scholarly journals PhenX: Host: Social/Cognitive measures for tobacco regulatory research

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. s5-s12
Author(s):  
Megan E Piper ◽  
Darigg C Brown ◽  
Tabitha P Hendershot ◽  
Gary E Swan
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
English Language ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Distress Tolerance ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Family Influence ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Research Collection

A working group (WG) of experts from diverse fields related to nicotine and tobacco addiction was convened to identify elements and measures from the Host: Social/Cognitive domain to include in the Tobacco Regulatory Research Collection in the PhenX Toolkit, a catalogue of measures for biomedical research. This paper describes the methods used to identify, select, approve and include measures in the toolkit with potential relevance to users of both conventional and newer tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). In addition to 25 complementary measures primarily focused on cigarette use already present in the PhenX Toolkit, the WG recommended 11 additional social/cognitive measures focused on children and adult users or potential users of tobacco products. Of these, 10 were self-administered measures: frequency of communication with parents about smoking, quality of communication with parents about smoking, susceptibility to tobacco use, behaviour economics/purchase behaviour, motivation to quit (both single and multi-item measures), hedonic tone or response to pleasurable situations, multigroup ethnic identity, peer and family influence on smoking, attentional control and house rules about tobacco use. The remaining selected measure was computer based (distress tolerance). Although validated tools for use in the Host: Social/Cognitive realm are available, much remains to be done to develop, standardise and validate the tools for application to users of e-cigarettes and other non-combusted tobacco products, non-English language speakers and adolescents.

Nicotine and Tobacco

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-182
Author(s):  
Shadi Nahvi ◽  
Darius A. Rastegar
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Chronic Lung Disease ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Withdrawal Symptoms ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Exhaled Carbon Monoxide

Nicotine is responsible for the psychoactive and habit-forming effects of tobacco. Approximately 30% of Americans use tobacco products; half of them are nicotine-dependent. Nicotine has mild stimulant effects. Overdose is rare in experienced users. Some may develop nausea, vomiting, weakness, and dizziness. Withdrawal symptoms include craving, irritability, anxiety, restlessness, and increased appetite. Smokers have elevated exhaled carbon monoxide and serum carboxyhemoglobin levels. Cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, can be detected in blood and urine. Many medical conditions are associated with tobacco use (particularly smoking), including cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, and a variety of malignancies. A number of interventions can help increase smoking cessation rates, including physician advice, counseling, nicotine replacement, varenicline, and bupropion. Electronic cigarettes may help smokers quit or reduce their smoking.

scholarly journals Electronic cigarettes: the solution or yet another phase of the tobacco epidemic?

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
Catherine O Egbe ◽  
Charles DH Parry ◽  
Bronwyn Myers
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
The Individual

Tobacco use is the single largest preventable cause of death globally. For years, the tobacco industry sought to create a tobacco product that is less controversial than conventional cigarettes. Electronic cigarettes were created out of the supposed need to supply consumers of tobacco products with a less harmful tobacco product. The question remains, is it really less harmful for consumers of traditional cigarettes and other tobacco products to switch to electronic cigarettes? This article takes a closer look at the overall harm in relation to benefits of using electronic cigarettes for the individual and public health and the unintended negative consequences the introduction of electronic cigarette has had on overall public health. Given the evidence that the use of electronic cigarettes is a gateway to the use of other tobacco products especially among adolescents, we view electronic cigarettes as having the potential to cause a rebound of the tobacco use glut which the global public health community has been succeeding in reversing. We therefore support the World Health Organization’s suggestion that electronic cigarettes should be regulated as other tobacco products since there is, as yet, no harmless tobacco product. In the same vein, we view the new Tobacco Products and Electronic Delivery Systems Bill seeking to regulate electronic cigarettes in South Africa as other tobacco products as a step in the right direction.

scholarly journals The Twitter Narrative: An Essential Perspective for Comparative Analyses on Emerging Tobacco Products (Preprint)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Danielle Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Online Communities ◽  
Online Community ◽  
Underserved Populations ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Online Forums ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Comparative Analyses

