Global budget of trace metal sources

1995 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef M. Pacyna ◽  
M. Trevor Scholtz ◽  
Y.-F. (Arthur) Li
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Anthropogenic Inputs ◽  
Global Emission ◽  
Global Budgets ◽  
Global Emissions

Global emission inventories, being the key information for the global budgets of trace metals, have become available only recently. The latest information on emissions and sources of trace metals on a global scale is presented in this paper. As the global assessments are prepared on the basis of estimates of regional emissions, these latter data are also reviewed here. A comparison of the worldwide atmospheric emissions from natural and anthropogenic sources suggests that various human activities are the dominant source of many trace metals, including As, Cd, Pb, and Zn. A comparison of the atmospheric and aquatic emissions indicates that, for most of the trace metals, the annual anthropogenic inputs into water exceed the quantities emitted to the atmosphere. However, the largest quantities of trace metals are discharged to the terrestrial environment. So far, the Pb budget seems to be the most accurate owing to a large body of information available on this element. The largest emissions of Pb were estimated for gasoline combustion, contributing about two thirds of the total emissions to the atmosphere. Emissions from nonferrous metal production contributed about one quarter. Emissions from the European and Asian sources contributed each about one third of the global emissions, followed by emissions from sources in North America. A spatial distribution of the global Pb emissions is presented within a 1 × 1° grid system.Key words: trace metals, lead, global emission, emission map.

An assessment of global and regional emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources worldwide

2001 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Pacyna ◽  
E G Pacyna
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Ferrous Metal ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Global Emission ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Emission Estimate

An accurate and complete emission inventory for atmospheric trace metals on a global scale is needed for both modeler community and policy makers to assess the current level of environmental contamination by these pollutants, major emission sources and source regions, and the contribution of the atmospheric pathway to the contamination of terrestrial and aquatic environments. Major progress has been made in assessing emissions of trace metals in various countries and even regions, e.g., Europe, since the first global emission estimate for these pollutants was made by Nriagu and Pacyna (1988). These improved national and regional emission inventories have been used in this work to assess the global trace metal emissions from anthropogenic sources in the mid-1990s. The results of this work conclude that stationary fossil fuel combustion continues to be the major source of Cr, Hg, Mn, Sb, Se, Sn, and Tl with respect to the coal combustion and the major source of Ni and V with respect to oil combustion. Combustion of leaded, low-leaded, and unleaded gasoline continues to be the major source of atmospheric Pb emissions. The third major source of trace metals is non-ferrous metal production, which is the largest source of atmospheric As, Cd, Cu, In, and Zn. The largest anthropogenic emissions of atmospheric trace metals were estimated in Asia. This can be explained by growing demands for energy in the region and increasing industrial production. As a result, the Asian emissions are not only larger than the emissions on other continents, but also show an increasing trend. Another factor contributing to high emissions in Asia is the efficiency of emission control, which is lower than in Europe and North America. Concerning the two latter continents, emissions of trace metals show a decreasing tendency over the last two decades. Key words: anthropogenic sources, atmospheric emissions, trace metals, global emission inventory

scholarly journals Perfluorocarbons in the global atmosphere: tetrafluoromethane, hexafluoroethane, and octafluoropropane

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 5145-5164 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mühle ◽  
A. L. Ganesan ◽  
B. R. Miller ◽  
P. K. Salameh ◽  
C. M. Harth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Aluminum ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Aluminum Production ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Atmospheric Gases ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
D 12 ◽  
Global Emissions

Abstract. We present atmospheric baseline growth rates from the 1970s to the present for the long-lived, strongly infrared-absorbing perfluorocarbons (PFCs) tetrafluoromethane (CF4), hexafluoroethane (C2F6), and octafluoropropane (C3F8) in both hemispheres, measured with improved accuracies (~1–2%) and precisions (<0.3%, or <0.2 ppt (parts per trillion dry air mole fraction), for CF4; <1.5%, or <0.06 ppt, for C2F6; <4.5%, or <0.02 ppt, for C3F8 within the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE). Pre-industrial background values of 34.7±0.2 ppt CF4 and 0.1±0.02 ppt C2F6 were measured in air extracted from Greenland ice and Antarctic firn. Anthropogenic sources are thought to be primary aluminum production (CF4, C2F6, C3F8), semiconductor production (C2F6, CF4, C3F8) and refrigeration use (C3F8). Global emissions calculated with the AGAGE 2-D 12-box model are significantly higher than most previous emission estimates. The sum of CF4 and C2F6 emissions estimated from aluminum production and non-metal production are lower than observed global top-down emissions, with gaps of ~6 Gg/yr CF4 in recent years. The significant discrepancies between previous CF4, C2F6, and C3F8 emission estimates and observed global top-down emissions estimated from AGAGE measurements emphasize the need for more accurate, transparent, and complete emission reporting, and for verification with atmospheric measurements to assess the emission sources of these long-lived and potent greenhouse gases, which alter the radiative budget of the atmosphere, essentially permanently, once emitted.

