Survival of Daphnia, Crayfish, and Stoneflies in Air-Supersaturated Water

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1208-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan V. Nebeker
Keyword(s):  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Pacifastacus Leniusculus ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
General Body ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
The Mean

Daphnia magna, the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, and nymphs of the stoneflies, Acroneuria californica, A. pacifica, and Pteronarcys californica were tested in the laboratory to determine their survival in different concentrations of air-supersaturated water. The mean 96-h LC50 value (lethal concentration, 50% mortality) for D. magna was 122.5% total air saturation. The 7-day LC50 was 120% and the 10-day LC50 was 117.5%. The mean 96-h LC50 for crayfish was 147% total air saturation. The 7-day LC50 was 145% and the 10-day LC50 was 133%. The 10-day EC50 values (effective concentration, 50% immobilized) for stoneflies were 135% for A. californica and greater than 125% for A. pacifica and P. californica. Bubbles (emboli) were observed in body fluids and tissues, and general body distention occurred before death in Daphnia, crayfish, and stoneflies. Lethal threshold concentrations for Daphnia and crayfish were near 111 and 127%, respectively.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Sensitivity and Efficacy of Fungicides with Different Modes of Action Against Botryosphaeria dothidea

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (9) ◽  
pp. 1785-1793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Song ◽  
Lili Li ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
Zengbin Lu ◽  
Xingyuan Men ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Ring Rot ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogen ◽  
The Mean

Botryosphaeria dothidea, the causal agent of apple ring rot, is an important fungal plant pathogen that can cause serious reductions in crop yield, and fungicides still play a crucial role in management. In the present study, the sensitivity of B. dothidea to fludioxonil, fluazinam, and pyrisoxazole was assessed in 162 isolates. Moreover, the protective and curative activity of the three fungicides on detached apple fruit as well as the control efficacy in the field were determined. The results showed that the mean 50% effective concentration (EC50) values (± standard deviation) were 0.01 ± 0.008, 0.04 ± 0.03, and 0.02 ± 0.01 μg ml−1, with individual EC50 values of 0.002 to 0.05, 0.003 to 0.19, and 0.005 to 0.26 μg ml−1 for fludioxonil, fluazinam, and pyrisoxazole, respectively. In addition, the frequency distributions of EC50 values were both unimodal curves. However, significant correlations (P < 0.05) were found between fludioxonil and iprodione, between fluazinam and iprodione, as well as between pyrisoxazole and difenoconazole. In field trials conducted during 2016 and 2017, the control efficacy ranged from 75.91 to 87.41% when fludioxonil was applied at 100 to 150 mg active ingredient (a.i.) kg−1, 81.90 to 85.13% when fluazinam was applied at 400 mg a.i. kg−1, and 77.43 to 80.97% when pyrisoxazole was applied at 400 mg a.i. kg−1. The control efficacy of the fungicides in storage was higher than 60%, with the exception of fluazinam. These results demonstrated that fludioxonil, fluazinam, and pyrisoxazole have considerable potential to control apple ring rot.

Knowledge Levels of University Students About Sexually Transmitted Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (14) ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
GAMZE TEMİZ ◽  
Nida GÜNDÜZALP
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
People Who Use Drugs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
The Mean

Purpose: The aim of the study; To evaluate the knowledge level of nursing students about diseases transmitted by bodily fluids. Materials and Methods: The study is descriptive-cross-sectional. The sample is 352 nursing students studying at a foundation university. The data were evaluated with a questionnaire about diseases transmitted by body fluids. Results: The mean age of nursing students was 20.87±2.14 years and 81.3% of them were girls. Most of the sample consisted of 1st year (26.7%) and 4th year students (31.5%). The mean score of the questionnaire for diseases transmitted by bodily fluids of nursing students was found to be 13.61 ± 2.19. It was determined that 96.9% of the students gave correct answers to the 2nd item of the questionnaire, “Spouses with these diseases should be treated together”. It was determined that 69.3% of the students gave incorrect answers to the 3rd item of the questionnaire, "Untreated, diseases transmitted by body fluids can cause infertility". 62.5% of the students reported that they had received training on the subject before. Of the sample, 97.2% are individuals who have relationships with more than one person, 1.1% are individuals with a single spouse, 38.1% (n=134) are people who use drugs, 31.8% are health professionals. reported that they were in the high-risk group for diseases transmitted by fluids. The results show that nursing students gave insufficient information about the prevention of diseases transmitted by body fluids. Conclusion: In the study, it was determined that the knowledge of nursing students about diseases transmitted by body fluids was above the medium level, and it was noteworthy that they needed training on transmission routes, risk groups and protection from diseases transmitted by body fluids.

