Sex Influence ◽  
Potential Partner

AbstractTo account for sex differences in the production, receptivity, and preference for humor in potential mates during courtship, past research has often adopted an evolutionary approach. The present manuscript will attempt to integrate evolutionary explanations with proximal social and cultural influences using the traditional sexual script and ambivalent sexism theory. The results of both Study 1 (N=227) and Study 2 (N=424) suggest that trait masculinity is positively associated with humor production in courtship, while trait femininity is associated with humor receptivity. Study 1 indicated that the traditional flirting style was associated with less humor production by women, and Study 2 indicated that hostile sexism was related to a lower preference for a humor-producing potential partner by men. A sex difference in humor production in potential partners in Study 2 was no longer detectable once trait gender and hostile sexism was accounted for. Taken together, gender roles, over and above biological sex, influence one’s own humor use in courtship and preference for humor in potential partners.

scholarly journals Review: Impacts of shade on cattle well-being in the beef supply chain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily N Edwards-Callaway ◽  
M Caitlin Cramer ◽  
Caitlin N Cadaret ◽  
Elizabeth J Bigler ◽  
Terry E Engle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Stress Susceptibility ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Shade is a mechanism to reduce heat load providing cattle with an environment supportive of their welfare needs. Although heat stress has been extensively reviewed, researched, and addressed in dairy production systems, it has not been investigated in the same manner in the beef cattle supply chain. Like all animals, beef cattle are susceptible to heat stress if they are unable to dissipate heat during times of elevated ambient temperatures. There are many factors that impact heat stress susceptibility in beef cattle throughout the different supply chain sectors, many of which relate to the production system, i.e. availability of shade, microclimate of environment, and nutrition management. The results from studies evaluating the effects of shade on production and welfare are difficult to compare due to variation in structural design, construction materials used, height, shape, and area of shade provided. Additionally, depending on operation location, shade may or may not be beneficial during all times of the year, which can influence the decision to make shade a permanent part of management systems. Shade has been shown to lessen the physiologic response of cattle to heat stress. Shaded cattle exhibit lower respiration rates, body temperatures, and panting scores compared to un-shaded cattle in weather that increases the risk of heat stress. Results from studies investigating the provision of shade indicate that cattle seek shade in hot weather. The impact of shade on behavioral patterns is inconsistent in the current body of research, some studies indicating shade provision impacts behavior and other studies reporting no difference between shaded and un-shaded groups. Analysis of performance and carcass characteristics across feedlot studies demonstrated that shaded cattle had increased ADG, improved feed efficiency, HCW, and dressing percentage when compared to cattle without shade. Despite the documented benefits of shade, current industry statistics, although severely limited in scope, indicate low shade implementation rates in feedlots and data in other supply chain sectors do not exist. Industry guidelines and third party on-farm certification programs articulate the critical need for protection from extreme weather but are not consistent in providing specific recommendations and requirements. Future efforts should include: updated economic analyses of cost versus benefit of shade implementation, exploration of producer perspectives and needs relative to shade, consideration of shade impacts in the cow-calf and slaughter plant segments of the supply chain, and integration of indicators of affective (mental) state and preference in research studies to enhance the holistic assessment of cattle welfare.

scholarly journals POS1121 DEMOGRAPHICS, COMORBIDITIES, AND RENAL FUNCTION OF UNCONTROLLED GOUT PATIENTS WHO RECEIVED PEGLOTICASE: FINDING FROM A LARGE US CLAIMS DATABASE

