THE FREE-CELL PHENOMENON IN ISOHAEMAGGLUTINATION

1950 ◽  
Vol 28e (4) ◽  
pp. 152-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth W. McKerns ◽  
Orville F. Denstedt
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Free Cell ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Sensitization Phase

An hypothesis is presented to account for the invariable persistence of unagglutinated red blood cells in agglutinated samples even when potent isoagglutinating serum is used. It is postulated that the cells which remain free represent the few which become completely saturated with the agglutinin during the sensitization phase of the reaction. These cells, which amount to only a fraction of a per cent of the total originally present in the sample, are incapable of reacting with one another but can undergo agglutination with fresh cells of the same blood type thus indicating that they are morphologically normal. Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis. The free-cell count is reproducible provided the agglutinating serum is potent and the conditions of the experiment are standardized. The influence of various factors on the free-cell count, and the usefulness of the count for following changes in the avidity of isoagglutinating serum with time, are discussed.

Annual variations of red and white cell count in the urodele Taricha granulosa

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Friedmann
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Cell Count ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
White Cell ◽  
Taricha Granulosa ◽  
Annual Variations

An average of 50 red blood cells and 5 white blood cells per field with 500 × magnification is subject to substantial seasonal variations. These variations seem to offer a good indicator of the stage of the annual cycle of this urodele.

scholarly journals IRREVERSIBLE TOXIC "INCLUSION BODY" ANEMIA

Blood ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. FERTMAN ◽  
CHARLES A. DOAN
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Inclusion Body ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Count ◽  
One Year ◽  
Oral Doses

Abstract 1. "Inclusion bodies," distinguishable from the Howell-Jolly bodies, were observed in the red blood cells of a patient with a severe refractory fatal anemia, who had been receiving erythrol tetranitrate over a period of one year. 2. "Bodies" with similar staining characteristics were reproduced in cats with large oral doses of erythrol tetranitrate and other nitrates. These were generally accompanied by a temporary fall in the red cell count, followed by recovery upon withdrawal of the drug.

scholarly journals HEMATOLOGIC PROFILE OF LABORATORY RATS FED WITH BAKERY PRODUCTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 221-231
Author(s):  
Muhamed Katica ◽  
Nedzad Gradascevic
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Physiological Limits ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
Peripheral Blood Smears

The laboratory rat, as important biomedical model, was often fed with unconventional diet usually made up of products from the bakery industry. Such diet consisted of insufficient caloric and nutritionally unbalanced meals could cause unreliable results in biomedical research. The study investigates the effects of malnutrition on the haematological profile of rats. The study is performed on Wistar male and female rats which were fed for 4 weeks exclusively with bakery products ad libidum. The following hematological parameters were observed in peripheral blood smears: red blood cell count, content of haemoglobin, haematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, white blood cell count, differential blood count, diameter of red blood cells, as well as the presence of atypical forms of red blood cells. Despite there were no statistically significant differences in overall haematological results (p > 0.05, with > 0.05), the significant part of obtained results were below physiological limits (HGB, MCHC and MCH). Other haematological parameters, including white blood corpuscles were kept in physiological limits, except for mild neutrophils in males. Also, the forms of anulocytes and spherocytes were recorded in peripheral blood smears. The results indicated the beginning of normocytic hypochromic anaemia which was caused by unbalanced meals.

Automated hematology analysers and spurious counts#$##x0000A;Part 3. Haemoglobin, red blood cells, cell count and indices, reticulocytes

2012 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alban Godon ◽  
Franck Genevieve ◽  
Anne Marteau-Tessier ◽  
Marc Zandecki
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Blood Cells

L-Asparaginase Loaded Red Blood Cells: From Prescription to Injection

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 4252-4252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Bailly ◽  
Veronique Sezanne ◽  
Yann Godfrin
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Medicinal Product ◽  
Safety Profile ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Bank ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Rbc Membrane ◽  
Preservative Solution ◽  
Qualified Person

