Avian influenza: EC endorses UK control measures

AbstractThe transmission of pathogens across the interface between wildlife and livestock presents a challenge to the development of effective surveillance and control measures. Wild birds, especially waterbirds such as the Anseriformes and Charadriiformes are considered to be the natural hosts of Avian Influenza (AI), and are presumed to pose one of the most likely vectors for incursion of AI into European poultry flocks. We have developed a generic quantitative risk map, derived from the classical epidemiological risk equation, to describe the relative, spatial risk of disease incursion into poultry flocks via wild birds. We then assessed the risk for AI incursion into British flocks. The risk map suggests that the majority of AI incursion risk is highly clustered within certain areas of Britain, including in the east, the south west and the coastal north-west of England. The clustering of high risk areas concentrates total risk in a relatively small land area; the top 33% of cells contribute over 80% of total incursion risk. This suggests that targeted risk-based sampling in a relatively small geographical area could be a much more effective and cost-efficient approach than representative sampling. The generic nature of the risk map method, allows rapid updating and application to other diseases transmissible between wild birds and poultry.

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New legislation to control avian influenza in Europe proposed by Commission

Weekly releases (1997–2007) ◽

10.2807/esw.10.18.02699-en ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 10 (18) ◽

Author(s):

Collective Editorial team

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Union Member ◽

Control Measures ◽

Member States ◽

Pathogenic Viruses ◽

And Control ◽

European Union Member States

To prevent and control outbreaks of avian influenza in Europe, the Commission has proposed legislation that, if approved, will require European Union member states to introduce or reinforce surveillance and control measures against these low pathogenic viruses

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Strategies to control high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in the Belgian poultry sector

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah0906373v ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 25 (5-6-1) ◽

pp. 373-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Y. Vandendriessche ◽

X. Gellynck ◽

H. Saatkamp ◽

J. Viaene

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Control Measures ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Correct Identification ◽

Economic Point ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

High Pathogenic ◽

High Pathogenic Avian Influenza

High Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) may pose a major threat for the Belgium poultry sector, as an outbreak of HPAI results in tremendous economic losses. In order to reduce the economic damage for an outbreak, different strategies to control HPAI are evaluated. In a first stage the structure of the Belgium poultry sector is described and risks are analyzed. The actual risks are dependent of the intensive character of poultry farming in Belgium, the large number of transport movements of living poultry, the presence of sensitive nature areas and the border with the Netherlands where the poultry density is even larger. In a second stage the possible intervention strategies are evaluated. Starting from the current regulation, two strategies are worked out: stamping out and emergency vaccination. The success of emergency vaccination is associated with the correct identification of compartments at risk, prompt deployment of emergency vaccines, rapid enforcement of appropriate complementary control measures and also the level of being ready. In a third stage an economic analysis of control strategies for HPAI outbreaks is made. Results suggest that from an economic point of view, stamping-out is at farm level a better option then emergency vaccination within the current context.

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Biosecurity challenges in the control of avian influenza in Nigeria

Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.4314/sokjvs.v18i3.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 150-157

Author(s):

S.I. Ijoma ◽

E.R. Agusi ◽

V.I. Ifende ◽

O.H. Osemeke ◽

V.T. Columba

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

One Health ◽

Animal Health ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Control Measures ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Poultry Farmers ◽

The One ◽

Live Bird

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) has a devastating impact on the economy especially the poultry industry and it jeopardizes food security and public health. The disease which was first reported in Nigeria in 2006, re-occurred in 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019. Inspite of the efforts the federal government has put into eradicating Avian Influenza in the country, the re-occurrence of the disease points to challenges of control efforts by stakeholders. Biosecurity challenges confronting poultry farmers and live bird market operators were implicated in new outbreaks and spread of HPAI. A cross-sectional study was carried out by administering open ended questionnaires to poultry farmers and live bird marketers in 12 States that shared boundaries with States affected by HPAI in 2019. Using the thematic style of qualitative analysis and MS Excel 2016, data and information with common denominators and pattern were collated and grouped. The One Health approach was adopted for this study. This was achieved by evaluating the knowledge of the stakeholders on the spread of Avian Influenza (AI), the biosecurity challenges they faced, their recommended solutions and new preventive or control measures they were willing to implement in order to achieve biosecurity against AI outbreak. The live bird marketers' responses showed their major challenge to be poor commitment to implementing already known biosecurity rules (22%), followed by unavailability of funds (13%) and sanitation problems. The poultry farmers struggled with lack of funds for maintenance (32%), and lack of compliance to biosecurity by farm attendants (24%). Both groups jointly recommended alleviating strategies such as the improvement of stakeholder education, supportive financing and the strengthening of animal health legislations. These new insights would benefit the formulation and implementing effective probiosecurity strategies for the control of avian influenza. Keywords: Avian influenza, biosecurity, one health, poultry farms, Nigeria

