Plastic ingestion by seabirds in the circumpolar Arctic: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia E. Baak ◽  
Jannie F. Linnebjerg ◽  
Tom Barry ◽  
Maria V. Gavrilo ◽  
Mark L. Mallory ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Standard Technique ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Seabird Species ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Plastic pollution is a ubiquitous global environmental problem. Plastic ingestion by seabirds is an increasing issue even in remote areas, such as the Arctic, yet research and monitoring of plastic ingestion in Arctic seabird populations is limited, and there are large knowledge gaps for many geographic regions. There is currently no standard technique for monitoring plastic debris in the Arctic, making it difficult to compare studies and monitor global trends. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of plastic ingestion by seabirds in the Arctic. We analyzed 38 published records that report plastic ingestion by seabirds in the Arctic region. Of the 51 seabird species examined for plastic ingestion in the Arctic, over half have ingested plastic; however, the majority have a limited number of studies, small sample sizes, and (or) data are more than 15 years old. Additionally, the spatial distribution of plastic ingestion reports in the Arctic varies widely, with large knowledge gaps in the northernmost areas of most countries. This indicates that we lack recent information on plastic ingestion for most of the seabird species in the Arctic. Further, less than one-third of studies reference standardized methods from other regions, making it difficult to assess spatial and temporal trends. Long-term monitoring programs should be established in the Arctic to obtain an accurate assessment of plastic ingestion by seabirds in this region.

scholarly journals The Water and Energy Budget of the Arctic Atmosphere

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 2515-2530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tido Semmler ◽  
Daniela Jacob ◽  
K. Heinke Schlünzen ◽  
Ralf Podzun
Keyword(s):  
Energy Budget ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Energy Fluxes ◽  
Arctic Atmosphere

Abstract The Arctic plays a major role in the global circulation, and its water and energy budget is not as well explored as that in other regions of the world. The aim of this study is to calculate the climatological mean water and energy fluxes depending on the season and on the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) through the lower, lateral, and upper boundaries of the Arctic atmosphere north of 70°N. The relevant fluxes are derived from results of the regional climate model (REMO 5.1), which is applied to the Arctic region for the time period 1979–2000. Model forcing data are a combination of 15-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-15) data and analysis data. The annual and seasonal total water and energy fluxes derived from REMO 5.1 results are very similar to the fluxes calculated from observational and reanalysis data, although there are some differences in the components. The agreement between simulated and observed total fluxes shows that these fluxes are reliable. Even if differences between high and low NAO situations occur in our simulation consistent with previous studies, these differences are mostly smaller than the large uncertainties due to a small sample size of the NAO high and low composites.

scholarly journals Aerosol Characteristics in the Three Poles of the Earth Observed by CALIPSO

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yikun Yang ◽  
Chuanfeng Zhao ◽  
Quan Wang ◽  
Zhiyuan Cong ◽  
Xingchuan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Hysplit Model ◽  
Back Trajectories ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Spatial And Seasonal Variation ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. To better understand the aerosol properties over the Arctic, Antarctic, and Tibetan Plateau (TP), the aerosol optical properties were investigated using 13 years CALIPSO L3 data, and the back trajectories for air masses were also simulated using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. The results show that the aerosol optical depth (AOD) has obvious spatial and seasonal variation characteristics, and the aerosol loading over Eurasia, Ross Sea, and South Asia is relatively large. The annual average AOD in the Arctic, Antarctic, and TP are 0.046, 0.025, and 0.098, respectively. The Arctic and Antarctic regions have larger AOD values in winter and spring, while the TP in spring and summer. There are no significant temporal trends of AOD anomalies in the three study regions. Clean marine and dust-related aerosols are the dominant types over ocean and land respectively in both the Arctic and Antarctic, while dust-related aerosol types have greater occurrence frequency (OF) over the TP. The OF of dust-related and elevated smoke is large for a broad range of heights, indicating that they are likely transported aerosols, while other types of aerosols mainly occurred at heights below 2 km in the Antarctic and Arctic. The maximum OF of dust-related aerosols mainly occurs at 6 km altitude over the TP. The analysis of back trajectories of the air masses shows large differences among different regions and seasons. The Arctic region is more vulnerable to mid-latitude pollutants than the Antarctic region, especially in winter and spring, while the air masses in the TP are mainly from the Iranian Plateau, Tarim Basin, and South Asia.

A detrital zircon test of large-scale terrane displacement along the Arctic margin of North America