Biological Activity of Ethanolic Leaves Extract Lantana camara Against Cabbage Catterpillars for Environmentally Biopesticides

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Melanie ◽  
Wawan Hermawan ◽  
Hikmat Kasmara ◽  
Azka Hayyuna Kholifa ◽  
Fakhru Rozi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Disc ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Minimum Effective Concentration ◽  
Organic Extract ◽  
Bioassay Test ◽  
Parametric Statistics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance

Chemical insecticides that have been relied upon to control cabbage catterpillars have become the main cause of pest resistance, high residues in crop products and decreased biodiversity of natural enemies in the environment. Active ingredients of plants plays an important role in providing opportunities for the development of a plant extracts, particularly applied for agriculture using the organic extract as bioinsecticide. This paper reports the ethanolic leaves extraction of L. camara  against  the C. pavonana and S. litura larvae which are the main pest on cabbage plants in Indonesia. The objective of this research is to evaluate the antifidan performance of ethanolic leaves extract to C. pavonana and S. litura larvae. The extract was prepared by maceration and evaporation and followed by antifeedant bioassay test. The antifeedant test was used leaf disc deep method with choice and no choice test to find out the effective minimum concentration on feeding detterent activity.  The mean leaf area consumed  were analyzed by using non parametric statistics of Mann-Whitney U. The results showed that the antifeedant minimum effective concentration of ethanolic leaves extract L. camara to C. pavonana larvae at 2000 ppm (choice test) and 1000 ppm  (no choice test) in consider as medium antifeedant categori, to S. litura larvae  at 500 ppm (choice test) and performance antifeedant in consider as medium antifeedant categori.

scholarly journals Resistance to Benzimidazole and Dicarboximide Fungicides in Greenhouse Isolates of Botrytis cinerea

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Yourman ◽  
S. N. Jeffers
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Conidium Germination ◽  
The Mean

In 1996 and 1997, 325 isolates of Botrytis cinerea were collected from 35 commercial greenhouses growing ornamental crops in South Carolina to determine the incidence of resistance to benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides. Conidium germination was assessed on a defined agar medium amended with either thiophanate-methyl (a benzimidazole) or vinclozolin (a di-carboximide). A total of 53 representative isolates were evaluated further for conidium germination and mycelium growth on fungicide-amended medium and for infection of geranium seedlings treated with thiophanate-methyl or vinclozolin at label rates. Isolates were considered sensitive to thiophanate-methyl or vinclozolin when the effective concentration of the fungicide active ingredient resulting in 50% inhibition of germination (EC50-germ) was ≤5 μg/ml or when the effective concentration of fungicide active ingredient resulting in 50% inhibition of mycelium growth (EC50-growth) was ≤1 μg/ml. Of all isolates, 81% (262/325) were resistant to thiophanate-methyl and 69% (223/325) were resistant to vinclozolin. Four phenotypes were observed: sensitive to both fungicides (17%), resistant to both fungicides (67%), resistant only to thiophanate-methyl (14%), and resistant only to vinclozolin (2%). Isolates resistant to at least one fungicide were found in 33 of the 35 locations from which samples were taken. Disease incidences on geranium seedlings treated with 600 μg/ml of thiophanate-methyl and then inoculated with isolates sensitive and resistant to this fungicide were 1.4 and 96.1%, respectively. Disease incidences on geranium seedlings treated with 600 μg/ml of vinclozolin and then inoculated with isolates sensitive and resistant to this fungicide were 0.3 and 91.9%, respectively. With thiophanate-methyl, correlation coefficients (r) between disease incidence and log EC50-germ or log EC50-growth were 0.987 and 0.992, respectively. With vinclozolin, correlation coefficients between disease incidence and log EC50-germ and log EC50-growth were 0.975 and 0.893, respectively. Correlation coefficients between the two EC50 values for thiophanate-methyl were 0.989 and for vinclozolin were 0.900. Isolates sensitive to thiophanate-methyl had a mean EC50-germ value of 0.93 μg/ml and a EC50-growth value of 0.11 μg/ml. For isolates sensitive to vinclozolin the mean EC50-germ value was 1.63 μg/ml and the mean EC50-growth value was 0.26 μg/ml. Thiophanate-methyl-resistant isolates had mean EC50-germ and EC50-growth values greater than 500 μg/ml while vinclozolin-resistant isolates had a mean EC50-germ value greater than 500 μg/ml and a mean EC50-growth value of 3.18 μg/ml.