BACKGROUND In a recently published article, Chen and colleagues compared online discussions about electronic cigarettes and hookah use amongst different Internet communities [1]. With great interest, I found the Chen et al. article to provide insightful and novel findings in regards to understanding the variances in tobacco use behaviors amongst the online forums included in the study. OBJECTIVE In their limitations, Chen et al. recognized that the use of three websites –Vapor Talk, Hookah Forum, and Reddit – was not extensive nor inclusive of the various online communities that exist for tobacco products. The authors’ rationale for selecting the three websites was to assess similarities and differences between different types of online communities. However, it would have provided an interesting perspective to include Twitter discussions about hookah and electronic cigarette use because Twitter is a diverse online community in itself. METHODS Young adults, urban residents, Hispanics, and African Americans are overrepresented populations on Twitter in comparison to the general population [2]. These groups of people are typically overrepresented in vulnerable populations, as well. Therefore, including Twitter data in this comparative study could have captured significant information on tobacco use behaviors of hard-to-reach and underserved populations. RESULTS To my knowledge, there has been no previous research that has comparatively analyzed online communities for experiences with emerging tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes and hookah. Although several studies have conducted content analyses of Twitter discussions about hookah and electronic cigarettes [3-5], there are no studies comparing Twitter to other online communities. Future work should include Twitter in such comparative analyses in order to provide further outlooks on how tobacco use behaviors of Twitter subscribers are identical and different from users of other online forums, which can then inform and tailor health education interventions based on the particular online community. CONCLUSIONS References 1. Chen, AT, Zhu, SH, Conway, M. What online communities can tell us about electronic cigarettes and hookah use: A study using text mining and visualization techniques. J Med Internet Res 2015;17(9):e220. PMID:26420469. 2. Mislove, A, Lehmann, S, Ahn, Y, Onnela, J, Rosenquist, JN. Understanding the demographics of Twitter users. Proceedings of the Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media; 2011 July 17-21; Barcelona, Spain. 2011. 3. Myslín M, Zhu S, Chapman W, Conway M. Using Twitter to examine smoking behavior and perceptions of emerging tobacco products. J Med Internet Res 2013;15(8):e174. doi:10.2196/jmir.2534. 4. Krauss, MJ, et al. (2015). Hookah-related Twitter chatter: A content analysis. Prev Chronic Dis 2015;12:e121. PMID:26226068. 5. Cole-Lewis, H, et al. (2015). Social listening: A content analysis of e-cigarette discussions on Twitter. J Med Internet Res 2015;17(10):e243. PMID:26508089.

scholarly journals Global Study on Tobacco Use among Youth in the Kyrgyz Republic Republic (GYTS, 2019)

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-277
Author(s):  
A. G. Polupanov ◽  
A. A. Tolebaeva ◽  
I. S. Sabirov ◽  
A. T. Altymysheva ◽  
A. I. Sabirova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Street Vendor ◽  
Global Youth Tobacco Survey ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Passive Smoker

The aim of the study was to assess the situation related to tobacco consumption among adolescents aged 13 – 15 in the Kyrgyz Republic.Materials and Methods. The study used a two-stage selection of schoolchildren in grades 7 – 9 (teenagers 13 – 15 years old) to conduct the survey. At the 1st stage, information was collected about all schools of the republic, where children of the target group study. the schools in which the survey was subsequently conducted were selected by the statistical sampling method according to the number of students in grades 7 – 9. The grades whose students participated in the questionnaire were set at stage 2 by random sampling in each school The survey includes 43 questions from the Standard main Questionnaire of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) and 30 supplementary questions (73 in total) with multiple choice of answers. The statistical processing was performed using the SUDAAN software package (US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention); a 95% confidence interval was calculated to calculate weighted prevalence estimates and standard errors (SE).Results. The survey found that 6.0% of schoolchildren (9.5% of boys and 2.4% of girls) currently use various types of tobacco; 4.4% of schoolchildren currently use tobacco (6.8% of boys and 2.0% of girls); 2.4% of schoolchildren smoke cigarettes; 2.4% use smokeless tobacco, 2.8% use other tobacco products (hookah); 2.8% of schoolchildren smoke electronic cigarettes (3.9% of boys and 1.7% of girls). Tobacco use most often begins before age 7 or after age 12. 16.8% of schoolchildren are exposed to tobacco smoke at home, of which 14.2% are in closed places and 14.8% in open public places. 87.2% of schoolchildren purchase cigarettes in a shop, kiosk, from a street vendor, and in the market. During the visit to the point of sale 26.7% noticed tobacco advertising and promotions; 49.7% saw anti-tobacco messages in the mass media. Definitely think that smoking tobacco by other people is bad for them, 71.2% of schoolchildren.Conclusion. A high percentage of teenagers consuming e-cigarettes, hookah, and smokeless tobacco products has been noted, although > 50% of them are aware of the dangers of tobacco use. Every 6th student is a passive smoker. The vast majority of schoolchildren aged 13 – 15 who try to quit smoking do not receive professional help in quitting tobacco use, and are exposed to protobacco media marketing campaigns.