scholarly journals Multi-Indices Assessment of Origin and Controlling Factors of Trace Metals in River Sediments from a Semi-Arid Carbonated Basin (the Sebou Basin, Morocco)

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 3203
Author(s):  
Sara El Mrissani ◽  
Souad Haida ◽  
Jean-Luc Probst ◽  
Anne Probst
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Specific Storage ◽  
Surface Water Resources ◽  
Anthropogenic Inputs ◽  
Semi Arid

River water quality is particularly of concern in semi-arid countries with limited water resources. Increasing anthropogenic activities can lead to the accumulation of trace metals (TM) in bottom sediments, which is a specific storage compartment. The present study aimed to investigate the geochemistry of trace metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) and of some physico-chemical parameters in bottom sediments from the Sebou basin, which represents 1/3 of the surface water resources of Morocco. The order of abundance of the metals was Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Pb > Co > As > Cd. A major fingerprint of weathering on metal concentration, and point and non-point anthropogenic sources were highlighted. The origin and intensity of the contamination were determined using a combination of geochemical indicators. The contamination was on the whole moderate, with Cr, Zn, Cu, and Pb as the most enriched metals, especially at the A1, S3, and S4 stations located downstream of Fez city, well known for its intensive industrial and tannery activities. A multi-variate analysis evidenced the strong link between natural elements such as Co with clays and Fe oxides, and As with Ca, whereas Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, partly originating from anthropogenic activities (industrial and domestic waste, agricultural inputs), were linked to phosphorus, oxides, carbonates, and/or POC, indicating their anthropic source and/or control by sediment compounds. Cadmium, Pb, and Cu were the most available metals. Finally, in addition to Cd, Pb and Zn were identified as hazardous metals in sediments as evidenced by the positive relationship between the proportion of the labile fraction and the enrichment factor revealing anthropogenic inputs.

scholarly journals Perfluorocarbons in the global atmosphere: tetrafluoromethane, hexafluoroethane, and octafluoropropane

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 6485-6536 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mühle ◽  
A. L. Ganesan ◽  
B. R. Miller ◽  
P. K. Salameh ◽  
C. M. Harth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Aluminum ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Aluminum Production ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Atmospheric Gases ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
D 12 ◽  
Global Emissions

Abstract. We present atmospheric baseline growth rates from the 1970s to the present for the long-lived, strongly infrared-absorbing perfluorocarbons (PFCs) tetrafluoromethane (CF4), hexafluoroethane (C2F6), and octafluoropropane (C3F8) in both hemispheres, measured with improved accuracies (~1–2%) and improved precisions (<0.3%, or <0.2 ppt (parts-per-trillion), for CF4; <1.5%, or <0.06 ppt, for C2F6; <4.5%, or <0.02 ppt, for C3F8) within the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE). Pre-industrial background values of 34.7±0.2 ppt CF4 and 0.1±0.02 ppt C2F6 were measured in air extracted from Greenland ice and Antarctic firn. Anthropogenic sources are thought to be primary aluminum production (CF4, C2F6, C3F8), semiconductor production (C2F6, CF4, C3F8) and refrigeration use (C3F8). Global emissions calculated with the AGAGE 2-D 12-box model are significantly higher than most previous emission estimates. The sum of CF4 and C2F6 emissions estimated from aluminum production and non-metal production are lower than observed global top-down emissions, with gaps of ~6.4–7.6 Gg/yr CF4 in recent years. The significant discrepancies between previous CF4, C2F6, and C3F8 emission estimates and observed global top-down emissions estimated from AGAGE measurements emphasize the need for more accurate, transparent, and complete emission reporting, and for verification with atmospheric measurements to assess the emission sources of these long-lived and potent greenhouse gases, which alter the radiative budget of the atmosphere essentially permanently once emitted.