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 839.2-840
Author(s):  
C. Vesel ◽  
A. Morton ◽  
M. Francis-Sedlak ◽  
B. Lamoreaux
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Function ◽  
Real World ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Claims Database ◽  
Medical Diagnoses ◽  
Ckd Stage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Background:NHANES data indicate that approximately 9.2 million Americans have gout,1 with a small subset having uncontrolled disease.2 Pegloticase is a PEGylated recombinant uricase enzyme indicated for treating uncontrolled gout that markedly reduces serum uric acid levels (sUA)3 and resolves tophi in treatment responders.4 Despite pegloticase availability in the US for many years, real world demographics of pegloticase users in the treatment of uncontrolled gout have not been previously reported in a population-based cohort.Objectives:This study utilized a large US claims database to examine demographics and co-morbidities of uncontrolled gout patients treated with pegloticase. Kidney function before and after pegloticase treatment and concomitant therapy with immunomodulators were also examined.Methods:The TriNetX Diamond database includes de-identified data from 4.3 million US patients with gout (as of September 2019), including demographics, medical diagnoses, laboratory values, procedures (e.g. infusions, surgeries), and pharmacy data. Patients who had received ≥1 pegloticase infusion were included in these analyses. The number of infusions was evaluated for a subgroup of patients who were in the database ≥3 months before and ≥2 years after the first pegloticase infusion (i.e. first infusion prior to September 2017) to ensure only complete courses of therapy were captured. In this subpopulation, kidney function before and after pegloticase therapy was examined, along with the presence of immunomodulation prescriptions (methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, leflunomide) within 60 days prior to and 14 days after the first pegloticase infusion.Results:1494 patients treated with pegloticase were identified. Patients were 63.1 ± 14.0 years of age (range: 23–91), mostly male (82%), and white (76%). Mean sUA prior to pegloticase was 8.7 ± 2.4 mg/dL (n=50), indicating uncontrolled gout in the identified population. The most commonly reported comorbidities were chronic kidney disease (CKD, 48%), essential hypertension (71%), type 2 diabetes (39%), and cardiovascular disease (38%), similar to pegloticase pivotal Phase 3 trial populations. In patients with pre-therapy kidney function measures (n=134), pre-treatment eGFR averaged 61.2 ± 25.7 ml/min/1.73 m2, with 44% having Stage 3-5 CKD. In patients with complete therapy course capture and pre- and post-therapy eGFR measures (n=48), kidney function remained stable (change in eGFR: -2.9 ± 18.2 ml/min/1.73 m2) and CKD stage remained the same or improved in 81% of patients. In 791 patients with complete treatment course capture, patients had received 8.7 ± 13.8 infusions (median: 3, IQR: 2-10). Of these, 189 (24%) patients received only 1 pegloticase infusion and 173 (22%) received ≥12 infusions. As the data cut-off for this analysis pre-dated emerging data on the use of immunomodulation as co-therapy, only 19 of 791 (2%) patients received immunomodulation co-therapy with pegloticase.Conclusion:This relatively large group of patients with uncontrolled gout treated with pegloticase had similar patient characteristics of those studied in the phase 3 randomized clinical trials. Patients with uncontrolled gout are significantly burdened with systemic co-morbid diseases. The majority of patients had stable or improved kidney function following pegloticase treatment. As these results reflect patients initiating treatment prior to 2018, before co-treatment with immunomodulation was introduced, this cohort only included a small percentage of patients who were co-treated with an immunomodulator. Future studies using more current datasets are needed to evaluate real world outcomes in patients treated with pegloticase/immunomodulator co-therapy and to evaluate the impact of systemic co-morbid diseases.References:[1]Chen-Xu M, et al. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019 71:991-999.[2]Fels E, Sundy JS. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008;20:198-202.[3]Sundy J, et al. JAMA 2011;306:711-720.[4]Mandell BF, et al. Arthritis Res Ther 2018;20:286.Disclosure of Interests:Claudia Vesel Shareholder of: Horizon Therapeutics plc, Employee of: Horizon Therapeutics plc, Allan Morton Speakers bureau: Sanofi, Amgen, and Horizon, Megan Francis-Sedlak Shareholder of: Horizon Therapeutics plc, Employee of: Horizon Therapeutics plc, Brian LaMoreaux Shareholder of: Horizon Therapeutics plc, Employee of: Horizon Therapeutics plc.