scholarly journals In Vitro Interactions of Artemisinin with Atovaquone, Quinine, and Mefloquine against Plasmodium falciparum

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1510-1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gupta ◽  
M. M. Thapar ◽  
W. H. Wernsdorfer ◽  
A. Björkman
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Drug Interaction ◽  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Interstrain Differences ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
The Mean ◽  
In Vitro Interactions

ABSTRACT The interactions of artemisinin with atovaquone, quinine, and mefloquine were investigated in three Plasmodium falciparum strains (strains F-32, FCR-3, and K-1) by an in vitro culture assay. The parasites were cultured for 48 h in the presence of different concentrations and proportions of two drugs at a time in a checkerboard design. The response parameters were determined, and the sums of the fractional inhibitory concentrations (ΣFICs) of the drug combinations were calculated for different degrees of inhibition (50% effective concentration [EC50], EC90, and EC99). Within therapeutically relevant molar ratios (19 to 200), the combination of quinine and artemisinin showed mean ΣFICs of 1.71 at the EC50, 0.36 at the EC90, and 0.13 at the EC99, indicating increasing synergism. Within the range of molar ratios of 4.3 to 50, the combination of mefloquine and artemisinin yielded mean ΣFCIs of 0.93, 0.44, and 0.31 at the EC50, EC90, and EC99, respectively, indicating synergism. The atovaquone combination showed additive activity to synergism at atovaquone/artemisinin proportions considered relevant to the in vivo situation, i.e., between 4.3 and 200, with the mean ΣFICs decreasing from 1.34 at the EC50 to 0.85 and 0.23 at the EC90 and EC99, respectively. Interstrain differences in the degree of drug interaction were seen with the three strains for all combinations. Synergism was most consistent with quinine.

A NOTE ON THE ENERGY OF ACTIVATION OF THE AMYLASE IN VARIOUS HUMAN BODY FLUIDS

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Kovacs ◽  
Jules Tuba
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Of Activation ◽  
Heat Inactivation ◽  
Head Of The Pancreas ◽  
The Mean

The activation energy was determined for the amylase present in the following fluids obtained from the human body: urine, duodenal fluid, saliva, and normal serum, as well as serum from patients with mumps, acute pancreatitis, and carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Over a temperature range of 4°–37.4 °C., with starch as a substrate, the value of the energy of activation was similar in all cases to that for bacterial α-amylase, and the mean value was 13,740 ± 200 cal./mole. Partial heat inactivation of the enzyme was evident in some cases at 37.4°. On the basis of the evidence obtained it appears that α-amylase is present in all the body fluids examined.