Abstract Abstract 4252 L-asparaginase has been a mainstay of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment since decades and its efficacy has been demonstrated in a broad range of patient's profiles. However its use is hampered by frequent and/or significant toxicities. L-asparaginase loaded in homologous red blood cells (GRASPA®) is a new pharmaceutical formulation of the enzyme. This cell-based medicinal product allows a better safety profile and an improvement of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the enzyme. As demonstrated by several teams performing different technologies of entrapment (Alpar-HO, 1985; Updike-SJ, 1985; Naqi-A 1988; Kravtzoff-R, 1996; Kwon-YM, 2010; Domenech-C, 2010), L-asparaginase remains active entrapped inside the red blood cell (RBC), while asparagine is constently and actively “pumped” through the membrane of the red cells thanks to N+ channel system. Thus, L-asparaginase loaded RBCs act as “cellular bioreactors”. Indeed, plasmatic asparagine diffuses through the RBC membrane to the intra cellular compartment where it is cleaved by the entrapped L-asparaginase. Thanks to the RBC membrane, the enzyme is protected from body reaction thus reducing the side effects. L-asparaginase loaded red blood cells is a cell-based medicinal product for personalized medicine. The physician prescribes the drug, then the hospital orders the product to the company. The patient weight, the ABO blood type and a valid irregular antibody screening (IAS) have to be joined with this order. The qualified person on the manufacturing site, orders immediately to a blood bank a leukocytes reduced packed RBC unit compatible with the patient. The product is manufactured under cGMP using a 3-hours automated process: (1) a washing step removes the preservative solution from the packed RBC, (2) L-asparaginase is mixed to the RBC washed suspension, (3) the mixture is dialyzed against a hypotonic solution and resealed, (4) a final washing step allows to purify the product, finally (5) the preservative solution is added. According to the prescribed dosage (IU/Kg), the volume of GRASPA® is adjusted in the final product PVC bag. Indeed, the product release specifications are constant and reproducible from batch to batch such as the corpuscular concentration of L-asparaginase (117±19, IU/ml), extracellular hemoglobin (0.11±0.03 g/dL), osmotic fragility (<3.5 g/L of NaCl), extracellular L-asparaginase (0.4±0.2 IU/ml ie <1% of the total activity). Based on these specifications, the qualified person releases the product and ships it (kept at 2–8°C) to the prescriber, meaning the delay between order and delivery is less than 2 days. Currently a 72h shelf-life for the final product is considered. The traceability system assures the linkage between the blood bank and patient's hospital. The manufacturing Key Peformance Indicators:GMP batches manufactured since 01/04/09:148Delivery Rate (since Apr. 2009)Clinical Batches delivered on time100 %Conformance rateGMP batches released (since Apr. 2009)94 %Conformance rate6 last months (since feb. 2011)100 % To date, 135 batches of GRAPSA® were administered to 71 patients enrolled in 3 clinical trials. In ALL patients, hypersensitive reaction, coagulation disorders, hepatic disorders are significantly reduced. The dose of 150IU/kg is currently used in a phase II/III pivotal trial in children and adults with ALL relapse. The dose of 100 IU/kg is optimal (efficacy/tolerance) in newly diagnosed patients over 55yo. Indeed this frail subpopulation of patients can difficultly receive current forms of L-asparaginase due to the known side effects. A phase I clinical trial in pancreatic carcinoma confirmed the good safety profile (also at 150IU/kg) of this form of L-asparaginase even in solid tumors, offering new perspectives in patients where asparagine synthetase in tumor cells is down. Disclosures: Bailly: ERYTECH Pharma: Employment. Sezanne:ERYTECH Pharma: Employment. Godfrin:ERYTECH Pharma: Employment, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Impacts of ABO-Blood Type Incompatibility on Outcome of Unrelated Bone Marrow Transplantation through the Japan Marrow Donor Program.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 173-173
Author(s):  
Fumihiko Kimura ◽  
Ken Sato ◽  
Shinichi Kobayashi ◽  
Takashi Ikeda ◽  
Hiroki Torikai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Abo Incompatibility ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract ABO incompatibility between donor and recipient is not a barrier for successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but conflicting data still exist concerning its influence on transplant outcome, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), relapse, and survival. We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients who underwent UR-BMT through the Japan Marrow Donor Program between January 1993 and September 2005, with complete data on ABO-blood group compatibility, age, and gender in donors and recipients. A total of 4,970 patients were transplanted with marrow from ABO-matched (M; n=2,513, 50.6%), major incompatible (MA; n=1,254, 25.2%), minor incompatible (MI; n=1,081, 21.8%), and bidirectional incompatible donors (IA; n=122, 2.5%), and were followed up over a median period of 325 days. Among these four groups, excluding age, there was no significant difference in the gender of patients and donors, number of transplantations, conditioning regimen, GVHD prophylaxis, and performance status before transplantation by the likelihood ratio test. The 5-year overall survival of any ABO-incompatible group was significantly lower compared to an identical group (Wilcoxon test, p<0.0001); the estimates for each group were 50.0% (M), 44.7% (MA), 46.7% (MI), and 41.3% (IA). Even in HLA-matched transplantation (n=2,608), a similar difference in overall survival was observed among the four groups (p=0.0124). In ABO-mismatched transplantation, the processing of bone marrow is necessary to prevent hemolysis of donor or recipient red blood cells as a result of the infusion of ABO-incompatible red blood cells or plasma contained within it. This procedure may reduce the number of hematopoietic stem cells. In fact, the mean number of total infused cells in each group was 3.10 (M), 1.52 (MA), 2.87 (MI), and 1.33 (IA) x108 per patient body weight (kg), with a significant difference in 4,210 patients in which data on the infused cell number were available (M; n=2,310, MA; n=996, MI; n=802, IA; n=102). To examine whether the difference in overall survival depended on the transplanted cell number, we used time-dependent Cox proportional hazards modeling to compare identical and major incompatible groups in terms of overall survival. Whereas the disease (standard and high-risk malignant disease, and benign disease; p=0.0000), patient age (p=0.0000), and ABO compatibility (p=0.0311) were elucidated to be significant risk factors, the number of infused cells was not (p=0.0603). Engraftment of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets were significantly delayed in major ABO mismatch in comparison with ABO identity (p<0.0001). Univariate analysis revealed a small but significant difference in the rate of grade III and IV GVHD among the four groups (p=0.0204). Patients with major and minor ABO incompatibility had a higher incidence of severe GVHD compared to ABO identity (21.9%, 20.4% vs 16.2%). There was no significant difference in GVHD of the skin and gut, but major and minor mismatch developed a higher incidence of moderate to severe hepatic GVHD compared to ABO match (p<0.0001, p=0.0010, respectively). ABO incompatibility had no significant effect on relapse, but the incidence of rejection was significantly higher with ABO-incompatible transplantation (p=0.0219).

