Safest light in a combat area while performing intravenous access in the dark

2018 ◽  
Vol 164 (5) ◽  
pp. 343-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Aydin ◽  
S Bilge ◽  
M Eryilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Night Vision ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Prehospital Management ◽  
Dark Room

IntroductionCannulation for the administration of intravenous fluids is integral to the prehospital management of injured military patients. However, this may be technically challenging to undertake during night-time conditions where the use of light to aid cannulation may give the tactical situation away to opponents. The aim of this study was to investigate the success and tactical safety of venepuncture under battlefield conditions with different colour light sources.MethodThe procedure was carried out with naked eye in a bright room in the absence of a separate light source, with a naked eye in a dark room under red, white, blue and green light sources and under an infrared light source while wearing night vision goggles (NVGs). The success, safety, degree of difficulty and completion time for each procedure were then explored.ResultsAll interventions made in daylight and in a dark room were found to be 100% successful. Interventions performed under infrared light while wearing NVGs took longer than under other light sources or in daylight. Interventions performed under blue light were tactically safer when compared with interventions performed under different light sources.ConclusionBlue light offered the best tactical safety during intravenous cannulation under night-time conditions and is recommended for future use in tactical casualty care. The use of NVGs using infrared light cannot be recommended if there is the possibility of opponents having access to the technology.

scholarly journals Accuracy of the GENEActiv Device for Measuring Light Exposure in Sleep and Circadian Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-152
Author(s):  
Julia E. Stone ◽  
Elise M. McGlashan ◽  
Elise R. Facer-Childs ◽  
Sean W. Cain ◽  
Andrew J. K. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Spectral Composition ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Lower Accuracy ◽  
The Impact

Light is a variable of key interest in circadian rhythms research, commonly measured using wrist-worn sensors. The GENEActiv Original is a cost-effective and practical option for assessing light in ambulatory settings. With increasing research on health and well-being incorporating sleep and circadian factors, the validity of wearable devices for assessing light environments needs to be evaluated. In this study, we tested the accuracy of the GENEActiv Original devices (n = 10) for recording light under a range of ecologically relevant lighting conditions, including LED, fluorescent, infrared, and outdoor lighting. The GENEActiv output had a strong linear relationship with photopic illuminance. However, the devices consistently under-reported photopic illuminance, especially below 100 lux. Accuracy below 100 lux depended on the light source, with lower accuracy and higher variability under fluorescent lighting. The device’s accuracy was also tested using light sources of varying spectral composition, which indicated that the device tends to under-report photopic illuminance for green light sources and over-report for red light sources. Furthermore, measures of photopic illuminance were impacted by infrared light exposure. We conclude that the GENEActiv Original is suitable for mapping light patterns within an individual context, and can reasonably differentiate indoor vs. outdoor lighting, though the accuracy is variable at low light conditions. Given the human circadian system’s high sensitivity to light levels below 100 lux, if using the GENEActiv Original, we recommend also collecting light source data to better understand the impact on the circadian system, especially where participants spend prolonged periods in dim lighting.

scholarly journals Green-light Supplementation for Enhanced Lettuce Growth under Red- and Blue-light-emitting Diodes

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1617-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeon-Hye Kim ◽  
Gregory D. Goins ◽  
Raymond M. Wheeler ◽  
John C. Sager
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Light Emitting Diodes ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Fluorescent Lamps ◽  
Green Fluorescent

Plants will be an important component of future long-term space missions. Lighting systems for growing plants will need to be lightweight, reliable, and durable, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have these characteristics. Previous studies demonstrated that the combination of red and blue light was an effective light source for several crops. Yet the appearance of plants under red and blue lighting is purplish gray making visual assessment of any problems difficult. The addition of green light would make the plant leave appear green and normal similar to a natural setting under white light and may also offer a psychological benefit to the crew. Green supplemental lighting could also offer benefits, since green light can better penetrate the plant canopy and potentially increase plant growth by increasing photosynthesis from the leaves in the lower canopy. In this study, four light sources were tested: 1) red and blue LEDs (RB), 2) red and blue LEDs with green fluorescent lamps (RGB), 3) green fluorescent lamps (GF), and 4) cool-white fluorescent lamps (CWF), that provided 0%, 24%, 86%, and 51% of the total PPF in the green region of the spectrum, respectively. The addition of 24% green light (500 to 600 nm) to red and blue LEDs (RGB treatment) enhanced plant growth. The RGB treatment plants produced more biomass than the plants grown under the cool-white fluorescent lamps (CWF treatment), a commonly tested light source used as a broad-spectrum control.

