Implications of climate warming for Boreal Shield lakes: a review and synthesis

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (NA) ◽  
pp. 99-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Lake Ecosystems ◽  
Multiple Stressor ◽  
Species Invasions ◽  
Boreal Shield ◽  
Shield Lakes

Climate change is a reality. A warming climate will have large effects on lakes of the Boreal Shield. Our ability to forecast these effects, however, is hampered by a very incomplete understanding of the actual interactions between weather and many aspects of lake ecosystems. Climate change will affect lakes in very complex ways. Changing weather conditions will have direct effects on thermal habitats; however, there will also be very important indirect effects on lake ecosystems through influences on watershed processes that affect the thermal and chemical characteristics of lakes. Altered habitat conditions will affect the resident biota in both positive and negative ways and may favour range expansions of some native and non-native species. Our understanding of the altered biological interactions that will structure lake communities in a warmer climate is still limited, making the prediction of biological outcomes very difficult. Modelling efforts, experiments and empirical analyses of relationships between important attributes of lakes, lake communities, and weather conditions in the past are beginning to further our ability to predict likely future effects. Much more work is needed in all these research areas to further our understanding of the probable effects of climate change on Boreal Shield lakes. Because of the potential interactions of climate with other large-scale environmental stressors such as UV-B irradiance, exotic species invasions, base cation depletion, and acidification, future studies need to consider multiple stressor effects.

Effects of Ottoman Rice Plantations in South-eastern European Landscape: Climate Change, Hydrology and Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özlem Sert
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Climate History ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
Rice Plantations

<p>Humid weather conditions of the sixteenth century enabled the introduction of aqua crops to Southeastern European landscapes. The Ottoman government employed a group of experts for the cultivation of rice to implement and rehabilitate rice production. Rice plantations, as an anthropogenic intrusion in the region between Tigris to the Danube, had a fundamental social and environmental impact. Organization of human resources on a large scale; land reclamations, deforestation, and kilometres-long irrigation work changed the landscape, produced seasonal miasma and aquatic pests. Ottoman rice plantations transformed the Southeastern European socio-ecological landscapes in early modern times. Historical data about the Ottoman rice plantations open new insights for improving our knowledge about climate history, the history of riverbeds and the history of malaria in this landscape. The study presents a monography of the plantations with historical drawings and maps, showing the farms on river beds, delineates the responsiveness of the rice harvest to precipitation and temperature changes and maps the triggered aquatic pests due to climate change and deforestation. The presentation aims at opening a historical perspective to today's questions on climate change, hydrology and vector caused diseases.</p>

2. Effect of climate change on the predation rate of zooplankton in Swan Lake, Sudbury, ON

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Daly
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Swan Lake ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Boreal Shield ◽  
Biodiversity Changes ◽  
Shield Lakes

Climate change interacts with other environmental stressors (e.g., acid deposition, calcium depletion, invasive species) to alter both the chemical and biological characteristics of Boreal Shield lakes, potentially leading to changes in aquatic biodiversity. Changes in biodiversity can result in loss of sensitive species and affect dynamic interactions among species at varying trophic levels. Currently, little is known about the effect of climate warming on predator-prey relationships in aquatic ecosystems. I examine how predicted warming of Boreal Shield lakes may affect predation rate. More specifically, my research examines how temperature affects the predation rate on zooplankton by common macroinvertebrate predators. Zooplankton, Chaoborus and Notonectidae were used from Swan Lake in Sudbury, ON. I performed 24-hr laboratory feeding trials to examine the rate at which predators feed over a range of natural and predicted lake temperatures. By investigating differences in invertebrate predation occurring in Swan Lake, we will be able to predict predator -prey relationships in Boreal Shield lakes subject to warming as a result of climate change.

Temperature Rising (Two Celsius) Effect on Planktonic Biomass in Subtropical Marshes, Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
Mohammed Al-Haidarey
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Phytoplankton Biomass ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Natural Sediment ◽  
Lake Ecosystems

Planktonic species may respond to climate change through their niche across three axes which include self, space and time. This study was designed to investigate the effect of increasing winter temperature on the plankton biomass, the mesocosm was constructed as a collection of 16 enclosures with a water-outlet system and natural sediment, two aquatic plant species and heating system. This research was conducted over 12 weeks (beginning on Dec. 2018) when the temperature of eight enclosures was 2±0.2 °C higher than the ambient temperature. Weekly abiotic parameters (salinity, pH, PO4, NO3, DIC) and biotic (chlorophyll-a, zooplankton and phytoplankton biomass) were reported. The obtained results showed that there were no major improvements in salinity, pH, PO4, NO3 and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Whereas, chlorophyll-a, zooplankton and phytoplankton biomass have dramatically improved. Therefore, this research has indicated that water temperature change during the winter season due to climate change could affect planktonic biomass and early spring in subtropical marshes, but this study was performed in the mesocosm experiment and it needs to be studied in large-scale natural lake ecosystems.