Age of tobacco use initiation and association with current use and nicotine dependence among US middle and high school students, 2014–2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saida Sharapova ◽  
Carolyn Reyes-Guzman ◽  
Tushar Singh ◽  
Elyse Phillips ◽  
Kristy L Marynak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cigarette Tobacco ◽  
Tobacco Products

IntroductionTobacco use mostly begins in adolescence and young adulthood. Earlier age of initiation of cigarette smoking is associated with greater nicotine dependence and sustained tobacco use. However, data are limited on the age of initiation of non-cigarette tobacco products, and the association between using these products and nicotine dependence and progression to established use.MethodsCombined 2014–2016 National Youth Tobacco Survey data, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of US students in grades 6–12 yielded 19 580 respondents who reported ever using any of five tobacco products: electronic cigarettes, cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco and hookah. Analyses assessed age of reported first use of each product among ever-users, overall and by sex and race/ethnicity. Current daily use, past 30-day use, feelings of craving tobacco and time to first tobacco use after waking were assessed by age of first use.ResultsAmong ever-users, weighted median age for first use was 12.6 years for cigarettes, 13.8 years for cigars, 13.4 years for smokeless tobacco, 14.1 years for hookah and 14.1 years for e-cigarettes. First trying these tobacco products at age ≤13 years was associated with greater current use of the respective product and nicotine dependence compared with initiating use at age >13 years.ConclusionsFirst tobacco use at age ≤13 years is associated with current daily and past 30-day use of non-cigarette tobacco products, and with the development of nicotine dependence among youth ever-users. Proven tobacco prevention interventions that reach early adolescents are important to reduce overall youth tobacco use.

scholarly journals Sex and Polytobacco Use among Spanish and Turkish University Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 5038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sílvia Font-Mayolas ◽  
Mark J. M. Sullman ◽  
Maria-Eugenia Gras
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
University Students ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Common Reason ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
Turkish University Students

Polytobacco use has become increasingly popular among young adults, particularly males, and can be defined as the concurrent use of regular cigarettes and other tobacco products (e.g., e-cigarettes). The present study investigated the use of legal smoking products (cigarettes, waterpipe and electronic cigarettes) among young adults (n = 355) in Spain and Turkey. The survey measured demographics, lifetime and past month tobacco use, waterpipe and e-cigarette use, whether waterpipes and e-cigarettes contained nicotine and reasons for using these substances. The majority of the Turkish (men = 80% and women = 63.9%) and Spanish sample (men = 61.4% and women = 69.3%) were polytobacco users. The most common reason for using e-cigarettes was “to experiment, to see what is like” (Turkish sample: men 66.7% and women 57.1; Spanish sample: men 72.7% and women 93.8%). The most common reason to use regular cigarettes was “to relax and relieve tension” (Turkish sample: men 88.9% and women 77.6%; Spanish sample: men 78.1% and women 76%), while for waterpipe users, the most common reason was “to experiment, to see what it is like” (Turkish sample: men 93.3% and women 80%; Spanish sample: men 78.9% and women 93.8%). The implications for prevention and future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Student Tobacco Use Behaviours: A Qualitative Study of Alternative Tobacco and Nicotine Product Use in Young Adulthood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aija Zobena ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Nicotine Addiction ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Alternative Tobacco Products

Non-combustible alternative tobacco products such as tobacco-free nicotine pouches, heated tobacco, and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) marketed as less harmful alternatives to cigarettes as smoking cessation aids are becoming increasingly popular among adolescents and young adults. This age group includes individuals still experimenting with and establishing tobacco use. The aim of the study is to investigate student tobacco use behaviours, particularly novel devices, and alternative products to understand how to decrease tobacco initiation and use among adolescents and young adults. In August 2020, two focus group discussions were organized to obtain information on young people's experience of alternative tobacco and nicotine product use. In each of them, high school students (aged over 18) and students took part. The participants of the focus group discussion were chosen by the “snowball” method. Cessation of smoking and replacing cigarettes with alternative tobacco and nicotine products reduce some of the harmful effects but are not harmless and nicotine addiction remains. By replacing cigarette smoking with the use of tobacco-free nicotine pouches, heated tobacco, or e-cigarettes, one form of nicotine use is being replaced by another. According to the study, young people have no understanding of nicotine addiction and the health risks of using alternative tobacco products. Today's adolescents and young adults often see consumption of tobacco and nicotine products as a mean to construct and project their unique identity.

scholarly journals Comparison of carbonyls emitted from conventional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products

2021 ◽  
Vol 899 (1) ◽  
pp. 012007
Author(s):  
Niki Matsouki ◽  
Emmanouil Konstantinidis ◽  
Chara Tsipa ◽  
Efthimios Zervas
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Bibliographic Analysis ◽  
Chemical Substances