Surface Colour Matching under Conditions of Multiple Illuminants

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 190-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Irtel
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Local Contrast ◽  
Colour Constancy ◽  
Lighting Condition ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Type Pattern ◽  
Light And Shadow

Most theories of colour constancy assume a flat coloured surface and a single homogenous light source. Natural situations, however, are 3-dimensional (3-D), are hardly ever restricted to a single light source, and object illumination is never homogenous. Here, two special cases of secondary light sources with sharp boundaries were simulated on a computer screen: a house-like 3-D object with colour patches in sunlight and shadow, and a Mondrian-type pattern with a coloured transparency covering some of the colour patches. Subjects made ‘paper’-matches between colour patches in light and shadow and between patches under the transparency and without the transparency. Matching did not depend on whether the simulated lighting condition was natural (yellow light, blue shadow) or artificial (green light, magenta shadow). Patches under a coloured transparency produced lightness constancy but subjects could not discount chromaticity shifts induced by the transparency. The number of context patches (2 vs 6) made no difference, and it made no difference whether the transparency covered the Mondrian completely or only partially. These results indicate that subjects were not able to use local contrast cues at sharp illumination boundaries to discount for the illuminant.

Masking of front turn signals by headlamps in combination with other front lamps

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Sivak ◽  
MJ Flannagan ◽  
B Schoettle ◽  
Y Nakata
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Luminous Intensity ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Turn Signal ◽  
The Us

Previous studies have shown that the visibility of a front turn signal is decreased if a headlamp is located near the turn signal. Consequently, both the US and ECE regulations require the turn signals to be more intense in such situations. However, it is unclear how adjacent light sources affect suprathreshold aspects, such as conspicuity. The present field study was designed to examine the effects of several factors on the night-time conspicuity of front turn signals. Specifically of interest were the effects of the number, luminous intensity, and spatial arrangement (including spacing) of the potentially interfering lamps. The following are the main findings: (1) The conspicuity of a turn signal was significantly lower when it was separated from a 1000 cd low-beam headlamp by 50 mm rather than 100 mm (centre-to-edge). A 200 cd turn signal at 100 mm was equal in conspicuity to a 288 cd turn signal at 50 mm. This effect is smaller than the effects obtained in previous studies using threshold-visibility paradigms. (2) Adding a second masking light source, at the same 50-mm spacing as the first masking light source, significantly influenced the conspicuity of the turn signal. The effect of the second masking source can be compensated for by an increase in the turn signal intensity corresponding to 8.5% of the intensity of the second masking source. (3) The conspicuity of the turn signal was unaffected by the spatial arrangement of two masking light sources.

scholarly journals Dental Imaging With Near-Infrared Transillumination Using Random Fiber Laser

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-339
Author(s):  
Jiayu Guo ◽  
Yunjiang Rao ◽  
Weili Zhang ◽  
Zewen Cui ◽  
Anran Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Laser ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Deep Penetration ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Caries Lesion ◽  
Dental Imaging ◽  
Low Coherence ◽  
Source Selection

Abstract Contrary to the conventional detection method like radiography, the near infrared light source has been demonstrated to be suitable for dental imaging due to different reflectivity among enamel, dentin, and caries lesion. In this paper, three light sources with different bandwidths based on a transillumination method are compared. The contrast among enamel, dentin, and caries lesion is calculated in different situations. The experimental results show that the random fiber laser has the best comprehensive quality in dental imaging due to its high spectral density, low coherence, and deep penetration. This work provides a guidance for light source selection in dental imaging.

scholarly journals Surface extensions of 3T3 cells towards distant infrared light sources.

1991 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Albrecht-Buehler
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
3T3 Cells ◽  
Infrared Wavelengths

Using a specially designed phase-contrast light microscope with an infrared spot illuminator we found that approximately 25% of 3T3 cells were able to extend pseudopodia towards single microscopic infrared light sources nearby. If the cells were offered a pair of such light sources next to each other, 47% of the cells extended towards them. In the latter case 30% of the responding cells extended separate pseudopodia towards each individual light source of a pair. The strongest responses were observed if the infrared light sources emitted light of wavelengths in the range of 800-900 nm intermittently at rates of 30-60 pulses per min. The temperature increases of the irradiated spots can be shown to be negligible. The results suggest that the cells are able to sense specific infrared wavelengths and to determine the direction of individual sources.