Plasma Cortisol Changes in Seawater-Adapted Mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) Exposed to Ammonia

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 2065-2069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Spotte ◽  
Gary Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Plasma Cortisol Concentration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Temperature Constant

Seawater-adapted mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) were exposed to total NH4-N concentrations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L for periods of 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 h. Afterward, the fish were captured quickly and anesthetized with MS-222 before blood was collected. The concentration of total NH4-N and duration of exposure accounted for, respectively, ~35 and <4% of the observed increase in plasma cortisol. The effective concentration (the concentration of total NH4-N inducing a mean cortisol response two standard deviations above the mean of the controls) was 47.14 mg/L, corresponding with a mean cortisol level of 13.44 μg/dL. Test concentrations of NH3-N were calculated from total NH4-N, pH, salinity, and temperature (constant at 20 °C), and the effects of both forms of ammonia on plasma cortisol concentration were compared. Significance was not detected at p < 0.05, demonstrating that total NH4-N and NH3-N explained the observed changes in cortisol levels similarly. Mean cortisol concentrations of mummichogs anesthetized and sampled in the field were comparable with published values and did not differ significantly from the mean value of captive control fish sampled after the same length of time in MS-222 (p < 0.05).

scholarly journals Toxicity of Barringtonia asiatica Seed Extract Against Chilo sachariphagus

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Rohendi Rohendi ◽  
Danar Dono ◽  
Andang Purnama
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Chilo Sacchariphagus ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
Extract Solution ◽  
First Instar

Barringtonia asiatica is one of the plants that the seeds extracts has insecticidal properties. However, the bioactivity of this seed extract has not been tested against Chilo sacchariphagus larvae which is the main pests in sugar cane. The treatment was carried out at several levels of concentration of methanolic seed extract of B. asiatica. The 15 cm of fresh sugarcane shoot dipping into the extract solution in some second. After the solution of extract on the sugarcane shoot dried, the first instar of larvae infested to the sugarcane shoot and then put into 20 cm test tube with 3 cm of diameter.  The duration of feeding on treated sugarcane shoot was two days and on the following day the larvae were fed on sugar cane shoots until the survived larvae reached the 5th instar. The results of the experiment indicated that B. asiatica seed extract was toxic to C. sacchariphagus with an LC50 value of 0.398% at 16 days after treatment. Besides toxic, B. asiatica seed extract also has atifeedant activity, and inhibits the growth of immature of C. sacchariphagus in all tested concentrations.Keyword: Toxicity, antifeedant, lethal concentration, Barringtonia asiatica, Chilo sachariphagus

scholarly journals Evaluasi Konsentrasi Lethal dan Waktu Lethal Insektisida Botani Terhadap Ulat Bawang (Spodoptera exigua) di Laboratorium

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Ahsol Hasyim ◽  
Wiwin Setiawati ◽  
Liferdi Lukman ◽  
Luluk Sutji Marhaeni
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Beet Armyworm ◽  
Botanical Insecticide ◽  
Lethal Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Third Instar Larva