scholarly journals Effects of Invasive Watermilfoil on Primary Production in Littoral Zones of North-Temperate Lakes

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Ryan R. Van Goethem ◽  
Casey J Huckins ◽  
Amy M. Marcarelli
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Littoral Zone ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Lake Ecosystem ◽  
Primary Producers ◽  
Temperate Lakes ◽  
Lake Ecosystems ◽  
Species Invasions ◽  
Littoral Zones

Species invasions are changing aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Submerged aquatic macrophytes control lake ecosystem processes through their direct and indirect interactions with other primary producers, but how these interactions may be altered by macrophyte species invasions in temperate lakes is poorly understood. We addressed whether invasive watermilfoil (IWM) altered standing crops and gross primary production (GPP) of other littoral primary producers (macrophytes, phytoplankton, attached algae, and periphyton) in littoral zones of six Michigan lakes through a paired-plot comparison study of sites with IWM (standardized abundance 7–56%) compared to those with little or no IWM (standardized abundance 0–2%). We found that primary producer standing crops and the GPP of epiphytes, phytoplankton, and benthic periphyton were variable among lakes and not significantly different between paired study plots. Macrophyte standing crops predicted rates of benthic periphyton GPP, and standing crops of all other primary producers across all study plots. Overall, our results suggest that the effects of IWM on other primary producers in littoral zones may be lake-specific, and are likely dependent on the density of IWM, or whether it is functionally similar to other native species that it replaces or co-exists with. Moreover, in lakes where IWM is established but does not dominate macrophyte assemblages, the effects on littoral zone productivity may be minimal. Instead, overall macrophyte biomass is the primary factor controlling the rates of production and biomass of the other littoral zone primary producers, as has long been understood and observed in lake ecosystems.

Limnology in northeastern Ontario: from acidification to multiple stressorsThis Perspective is based on the author’s F.H. Rigler Lecture delivered at the annual meeting of the Society of Canadian Limnologists in Halifax, Nova Scotia, January 2008.

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 1189-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. (Bill) Keller
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Lake Recovery ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Multiple Stressor ◽  
Future Outcomes ◽  
Sulphur Emission

Thousands of lakes around Sudbury, in northeastern Ontario, Canada, were badly damaged by acid deposition and many were also metal-contaminated. Large reductions in atmospheric sulphur and metal emissions have led to widespread chemical improvements in these lakes, and recovery has been documented for various biota. These findings were very important in establishing the necessity and value of sulphur emission controls during the international debates about the effects of acid deposition and the need for cleaner air. Studies of northeastern Ontario lakes are continuing to advance our understanding of chemical and biological recovery processes; however, that knowledge is still incomplete. It has become apparent that the recovery of lakes from acidification is closely linked with the responses to, and interactions with, other large-scale environmental stressors like climate change and calcium declines. Developing a better understanding of lake recovery processes and their future outcomes within such a multiple stressor context will be difficult. It will demand the merging of various approaches, including monitoring, experimentation, paleolimnology, and modelling, and will require effective collaboration among different research and monitoring sites and various agencies and institutions engaged in environmental science.

scholarly journals Adaptive capacity in the foundation tree species Populus fremontii: implications for resilience to climate change and non-native species invasion in the American Southwest

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin R Hultine ◽  
Gerard J Allan ◽  
Davis Blasini ◽  
Helen M Bothwell ◽  
Abraham Cadmus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Functional Trait ◽  
American Southwest ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Populus Fremontii ◽  
Species Invasions ◽  
Southwestern Usa

Abstract Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood) is recognized as one of the most important foundation tree species in the southwestern USA and northern Mexico because of its ability to structure communities across multiple trophic levels, drive ecosystem processes and influence biodiversity via genetic-based functional trait variation. However, the areal extent of P. fremontii cover has declined dramatically over the last century due to the effects of surface water diversions, non-native species invasions and more recently climate change. Consequently, P. fremontii gallery forests are considered amongst the most threatened forest types in North America. In this paper, we unify four conceptual areas of genes to ecosystems research related to P. fremontii’s capacity to survive or even thrive under current and future environmental conditions: (i) hydraulic function related to canopy thermal regulation during heat waves; (ii) mycorrhizal mutualists in relation to resiliency to climate change and invasion by the non-native tree/shrub, Tamarix; (iii) phenotypic plasticity as a mechanism for coping with rapid changes in climate; and (iv) hybridization between P. fremontii and other closely related Populus species where enhanced vigour of hybrids may preserve the foundational capacity of Populus in the face of environmental change. We also discuss opportunities to scale these conceptual areas from genes to the ecosystem level via remote sensing. We anticipate that the exploration of these conceptual areas of research will facilitate solutions to climate change with a foundation species that is recognized as being critically important for biodiversity conservation and could serve as a model for adaptive management of arid regions in the southwestern USA and around the world.