Imaging Flow Cytometry Documents Incomplete Resistance Of F-Cells To Hypoxia-Induced Sickling In Blood Samples From Patients With Sickle Cell Anemia

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 183-183
Author(s):  
Kleber Yotsumoto Fertrin ◽  
Eduard J. van Beers ◽  
Leigh Samsel ◽  
Laurel G. Mendelsohn ◽  
Rehan Saiyed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Sickle Cell Anemia ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Imaging Flow Cytometry ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Round Shape ◽  
F Cells

Abstract Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production induced by hydroxyurea is the mainstay of treatment for sickle cell anemia (SCA). Increased HbF production correlates with a higher number of HbF-containing red blood cells (RBCs) called F-cells. Successful treatment with hydroxyurea is associated with an increased number of F-cells, less hemolysis, improvement of anemia, and decreased frequency of vaso-occlusive crises in SCA patients. Comparison of in vitro sickling among blood specimens from sickle mouse models and from patients with different HbF levels has provided compelling evidence that increasing the percentage of circulating F-cells is associated with improvement of hemolytic biomarkers. While it has been demonstrated that higher HbF content prolongs sickle RBC survival, there is only indirect evidence of the response to hypoxia of F-cells compared to non-F-cells. We investigated the influence of HbF content on sickling through our recently developed Sickle Imaging Flow Cytometry Assay (SIFCA). SIFCA allows simultaneous analysis of both expression of intracellular proteins and morphological features of each cell in a robust, reproducible, operator-independent sickling assay. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected upon written consent from adult SCA patients with a wide range of HbF percentages (HbF range 2.0-26.9%) (n=15, nine on hydroxyurea treatment). RBC pellets were used to prepare 1% suspensions that were subjected to deoxygenation for 2 hours at 2% oxygen. RBCs were then labeled for HbF using a standard protocol for F-cell quantitation and a minimum of 20,000 cells were analyzed by imaging flow cytometry (ImageStreamX Mk II, Amnis Corporation), allowing the correlation between shape change and intensity of HbF expression for each RBC. We confirmed previous observations using conventional flow cytometry that F-cell count percentages significantly correlate with mean HbF determined by HPLC (r2P=0.9700, 95% CI 0.9098-0.9902, P<0.0001). F-cell count by SIFCA correlated highly with conventional F-cell flow cytometry by an independent CLIA-certified facility (r2P =0.9976, 95% CI 0.9861-0.9996, P<0.0001). SIFCA morphological analysis showed that the percentage of non-F-cells sickling upon deoxygenation was significantly higher than among F-cells (17.75% [95% CI 12.5-23.00] vs. 12.41% [95% CI 8.67-16.15], P=0.0015), a 1.498-fold difference (95% CI 1.228-1.768). Image analysis also allowed us to identify the presence of F-cells that still sickle despite their high HbF content, as well as non-F-cells that are resistant to sickling (Figure 1). Transmission electron microscopy of F-cells enriched by fluorescence activated cell sorting confirmed that sickled F-cells contained hemoglobin S polymers. In summary, we have documented for the first time at the individual RBC level that human F-cells are less prone to sickle under hypoxia ex vivo than non-F-cells. This study also illustrates the power of imaging flow cytometry to characterize predisposition to sickling in populations of red blood cells from the same patient, and would be suitable for use as a supportive biomarker assay in clinical trials investigating the efficacy of novel HbF inducers and their anti-sickling effect in a single assay. While the finding that F-cells sickle less than non-F-cells is not unexpected, it seems surprising to us that the difference in hypoxia-induced sickling between F-cells and non-F-cells is so small. This finding emphasizes the need to characterize additional RBC features that render individual cells more susceptible or resistant to sickling. Identification of factors besides HbF that modulate sickle hemoglobin polymerization may help design novel therapies for hydroxyurea-resistant SCA patients.Figure 1Sample images showing non-F-cells (left column) and F-cells (right column) as they appear on imaging flow cytometry. Under hypoxic conditions, non-F-cells are expected to sickle (panel A), while F-cells are expected to maintain a round shape (panel B). Nevertheless, round erythrocytes can be found among non-F-cells (panel C), as well as typically sickled F-cells (panel D).Figure 1. Sample images showing non-F-cells (left column) and F-cells (right column) as they appear on imaging flow cytometry. Under hypoxic conditions, non-F-cells are expected to sickle (panel A), while F-cells are expected to maintain a round shape (panel B). Nevertheless, round erythrocytes can be found among non-F-cells (panel C), as well as typically sickled F-cells (panel D). Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Perancangan Alat Pendeteksi Golongan Darah dan Rhesus dengan Menggunakan Mikrokontroler Arduino Mega 2560