Parameters Choice of Active Infrared Night Vision System to Vehicles

2012 ◽  
Vol 616-618 ◽  
pp. 1965-1968
Author(s):  
Hai Sheng Xin ◽  
Hai Jun Yue ◽  
Dong Mei Liang
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Night Vision ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Trend Study ◽  
Overall Design ◽  
Vital Parameters

Infrared Night vision system is significant for night driving, developed greatly on vehicles and becoming a trend. Study on overall design and parameters choice of active infrared night vision system has been carried out, analyzed and calculated vital parameters of CCD camera and infrared light source. Bring out technical methods and design way to provide references for related researchers.

scholarly journals Theoretical Research on Ellipsoidal Structure Methane Gas Detection Based on Near Infrared Light Sources of PbSe Quantum Dots

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxue Xing ◽  
Yanmin Lei ◽  
Weiwei Shang ◽  
Limin Du ◽  
Pan Guo
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Gas Detection ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Light Sources

To improve the precision and sensitivity of the detection in near infrared gas detection system, the selection of light source and design of gas chamber structure are two key links. In this paper, the near infrared (NIR) light sources fabricated with PbSe quantum dots (QDs) and a new gas cell structure using an ellipsoid reflector were designed to test the concentration of methane (CH4). The double wavelengths differential detection method was used in the paper. The signal wavelength is 1.665 μm from the NIR QD-based light source with 5.1 nm PbSe QDs. The reference wavelength is 1.943 μm from the NIR QD-based light source with 6.1 nm PbSe QDs. The experimental results show that the differential gain signal could be enhanced 80 times when the major axis, the focus, and the open length of the ellipsoid reflector are 4.18 cm, 3.98 cm, and 0.36 cm, respectively. The structure will be convenient for the signal amplifying, AD converting, and other process in the latter circuits, and therefore both the detection sensitivity and precision can be improved.

Novel Design and Evaluation of an Automatic and Portable Phototherapy Device Using for Newborn Jaundice Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Hamidreza Shirzadfar ◽  
Kowsar Sheikhi
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Green Light ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Light Therapy ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Fluorescent Lamps

Jaundice in infants is one of the most common diseases at birth. In preterm infants, the risk is more than 80%, and in term infants, the rate is reduced to about 60%. One of the most effective and low-risk ways to treat neonatal jaundice is the use of light therapy or phototherapy. Fluorescent lamps, tungsten halogen lamps, LEDs, optical fibers and etc are used in these devices. Bilirubin reacts to green light and blue light. The green light's wavelength is in the range of 570-495 nm. The blue light has a wavelength of 495-450 nm and an absorption range of 450 nm. Studies have found that the best light for phototherapy devices is a light that has the wavelength of 400 to 520 nm, and because the blue light absorption rate is about 450 nm, so it is used in phototherapy. In addition to its proper absorption rate, it also has antimicrobial activity against bacteria. It is difficult to determine the exact duration of the phototherapy, because each infant has his/her specific conditions and the exact duration cannot be determined generally.  Phototherapy should be continued until the bilirubin level in the baby's blood is sufficiently reduced, monitored by the supervision, and does not pose a threat to the baby. Phototherapy devices have different types, each with advantages over their predecessors. In existing models, because of their unique features like high sensitivity to bilirubin reduction, higher power, and efficiency, lighter, lower heat generation, lower cost and longer life devices, LED light sources are widely used in phototherapy devices. According to all the studies, we are looking for a device with proper coverage, portability, and moving the baby with the device without separating the baby from the baby as well as providing a quiet space for the mother and baby away from the hospital environment.

Quantum fountain infrared light sources based on intersubband emissions in quantum wells

1999 ◽  
Vol 09 (PR2) ◽  
pp. Pr2-161
Author(s):  
F. H. Julien ◽  
P. Boucaud ◽  
S. Sauvage ◽  
O. Gauthier-Lafaye ◽  
Z. Moussa
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Wells ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Light Sources
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