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Animal and Human Health Implications of Avian Influenza Infections

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1007/s10540-007-9057-9 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 359-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Ilaria Capua ◽

Dennis J. Alexander

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Human Health ◽

H5n1 Virus ◽

Animal Health ◽

Control Measures ◽

Health Issues ◽

Human Beings ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Hpai H5n1 ◽

The Impact

Avian influenza (AI) is a listed disease of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) that has become a disease of great importance both for animal and human health. Until recent times, AI was considered a disease of birds with zoonotic implications of limited significance. The emergence and spread of the Asian lineage highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) H5N1 virus has dramatically changed this perspective; not only has it been responsible of the death or culling of millions of birds, but this virus has also been able to infect a variety of non-avian hosts including human beings. The implications of such a panzootic reflect themselves in animal health issues, notably in the reduction of a protein source for developing countries and in the management of the pandemic potential. Retrospective studies have shown that avian progenitors play an important role in the generation of pandemic viruses for humans, and therefore these infections in the avian reservoir should be subjected to control measures aiming at eradication of the Asian H5N1 virus from all sectors rather than just eliminating or reducing the impact of the disease in poultry.

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Evaluation of Baloxavir Marboxil and Peramivir for the Treatment of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in Chickens

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12121407 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1407

Author(s):

Augustin Twabela ◽

Masatoshi Okamatsu ◽

Keita Matsuno ◽

Norikazu Isoda ◽

Yoshihiro Sakoda

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Virus Replication ◽

Active Form ◽

Bird Species ◽

Antiviral Effect ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Control Measures ◽

Delayed Treatment ◽

Starting Point ◽

High Pathogenicity

Control measures in the case of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in poultry include culling, surveillance, and biosecurity; wild birds in captivity may also be culled, although some rare bird species should be rescued for conservation. In this study, two anti-influenza drugs, baloxavir marboxil (BXM) and peramivir (PR), used in humans, were examined in treating HPAI in birds, using chickens as a model. Chickens were infected with H5N6 HPAI virus and were treated immediately or 24 h from challenge with 20 mg/kg BXM or PR twice a day for five days. As per our findings, BXM significantly reduced virus replication in organs and provided full protection to chickens compared with that induced by PR. In the 24-h-delayed treatment, neither drug completely inhibited virus replication nor ensured the survival of infected chickens. A single administration of 2.5 mg/kg of BXM was determined as the minimum dose required to fully protect chickens from HPAI virus; the concentration of baloxavir acid, the active form of BXM, in chicken blood at this dose was sufficient for a 48 h antiviral effect post-administration. Thus, these data can be a starting point for the use of BXM and PR in treating captive wild birds infected with HPAI virus.

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Effective control measures considering spatial heterogeneity to mitigate the 2016–2017 avian influenza epidemic in the Republic of Korea

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0218202 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. e0218202

Author(s):

Jonggul Lee ◽

Youngsuk Ko ◽

Eunok Jung

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Spatial Heterogeneity ◽

Control Measures ◽

Republic Of Korea ◽

Effective Control ◽

Influenza Epidemic ◽

The Republic

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Co-circulation of both low and highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses in current poultry epidemics in Taiwan

Virus Evolution ◽

10.1093/ve/veaa037 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yao-Tsun Li ◽

Chen-Chih Chen ◽

Ai-Mei Chang ◽

Day-Yu Chao ◽

Gavin J D Smith

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Direct Evidence ◽

Migratory Birds ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Virus Transmission ◽

Control Measures ◽

Dispersal Patterns ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

The Usa

Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4.4c of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96-like (Gs/GD) lineage caused severe global outbreaks in domestic birds from 2014 to 2015, that also represented the first incursions of Gs/GD viruses into Taiwan and the USA. However, few studies have investigated the circulation of clade 2.3.4.4c viruses after 2015. Here, we describe Gs/GD clade 2.3.4.4c and Mexican-like H5N2 viruses that were isolated in Taiwan during active surveillance conducted in chicken farms from February to March 2019. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated two distinct genome constellations of the clade 2.3.4.4c H5 viruses, with the internal genes of one of the new genotypes closely related to a virus isolated from a pintail (Anas acuta) in Taiwan, providing the first direct evidence that migratory birds play a role in importing viruses into Taiwan. Our study also confirmed the co-circulation of Gs/GD clade 2.3.4.4c and Mexican-like H5 lineage viruses in Taiwan, presenting a rare case where Gs/GD viruses developed sustained transmission alongside another enzootic H5 lineage, raising the possibility that homosubtypic immunity may mask virus transmission, potentially frustrating detection, and the implementation of appropriate control measures. To eradicate H5 viruses from poultry in Taiwan, further studies on the effect of co-circulation in poultry of low pathogenic avian influenza and HPAI viruses are needed. Furthermore, only with continued surveillance efforts globally can we fully discern dispersal patterns and risk factors of virus transmission both to and within Taiwan.

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