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Hadi Syahputra ◽  
Sepsa Nur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Sample ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Agglutination Reaction ◽  
Light Sensor ◽  
Group Detection ◽  
Abo Blood Type

The aim of the research is to design the tools used to detect and determine blood type. Blood and rhesus group detection can usually be done manually through a process of testing red blood cells with antisera (serum) to see if blood that has been given antisera (serum) occurs agglutination (agglutination) or non-agglutination (not clot). In this study, blood type and rhesus detection was designed electronically using ABO blood type and Rhesus system. It is designed using three pairs of light sensor, LED sensor as transmitter and Photodioda as receiver, comparator circuit and arduino mega 2560 microcontroller. Agglutination sensor or non-agglutination reaction of blood sample mixed with antisera. Next, it sends the voltage to be conditioned by the comparator circuit then sent to the microcontroller for processing and the blood type and rhesus readings will be displayed on the LCD screen.

scholarly journals Hemagglutination by B. fragilis is mediated by capsular polysaccharides and is influenced by host ABO blood type

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen L. Arnolds ◽  
Nancy Moreno-Huizar ◽  
Maggie A. Stanislawski ◽  
Brent Palmer ◽  
Catherine Lozupone
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharides ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
Abo Blood Type

Bacterial hemagglutination of red blood cells (RBCs) is mediated by interactions between bacterial cell components and RBC envelope glycans that vary across individuals by ABO blood type. ABO glycans are also expressed on intestinal epithelial cells and in most individuals secreted into the intestinal mucosa, indicating that hemagglutination by bacteria may be informative about bacteria-host interactions in the intestine. Bacteroides fragilis, a prominent member of the human gut microbiota, can hemagglutinate RBCs by an unknown mechanism. Using a novel technology for quantifying bacterial hemagglutination, genetic knockout strains of B. fragilis and blocking antiserums, we demonstrate that the capsular polysaccharides of B. fragilis, polysaccharide B (PSB), and PSC are both strong hemagglutinins. Furthermore, the capacity of B. fragilis to hemagglutinate was much stronger in individuals with Type O blood compared to Types A and B, an adaptation that could impact the capacity of B. fragilis to colonize and thrive in the host.Importance StatementThis study found that the human pathobiont, B. fragilis, hemagglutinates human red blood cells using specific capsular polysaccharides (PSB and PSC) which are known to be important for interacting with and influencing host immune responses. Because the factors found on red blood cells are also abundantly expressed on other tissues and in the mucous, the ability to hemagglutinate sheds light on interactions between bacteria and host throughout the body. Intriguingly, the strength of hemagglutination varied based on the ABO blood type of the host, a finding which could have implications for understanding if an individual’s blood type may influence interactions with B. fragilis and its potential as a pathogen versus a commensal.

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