Abstract Conventional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) emit a wide number of chemical substances which are inhaled by the user. An extended bibliographic analysis of the available data concerning carbonyls identity and quantity in tobacco products gas emissions was performed. Published works in Scopus and Pubmed databases from 2010 until 2020, in English language, were used in order to collect the data, using specific keywords. The number of carbonyls detected in the emissions of conventional cigarettes’ is 43 (97 articles are included), 33 in e-cigs’ (70 articles included) and 62 in HTPs’ (50 articles included). Nineteen compounds are present in emissions of all three tobacco products. Their emitted concentration is generally higher in the case of conventional cigarettes compared to the other two products, except from 5-methylfurfural and methylglyoxal that had the higher concentrations in HTPs, plus benzaldehyde and formaldehyde that had higher concentrations in e-cigs. However, HTPs has the higher number of unique carbonyls emitted.

scholarly journals Associations of Tobacco Advertising Appeal With Intentions to Use Alternative Tobacco Products Among Young Tobacco Users Experiencing Homelessness

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Shadel ◽  
Joan S. Tucker ◽  
Rachana Seelam ◽  
Daniela Golinelli ◽  
Daniel Siconolfi
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Homeless Youth ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Tobacco Advertising ◽  
Advertising Appeal

Purpose: Virtually nothing is known about the potential effects of tobacco advertising on tobacco use among youth experiencing homelessness, a vulnerable population with high tobacco use rates. This study examines associations between the appeal of advertising for 5 classes of tobacco product (electronic cigarettes, hookah, cigars, cigarillos, and smokeless tobacco) and future intentions to use those products again among homeless youth who had indicated any level of lifetime use. Design: A cross-sectional design was used. Setting: Settings were 25 service and street sites in Los Angeles County. Participants: A probability sample of 469 young tobacco users experiencing homelessness (mean age = 22; 71% male; 29% non-Hispanic White) was recruited. Measures: Assessments included product-specific tobacco advertising appeal and future intentions to use the product again, as well as a range of covariate controls (eg, demographics, homelessness severity, current tobacco use, general advertising exposure). Analysis: Linear regression tested for associations between the appeal of advertising for a specific tobacco product and intentions to use that product again in the future, controlling for myriad covariates. Results: Advertising appeal was positively associated with future intentions to use again for electronic cigarettes ( P = .006) and hookah ( P = .001), but not cigars ( P = .486), cigarillos ( P = .126), or smokeless tobacco ( P = .109). Conclusion: Results suggest that advertising appeal may increase use of certain tobacco products among youth experiencing homelessness. However, differences in themes emphasized by advertising for specific tobacco products could differentially influence use in this population.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of tobacco use in Qatar: Prevalence and its associated factors

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250065
Author(s):  
Ahmad AlMulla ◽  
Ravinder Mamtani ◽  
Sohaila Cheema ◽  
Patrick Maisonneuve ◽  
Jamal Abdullah BaSuhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Current Tobacco

Tobacco use is a serious public health concern as it causes various deleterious health problems. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of tobacco use and various types of tobacco used among a population-based sample of adults 18 years and above in Qatar (residents and expatriates). The study also attempted to assess tobacco use initiation age, tobacco dependency, and to identify factors associated with current tobacco use. This 2019 cross-sectional study was conducted among governmental employees and University students in Qatar using cluster sampling methodology. Study participants completed a self-administered, country-adapted summarized version of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey. 25.2% (n = 1741; N = 6904) of the surveyed sample reported current tobacco use. 21.5% (n = 1481) smoked tobacco (cigarettes, waterpipe, medwakh and cigar) concomitant with other forms of tobacco and only 1.0% (n = 69) were using other forms of tobacco (electronic cigarettes, smokeless tobacco and heat-not-burn tobacco products) and 2.7% (n = 191) did not mention the type of tobacco products used by them. Of the 1550 tobacco users, 42.8% were cigarette smokers, 20.9% waterpipe, 3.2% medwakh (Arabic traditional pipe) and 0.7% cigar. Moreover, 1.9% reported smokeless tobacco use (sweika), 2.0% electronic cigarette use, and 0.3% heat-not-burn tobacco use. The mean age for smoking initiation was 19.7±5.3 (Qataris 18.6±4.8 and non-Qataris 20.3±5.6). Using multivariable logistic regression, significant association was observed between tobacco use and gender, nationality, age, monthly income, living with a smoker, and self-rated health. This large population-based cross-sectional survey provides the first evidence for the prevalence of different types of tobacco use including medwakh smoking among adults (Qataris and non-Qataris) 18 years and above in Qatar. This can serve as a baseline for future research studies on the topic. Based on the review of previous and current tobacco survey findings, it is evident that the prevalence of tobacco use (current) in Qatar has declined suggesting that tobacco control measures implemented by the country have been effective in reducing tobacco consumption.

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