Groundwater phosphorus concentrations: global trends and links with agricultural and oil and gas activities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Warrack ◽  
Mary Kang ◽  
Christian von Sperber
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Oil And Gas Development ◽  
Global Trends

&lt;p&gt;Although observations show that anthropogenic phosphorus (P) can reach groundwater supplies, there has been no comprehensive evaluation of P in groundwater at the global scale. Additionally, there have been minimal studies on distributed sources, such as agriculture, and the effects of oil and gas activities on P contamination in groundwater are poorly understood. We compile and analyze 181,653 groundwater P concentrations from 13 government agencies and 8 individual research studies in 11 different countries in order to determine the extent of P pollution at the global scale. We find that every country with data has groundwater P concentrations that pose a significant risk of eutrophication to surface waters. In Canada and the United States, we study the relationship between land use, focusing on crop/pastureland, and increased P concentrations in groundwater. In Ontario and Alberta, two Canadian provinces with different histories of oil and gas development, we find areas with a high concentration of P groundwater pollution to coincide with regions of intense oil and gas activity. Understanding the effects of anthropogenic sources on phosphorus contamination of groundwater and identifying all possible pathways through which contamination can occur will assist regulators in planning and implementing effective strategies to manage groundwater and surface water quality and sustain ecosystem health.&lt;/p&gt;

A 50-yr Record of Pollution by Nutrients, Trace Metals, and Organic Chemicals in the St Lawrence River

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1088-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Carignan ◽  
Stéphane Lorrain ◽  
Ken Lum
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Trace Metal ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Organic Chemicals ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Pcb Congeners ◽  
Anthropogenic Inputs ◽  
St Lawrence River

The deposition chronology of algal pigments, organic C, N, P, trace metals, and organic contaminants (PCB congeners, DDD, DDE, Mirex, hexachlorobenzene) is described for two sites in fluvial lakes (St. Francis and St. Louis) of the St. Lawrence River. Pigment concentrations rapidly decrease in the top 10 cm due to degradation, but show a broad secondary peak consistent with higher primary productivity between 1960 and 1975. In Lake St. Francis, deposition of organic C, N, and P peaked between 1950 and 1975. In both lakes, trace metal concentrations reached maximum values between 1960 and 1970 and decreased considerably between 1970 and 1980. At both sites, surficial trace metal concentrations are approaching (within a factor of 3) those observed in preindustrial sediments except Cd, which is still 5–6 times higher. Concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn are inversely related (p < 0.05) to river discharge whereas those of Pb are positively related to discharge. Concentrations of organic contaminants have declined by a factor of 5–10 between the mid-1960's and the early 1980's, except Mirex, which shows no obvious trend with time. Historic trends in pollution by organic chemicals appear to have been influenced not only by changing anthropogenic inputs, but also by river discharge.

scholarly journals Current and future levels of mercury atmospheric pollution on global scale

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef M. Pacyna ◽  
Oleg Travnikov ◽  
Francesco De Simone ◽  
Ian M. Hedgecock ◽  
Kyrre Sundseth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Emission Scenarios ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Mercury Emissions ◽  
Future Emission ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Air Concentrations

Abstract. An assessment of current and future emissions, air concentrations and atmospheric deposition of mercury world-wide are presented on the basis of results obtained during the performance of the EU GMOS (Global Mercury Observation System) project. Emission estimates for mercury were prepared with the main goal of applying them in models to assess current (2013) and future (2035) air concentrations and atmospheric deposition of this contaminant. The artisanal and small- scale gold mining, as well as combustion of fossil fuels (mainly coal) for energy and heat production in power plants and in industrial and residential boilers are the major anthropogenic sources of Hg emissions to the atmosphere at present. These sources account for about 37 % and 25 % of the total anthropogenic Hg emissions globally, estimated to be about 2000 tonnes. The emissions in Asian countries, particularly in China and India dominate the total emissions of Hg. The current estimate of mercury emissions from natural processes (primary mercury emissions and re-emissions), including mercury depletion events, were estimated to be 5207 tonnes per year which represent nearly 70 % of the global mercury emission budget. Oceans are the most important sources (36 %) followed by biomass burning (9 %). A comparison of the 2035 anthropogenic emissions estimated for 3 different scenarios with current anthriopogenic emissions indicates a reduction of these emissions in 2035 up to 85 % for the best case scenario. Two global chemical transport models (GLEMOS and ECHMERIT) have been used for the evaluation of future Hg pollution levels considering future emission scenarios. Projections of future changes in Hg deposition on a global scale simulated by these models for three anthropogenic emissions scenarios of 2035 indicate a decrease of up to 50 % deposition in the Northern Hemisphere and up to 35 % in Southern Hemisphere for the best case scenario. The EU GMOS project has proved to be a very important research instrument for supporting, first the scientific justification for the Minamata Convention, and then monitoring of the implementation of targets of this Convention, as well as, the EU Mercury Strategy. This project provided the state-of-the art with regard to the development of the latest emission inventories for mercury, future emission scenarios, dispersion modelling of atmospheric Hg on global and regional scale, and source – receptor techniques for Hg emission apportionment on a global scale.