Buster Keaton’s Climate Change

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Fay
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
World War I ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
World War ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Peter Sloterdijk ◽  
Slapstick Comedy

Much of Buster Keaton’s slapstick comedy revolves around his elaborate outdoor sets and the crafty weather design that destroys them. In contrast to D. W. Griffith, who insisted on filming in naturally occurring weather, and the Hollywood norm of fabricating weather in the controlled space of the studio, Keaton opted to simulate weather on location. His elaborately choreographed gags with their storm surges and collapsing buildings required precise control of manufactured rain and wind, along with detailed knowledge of the weather conditions and climatological norms on site. Steamboat Bill, Jr. (1928) is one of many examples of Keaton’s weather design in which characters find themselves victims of elements that are clearly produced by the off-screen director. Keaton’s weather design finds parallels in World War I strategies of creating microclimates of death (using poison gas) as theorized by Peter Sloterdijk.

scholarly journals Public Awareness: What Climate Change Scientists Should Consider

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8369
Author(s):  
Mohammad Rahimi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Connected Network ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Valuable Addition ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Design Solutions ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change

In this Opinion, the importance of public awareness to design solutions to mitigate climate change issues is highlighted. A large-scale acknowledgment of the climate change consequences has great potential to build social momentum. Momentum, in turn, builds motivation and demand, which can be leveraged to develop a multi-scale strategy to tackle the issue. The pursuit of public awareness is a valuable addition to the scientific approach to addressing climate change issues. The Opinion is concluded by providing strategies on how to effectively raise public awareness on climate change-related topics through an integrated, well-connected network of mavens (e.g., scientists) and connectors (e.g., social media influencers).

scholarly journals Impact of air–sea coupling on the climate change signal over the Iberian Peninsula

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alba de la Vara ◽  
William Cabos ◽  
Dmitry V. Sein ◽  
Claas Teichmann ◽  
Daniela Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Climate Change Signal ◽  
The North ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn this work we use a regional atmosphere–ocean coupled model (RAOCM) and its stand-alone atmospheric component to gain insight into the impact of atmosphere–ocean coupling on the climate change signal over the Iberian Peninsula (IP). The IP climate is influenced by both the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean sea. Complex interactions with the orography take place there and high-resolution models are required to realistically reproduce its current and future climate. We find that under the RCP8.5 scenario, the generalized 2-m air temperature (T2M) increase by the end of the twenty-first century (2070–2099) in the atmospheric-only simulation is tempered by the coupling. The impact of coupling is specially seen in summer, when the warming is stronger. Precipitation shows regionally-dependent changes in winter, whilst a drier climate is found in summer. The coupling generally reduces the magnitude of the changes. Differences in T2M and precipitation between the coupled and uncoupled simulations are caused by changes in the Atlantic large-scale circulation and in the Mediterranean Sea. Additionally, the differences in projected changes of T2M and precipitation with the RAOCM under the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios are tackled. Results show that in winter and summer T2M increases less and precipitation changes are of a smaller magnitude with the RCP4.5. Whilst in summer changes present a similar regional distribution in both runs, in winter there are some differences in the NW of the IP due to differences in the North Atlantic circulation. The differences in the climate change signal from the RAOCM and the driving Global Coupled Model show that regionalization has an effect in terms of higher resolution over the land and ocean.

scholarly journals Overheating Risk and Energy Demand of Nordic Old and New Apartment Buildings during Average and Extreme Weather Conditions under a Changing Climate

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3972
Author(s):  
Azin Velashjerdi Farahani ◽  
Juha Jokisalo ◽  
Natalia Korhonen ◽  
Kirsti Jylhä ◽  
Kimmo Ruosteenoja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
Cooling Unit ◽  
Indoor Conditions

The global average air temperature is increasing as a manifestation of climate change and more intense and frequent heatwaves are expected to be associated with this rise worldwide, including northern Europe. Summertime indoor conditions in residential buildings and the health of occupants are influenced by climate change, particularly if no mechanical cooling is used. The energy use of buildings contributes to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions. It is, therefore, necessary to analyze the effects of climate change on the overheating risk and energy demand of residential buildings and to assess the efficiency of various measures to alleviate the overheating. In this study, simulations of dynamic energy and indoor conditions in a new and an old apartment building are performed using two climate scenarios for southern Finland, one for average and the other for extreme weather conditions in 2050. The evaluated measures against overheating included orientations, blinds, site shading, window properties, openable windows, the split cooling unit, and the ventilation cooling and ventilation boost. In both buildings, the overheating risk is high in the current and projected future average climate and, in particular, during exceptionally hot summers. The indoor conditions are occasionally even injurious for the health of occupants. The openable windows and ventilation cooling with ventilation boost were effective in improving the indoor conditions, during both current and future average and extreme weather conditions. However, the split cooling unit installed in the living room was the only studied solution able to completely prevent overheating in all the spaces with a fairly small amount of extra energy usage.

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