Geology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Gibson ◽  
Karol Faehnrich ◽  
James F. Busch ◽  
William C. McClelland ◽  
Mark D. Schmitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Detrital Zircon ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
North Slope ◽  
The North ◽  
Arctic Alaska ◽  
Laurentian Margin ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology is one of the most common methods used to constrain the provenance of ancient sedimentary systems. Yet, its efficacy for precisely constraining paleogeographic reconstructions is often complicated by geological, analytical, and statistical uncertainties. To test the utility of this technique for reconstructing complex, margin-parallel terrane displacements, we compiled new and previously published U-Pb detrital zircon data (n = 7924; 70 samples) from Neoproterozoic–Cambrian marine sandstone-bearing units across the Porcupine shear zone of northern Yukon and Alaska, which separates the North Slope subterrane of Arctic Alaska from northwestern Laurentia (Yukon block). Contrasting tectonic models for the North Slope subterrane indicate it originated either near its current position as an autochthonous continuation of the Yukon block or from a position adjacent to the northeastern Laurentian margin prior to >1000 km of Paleozoic–Mesozoic translation. Our statistical results demonstrate that zircon U-Pb age distributions from the North Slope subterrane are consistently distinct from the Yukon block, thereby supporting a model of continent-scale strike-slip displacement along the Arctic margin of North America. Further examination of this dataset highlights important pitfalls associated with common methodological approaches using small sample sizes and reveals challenges in relying solely on detrital zircon age spectra for testing models of terranes displaced along the same continental margin from which they originated. Nevertheless, large-n detrital zircon datasets interpreted within a robust geologic framework can be effective for evaluating translation across complex tectonic boundaries.

scholarly journals Arctic region and arctic cities VS sustainable region and smart cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 06003
Author(s):  
Gennadij Detter ◽  
Josif Tukkel ◽  
Anastasia Ljovkina
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
National Development ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Cultural Approach

Existing crises of arctic sustainable development and continuous increase of the VUKA world tendencies require urgent reconsidering economic and political models in the Arctic region, considering modern global trends, technological, political, socio-cultural conditions, and Russian national development goals. One of the key global trends is rapid urbanization and “smart cities” as a solution to the increasing problems of urban sustainable development. The level of urbanization in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation exceeds the average for the whole world. In this research, we focus on the problem of arctic sustainable “smart cities”. We analyzed existing approaches and concepts of “Smart City” and classified them into three main groups: system (complex) approach, technological approach, and socio-cultural approach. We showed different basic axiomatics and priorities in these approaches, which logically result in different social consequences. We suggested the socio-cultural approach as most relevant to the humanistic sense of developing smart cities and purposes of sustainable development. In particular, implying this approach in developing Arctic smart cities will allow using Arctic advantages and wealth for long-perspective human development and increasing the quality of life of Arctic people.

scholarly journals Social epidemiology of a large outbreak of chickenpox in the Colombian sugar cane producer region: a set theory-based analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1393-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro J. Idrovo ◽  
Cidronio Albavera-Hernández ◽  
Jorge Martín Rodríguez-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Set Theory ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Social Epidemiology ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

There are few social epidemiologic studies on chickenpox outbreaks, although previous findings suggested the important role of social determinants. This study describes the context of a large outbreak of chickenpox in the Cauca Valley region, Colombia (2003 to 2007), with an emphasis on macro-determinants. We explored the temporal trends in chickenpox incidence in 42 municipalities to identify the places with higher occurrences. We analyzed municipal characteristics (education quality, vaccination coverage, performance of health care services, violence-related immigration, and area size of planted sugar cane) through analyses based on set theory. Edwards-Venn diagrams were used to present the main findings. The results indicated that three municipalities had higher incidences and that poor quality education was the attribute most prone to a higher incidence. Potential use of set theory for exploratory outbreak analyses is discussed. It is a tool potentially useful to contrast units when only small sample sizes are available.

Integrating Visual and Bayesian Statistical Analyses in Single Case Experimental Research to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Magnitude of a Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prathiba Natesan ◽  
Smita Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intervention ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Ratio Effect ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Single case experimental designs (SCEDs) have become an indispensable methodology where randomized control trials may be impossible or even inappropriate. However, the nature of SCED data presents challenges for both visual and statistical analyses. Small sample sizes, autocorrelations, data types, and design types render many parametric statistical analyses and maximum likelihood approaches ineffective. The presence of autocorrelation decreases interrater reliability in visual analysis. The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate a newly developed model called the Bayesian unknown change-point (BUCP) model which overcomes all the above-mentioned data analytic challenges. This is the first study to formulate and demonstrate rate ratio effect size for autocorrelated data, which has remained an open question in SCED research until now. This expository study also compares and contrasts the results from BUCP model with visual analysis, and rate ratio effect size with nonoverlap of all pairs (NAP) effect size. Data from a comprehensive behavioral intervention are used for the demonstration.

No Evidence that Experiencing Physical Warmth Promotes Interpersonal Warmth: Two Failures to Replicate Williams and Bargh (2008)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Chabris ◽  
Patrick Ryan Heck ◽  
Jaclyn Mandart ◽  
Daniel Jacob Benjamin ◽  
Daniel J. Simons
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Physical Warmth ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Interpersonal Warmth

Williams and Bargh (2008) reported that holding a hot cup of coffee caused participants to judge a person’s personality as warmer, and that holding a therapeutic heat pad caused participants to choose rewards for other people rather than for themselves. These experiments featured large effects (r = .28 and .31), small sample sizes (41 and 53 participants), and barely statistically significant results. We attempted to replicate both experiments in field settings with more than triple the sample sizes (128 and 177) and double-blind procedures, but found near-zero effects (r = –.03 and .02). In both cases, Bayesian analyses suggest there is substantially more evidence for the null hypothesis of no effect than for the original physical warmth priming hypothesis.

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