scholarly journals The role of dung beetles in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from cattle farming

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor M. Slade ◽  
Terhi Riutta ◽  
Tomas Roslin ◽  
Hanna L. Tuomisto
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Dung Beetles ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Cattle Farming ◽  
New Perspective

Abstract Agriculture is one of the largest anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs), with dairy and beef production accounting for nearly two-thirds of emissions. Several recent papers suggest that dung beetles may affect fluxes of GHGs from cattle farming. Here, we put these previous findings into context. Using Finland as an example, we assessed GHG emissions at three scales: the dung pat, pasture ecosystem and whole lifecycle of milk or beef production. At the first two levels, dung beetles reduced GHG emissions by up to 7% and 12% respectively, mainly through large reductions in methane (CH4) emissions. However, at the lifecycle level, dung beetles accounted for only a 0.05–0.13% reduction of overall GHG emissions. This mismatch derives from the fact that in intensive production systems, only a limited fraction of all cow pats end up on pastures, offering limited scope for dung beetle mitigation of GHG fluxes. In contrast, we suggest that the effects of dung beetles may be accentuated in tropical countries, where more manure is left on pastures and dung beetles remove and aerate dung faster and that this is thus a key area for future research. These considerations give a new perspective on previous results and suggest that studies of biotic effects on GHG emissions from dung pats on a global scale are a priority for current research.

scholarly journals Evaluation of physicochemical and trace metal qualities of rainwater in the south-eastern region of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Arif Hossen ◽  
Asiful Hoque ◽  
M. Salauddin ◽  
Sudip Kumar Pal ◽  
Mohammad Golam Muktadir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
The South ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
South Eastern

Abstract The chemical characteristics of rainwater in the south-eastern region of Bangladesh were investigated in this study in addition to identifying the potential sources of different precipitation constituents, which have often been unexplored or not well covered in the literature. Rainwater pH, major ions and trace metals were measured in samples collected from five different locations with different land-use patterns of the Chattogram Metropolitan area (CMA) during two rainy seasons. The results of this study showed variability in rainwater quality across the sites signifying site-specific influences. The mean concentration of all measured physicochemical parameters, ions and trace metals in rainwater samples was also found to be significantly lower compared with the drinking water quality standard of Bangladesh and WHO guidelines. The correlation matrix and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that and originated from anthropogenic sources, while the average concentration of trace metals found in rainwater was exhibited in the following order: Zn&gt;Cu&gt;Fe&gt;Cr&gt;Mn&gt;Pb&gt;Cd. The findings of this study could be used as a reference to further investigate the influences of industrial, urban and agricultural emissions that regulate the chemical characteristics of the atmosphere in particular areas of study.

scholarly journals Methane Fluxes of Vegetated Areas in Natural Freshwater Ecosystems: Assessments and Global Significance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Bodmer ◽  
Renske Vroom ◽  
Tatiana Stepina ◽  
Paul del Giorgio ◽  
Sarian Kosten
Keyword(s):  
Global Scale ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Running Waters ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Ch4 Flux ◽  
Methane Fluxes ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Global Emissions ◽  
Range Of Variation

Freshwater ecosystems, including wetlands, lakes, and running waters, are estimated to contribute roughly 40% to global emissions of methane (CH4), a highly potent greenhouse gas. The emission of CH4 to the atmosphere entails the diffusive, ebullitive, and plant-mediated pathway. The latter, in particular, has been largely understudied and is neither well understood nor quantified. We have conducted a semi-quantitative literature review to (i) provide a synthesis of the different ways vegetated habitats can influence CH4 dynamics (i.e., production, consumption, and transport) in freshwater ecosystems, (ii) provide an overview of methods applied to study the fluxes from vegetated habitats, and (iii) summarize the existing data on CH4 fluxes associated to different types of vegetated habitats and their range of variation. Finally, we discuss the implications of CH4 fluxes associated with aquatic vegetated habitats for current estimates of aquatic CH4 emissions at the global scale. We identified 13 different aspects in which plants impact CH4 dynamics (three related to gaseous CH4 flux pathways) and ten approaches used to study and quantify fluxes from vegetated habitats. The variability of the fluxes from vegetated areas was very high, varying from -454.4 mg CH4 m-2 d-1 (uptake) to 2882.4 mg CH4 m-2 d-1 (emission). This synthesis highlights the need to incorporate vegetated habitats into CH4 emission budgets from natural freshwater ecosystems and further identifies understudied research aspects and relevant future research directions.

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