<p><strong>[Evaluation of Lethal Concentration and Lethal Time of Botanical Insecticide Against Beet Armyworm (<em>Spodoptera exigua</em>) in The Laboratory]</strong></p><p>Pemanfaatan insektisida botani merupakan salah satu pilihan untuk mengendalikan serangan hama Spodoptera exigua yang ramah lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menetapkan konsentrasi sublethal dan waktu prolethal insektisida botani terhadap larva instar ketiga S. exigua di laboratorium. Percobaan dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Entomologi Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran di Lembang ( ± 1.250 m dpl.), mulai bulan Mei sampai Desember 2015. Penelitian menggunakan metode pencelupan serangga. Mortalitas larva S. exigua diamati mulai 1, 3, 6, dan 12 jam setelah perlakuan dan diulang setiap 24 jam sampai 96 jam. Data mortalitas larva diolah menggunakan analisis probit untuk menetapkan nilai LC50 dan LT50. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mortalitas larva S. exigua paling tinggi terjadi pada saat 96 jam setelah perlakuan ekstrak bintaro (85,0%), diikuti oleh ekstrak akar tuba (82,5%), dan yang terendah diperoleh dari hasil aplikasi ekstrak huni yang hanya dapat mematikan larva S. exigua sebesar 57%. Dari lima ekstrak tumbuhan tersebut, nilai LC50 terendah diperoleh dari ekstrak daun bintaro (1.002,67 ppm), diikuti oleh ekstrak daun akar tuba (1.256,07 ppm), ekstrak kirinyuh (1.304,37 ppm), ekstrak suren (1.307,37 ppm), dan tertinggi diperoleh dari ekstrak huni (3.316,06 ppm). Waktu kematian 50% (LT50) S. exigua yang terpendek terjadi pada 33,50 jam dengan fiducial limit 23,24 – 48,42 jam untuk ekstrak daun akar tuba, sedangkan waktu kematian 50% (LT50) S. exigua yang terpanjang diperoleh dari ekstrak daun huni, yaitu 136,52 jam dengan fiducial limit 76,47 – 234,51 jam. Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa insektisida botani menunjukkan efikasi yang tinggi terhadap larva S. exigua sehingga dapat direkomendasikan sebagai komponen untuk pengendalian hama terpadu (PHT).</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Bawang merah;  Mortalitas; Insektisida botani; LC50; LT50 </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Utilization of botanical pesticides is one option of environmentally friendly methods to control the attack of Spodoptera exigua . The objective of this study was to evaluate of lethal concentration and lethal time of plant extracts as botanical insecticide against third instar larva of beet armyworm, S. exigua under laboratory condition. The experiment was conducted at Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute at Lembang (±1,250 m asl.), from May to December 2015. Insect dipping method was used in this research. Mortality of S. exigua larvae was observed at 1,3,6, and 12 hours after exposures to the plant extracts and repeated every 24 hours up to 96 hours of exposures. The results of the experiments showed that at 96 hours post treatment, the highest mortality (85.0%) of the S. exigua larvae was caused by sea mango extract followed by Derris leaf extract (82.5%) and the lowest mortality of S. exigua larvae (57%) was obtained from spreng extract. The lowest LC50 from five of the extracts of botanical insecticide derived from sea mango leaf extract (1,002.67 ppm) followed by Derris leaf extract (1,256.07 ppm), Eupatorium leaf extract (1,304.37 ppm), Toona leaf extract (1,307.37 ppm), and the highest LC50 derived from spreng leaf extract (3,316.06 ppm). The shortest of the mean lethal time 50 (LT50) values of S. exigua was 33.50 hours obtained from Derris leaf extract with fiducial limits 23.24–48.42 while the longest of the mean (LT50) values of S. exigua was 136.52 hours obtained Spreng leaf extract with fiducial limits 76.47–234.51 hours. The botanicals insecticides were proven to be effective against S. exigua larvae, so it can be recommended to be used as components for integrated pest management (IPM).</p>

scholarly journals Using Daphnia magna Straus to monitor toxicity of sustainable oil sludge bio-phytoremediation

2021 ◽  
Vol 249 ◽  
pp. 03001
Author(s):  
Nia Rossiana ◽  
Keukeu Kaniawati Rosada ◽  
Monica Natasha Almapangesti ◽  
Yayat Dhahiyat
Keyword(s):  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Oil Sludge ◽  
Range Finding ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Toxic Product ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Oil sludge (OS) is the toxic product of various oil refinery processes. Oil sludge biophytoremediation is sustainable remediation efforts were conducted to reduce OS toxicity level and they also need to be monitored through toxicity test. In this study, the toxicants were OS postbiophytoremediation for 24 months (OS24) and 40 months (OS40), and were tested to Daphnia magna. The toxicity test consisted of Range Finding Test, acute and chronic toxicity test. The purpose of this research is to obtain the LC50 value of each OS and the chronic effects shown by D. magna. The method in this study was experimental with Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The LC50-96 hours values were calculated from 50% of dead individuals while D. magna reproduction was calculated from the number of neonates (offspring) produced within three weeks. The LC50 of OS24 and OS40 were 0.042 ppm and 0.366 ppm respectively. Both were categorized as ‘extremely toxic’ refer to Swan, 1994, observed chronic effects were reproduction delays and a decrease in the number of neonates.

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