scholarly journals On the Spatial Patterns of Urban Thermal Conditions Using Indoor and Outdoor Temperatures

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 640
Author(s):  
Sadroddin Alavipanah ◽  
Dagmar Haase ◽  
Mohsen Makki ◽  
Mir Muhammad Nizamani ◽  
Salman Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Cold Spot ◽  
Temperature Pattern ◽  
Outdoor Temperature ◽  
Residential Units ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

The changing climate has introduced new and unique challenges and threats to humans and their environment. Urban dwellers in particular have suffered from increased levels of heat stress, and the situation is predicted to continue to worsen in the future. Attention toward urban climate change adaptation has increased more than ever before, but previous studies have focused on indoor and outdoor temperature patterns separately. The objective of this research is to assess the indoor and outdoor temperature patterns of different urban settlements. Remote sensing data, together with air temperature data collected with temperature data loggers, were used to analyze land surface temperature (outdoor temperature) and air temperature (indoor temperature). A hot and cold spot analysis was performed to identify the statistically significant clusters of high and low temperature data. The results showed a distinct temperature pattern across different residential units. Districts with dense urban settlements show a warmer outdoor temperature than do more sparsely developed districts. Dense urban settlements show cooler indoor temperatures during the day and night, while newly built districts show cooler outdoor temperatures during the warm season. Understanding indoor and outdoor temperature patterns simultaneously could help to better identify districts that are vulnerable to heat stress in each city. Recognizing vulnerable districts could minimize the impact of heat stress on inhabitants.

PP469 From Theory To Practice: Which Value Framework Is Applied For Onco-Hematology Therapies In Italy? A 5-year Retrospective Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (S1) ◽  
pp. 37-37
Author(s):  
Americo Cicchetti ◽  
Rossella Di Bidino ◽  
Entela Xoxi ◽  
Irene Luccarini ◽  
Alessia Brigido
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
National Level ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
The Real ◽  
R Process ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionDifferent value frameworks (VFs) have been proposed in order to translate available evidence on risk-benefit profiles of new treatments into Pricing & Reimbursement (P&R) decisions. However limited evidence is available on the impact of their implementation. It's relevant to distinguish among VFs proposed by scientific societies and providers, which usually are applicable to all treatments, and VFs elaborated by regulatory agencies and health technology assessment (HTA), which focused on specific therapeutic areas. Such heterogeneity in VFs has significant implications in terms of value dimension considered and criteria adopted to define or support a price decision.MethodsA literature research was conducted to identify already proposed or adopted VF for onco-hematology treatments. Both scientific and grey literature were investigated. Then, an ad hoc data collection was conducted for multiple myeloma; breast, prostate and urothelial cancer; and Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) therapies. Pharmaceutical products authorized by European Medicines Agency from January 2014 till December 2019 were identified. Primary sources of data were European Public Assessment Reports and P&R decision taken by the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) till September 2019.ResultsThe analysis allowed to define a taxonomy to distinguish categories of VF relevant to onco-hematological treatments. We identified the “real-world” VF that emerged given past P&R decisions taken at the Italian level. Data was collected both for clinical and economical outcomes/indicators, as well as decisions taken on innovativeness of therapies. Relevant differences emerge between the real world value framework and the one that should be applied given the normative framework of the Italian Health System.ConclusionsThe value framework that emerged from the analysis addressed issues of specific aspects of onco-hematological treatments which emerged during an ad hoc analysis conducted on treatment authorized in the last 5 years. The perspective adopted to elaborate the VF was the one of an HTA agency responsible for P&R decisions at a national level. Furthermore, comparing a real-world value framework with the one based on the general criteria defined by the national legislation, our analysis allowed identification of the most critical point of the current national P&R process in terms ofsustainability of current and future therapies as advance therapies and agnostic-tumor therapies.

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