Exercise intensity during repeated days of racing in professional triathletes

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Hue ◽  
Olivier Galy ◽  
Daniel Le Gallais
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
The Other ◽  
Very High

The purpose of this study was to estimate the exercise intensity from the competition heart rate (HR) of professional triathletes during a multi-triathlon race. Five internationally ranked professional triathletes completed incremental cycling and running tests to assess the first and second ventilatory thresholds (i.e., VT and RCT) and the HR at VT and RCT. HR was then monitored during a 5 d multi-triathlon race: a prologue time trial (PTT, 0.2 km swim - 5 km cycle - 1.2 km run) that opened the race; short-distance triathlons (SHD; 1.3 km swim - 36 km cycle - 8.4 km run) performed on the 2nd and 5th days; and sprint-distance triathlons (SPD; 0.75 km swim - 20 km cycle - 5 km run) performed on the 3rd and 4th days. All trials except the last (i.e., the second SHD) were performed above HR corresponding to RCT. PTT elicited significantly higher mean HR than the other trials (except for the first SPD trial). In contrast, the last SHD elicited significantly lower HR than the other trials. These responses were globally similar in the 3 segments (i.e., swim, cycle, and run). This study demonstrates that the triathletes performed at very high intensity during a drafting-permitted multi-triathlon race. However, as shown for multi-day cycling distances, the HR responses depended on (i) the distance covered and (ii) group behavior.Key words: heart rate, ventilatory thresholds, swim, cycle, run.

scholarly journals Exercise Intensity during Olympic-Distance Triathlon in Well-Trained Age-Group Athletes: An Observational Study

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Atsushi Aoyagi ◽  
Keisuke Ishikura ◽  
Yoshiharu Nabekura
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Slow Group ◽  
H 41 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Very High

The aim of this study was to examine the exercise intensity during the swimming, cycling, and running legs of nondraft legal, Olympic-distance triathlons in well-trained, age-group triathletes. Seventeen male triathletes completed incremental swimming, cycling, and running tests to exhaustion. Heart rate (HR) and workload corresponding to aerobic and anaerobic thresholds, maximal workloads, and maximal HR (HRmax) in each exercise mode were analyzed. HR and workload were monitored throughout the race. The intensity distributions in three HR zones for each discipline and five workload zones in cycling and running were quantified. The subjects were then assigned to a fast or slow group based on the total race time (range, 2 h 07 min–2 h 41 min). The mean percentages of HRmax in the swimming, cycling, and running legs were 89.8% ± 3.7%, 91.1% ± 4.4%, and 90.7% ± 5.1%, respectively, for all participants. The mean percentage of HRmax and intensity distributions during the swimming and cycling legs were similar between groups. In the running leg, the faster group spent relatively more time above HR at anaerobic threshold (AnT) and between workload at AnT and maximal workload. In conclusion, well-trained male triathletes performed at very high intensity throughout a nondraft legal, Olympic-distance triathlon race, and sustaining higher intensity during running might play a role in the success of these athletes.

scholarly journals Exercise Intensity and Technical Involvement in U9 Team Handball: Effect of Game Format

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5663
Author(s):  
Georgios Ermidis ◽  
Rasmus C. Ellegard ◽  
Vincenzo Rago ◽  
Morten B. Randers ◽  
Peter Krustrup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Team Handball ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Game Format

The purpose of this study was to quantify the exercise intensity and technical involvement of U9 boys’ and girls’ team handball during different game formats, and the differences between genders. Locomotor activity (total distance, distance in speed zones, accelerations, and decelerations), heart rate (HR), and technical involvement (shots, goals, and duels) metrics were collected during various 15 min game formats from a total of 57 Danish U9 players (37 boys and 20 girls). Game formats were a small size pitch (20 × 13 m) with 3 vs 3 players and offensive goalkeepers (S3 + 1) and 4 vs 4 players (S4), a medium size pitch (25.8 × 20 m) with 4 vs 4 (M4) and 5 vs 5 (M5) players, and a large size pitch (40 × 20 m) with 5 vs 5 (L5) players. Boys and girls covered a higher total distance (TD) of high-speed running (HSR) and sprinting during L5 games compared to all other game formats (p < 0.05; ES = (−0.9 to −2.1), (−1.4 to −2.8), and (−0.9 to −1.3) respectively). Players covered the highest amount of sprinting distance in L5 games compared to all other game formats (p < 0.01; ES = 0.8 to 1.4). In all the game formats, players spent from 3.04 to 5.96 min in 180–200 bpm and 0.03 min to 0.85 min in >200 bpm of the total 15 min. In addition, both genders had more shots in S3 + 1 than M5 (p < 0.01; ES = 1.0 (0.4;1.7)) and L5 (p < 0.01; ES = 1.1 (0.6;2.2)). Team handball matches have high heart rates, total distances covered, and high-intensity running distances for U9 boys and girls irrespective of the game format. Locomotor demands appeared to be even higher when playing on larger pitches, whereas the smaller pitch size and fewer players led to elevated technical involvement.

Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate loading compromises high-intensity sprint performance

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Havemann ◽  
S. J. West ◽  
J. H. Goedecke ◽  
I. A. Macdonald ◽  
A. St Clair Gibson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Sympathetic Activation

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) followed by 1 day of carbohydrate (CHO) loading on substrate utilization, heart rate variability (HRV), effort perception [rating or perceived exertion (RPE)], muscle recruitment [electromyograph (EMG)], and performance during a 100-km cycling time trial. In this randomized single-blind crossover study, eight well-trained cyclists completed two trials, ingesting either a high-CHO diet (HCD) (68% CHO energy) or an isoenergetic HFD (68% fat energy) for 6 days, followed by 1 day of CHO loading (8–10 g CHO/kg). Subjects completed a 100-km time trial on day 1 and a 1-h cycle at 70% of peak oxygen consumption on days 3, 5, and 7, during which resting HRV and resting and exercising respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured. On day 8, subjects completed a 100-km performance time trial, during which blood samples were drawn and EMG was recorded. Ingestion of the HFD reduced RER at rest ( P < 0.005) and during exercise ( P < 0.01) and increased plasma free fatty acid levels ( P < 0.01), indicating increased fat utilization. There was a tendency for the low-frequency power component of HRV to be greater for HFD-CHO ( P = 0.056), suggestive of increased sympathetic activation. Overall 100-km time-trial performance was not different between diets; however, 1-km sprint power output after HFD-CHO was lower ( P < 0.05) compared with HCD-CHO. Despite a reduced power output with HFD-CHO, RPE, heart rate, and EMG were not different between trials. In conclusion, the HFD-CHO dietary strategy increased fat oxidation, but compromised high intensity sprint performance, possibly by increased sympathetic activation or altered contractile function.

scholarly journals Exercise training intensity determination in cardiovascular rehabilitation: Should the guidelines be reconsidered?

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 1921-1928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Hansen ◽  
Kim Bonné ◽  
Toon Alders ◽  
Ann Hermans ◽  
Katrien Copermans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Cardiovascular Rehabilitation ◽  
Correct Determination ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise

Aims In the rehabilitation of cardiovascular disease patients a correct determination of the endurance-type exercise intensity is important to generate health benefits and preserve medical safety. It remains to be assessed whether the guideline-based exercise intensity domains are internally consistent and agree with physiological responses to exercise in cardiovascular disease patients. Methods A total of 272 cardiovascular disease patients without pacemaker executed a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test on bike (peak respiratory gas exchange ratio >1.09), to assess peak heart rate (HRpeak), oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and cycling power output (Wpeak). The first and second ventilatory threshold (VT1 and VT2, respectively) was determined and extrapolated to %VO2peak, %HRpeak, %heart rate reserve (%HRR) and %Wpeak for comparison with guideline-based exercise intensity domains. Results VT1 was noted at 62 ± 10% VO2peak, 75 ± 10% HRpeak, 42 ± 14% HRR and 47 ± 11% Wpeak, corresponding to the high intensity exercise domain (for %VO2peak and %HRpeak) or low intensity exercise domain (for %Wpeak and %HRR). VT2 was noted at 84 ± 9% VO2peak, 88 ± 8% HRpeak, 74 ± 15% HRR and 76 ± 11% Wpeak, corresponding to the high intensity exercise domain (for %HRR and %Wpeak) or very hard exercise domain (for %HRpeak and %VO2peak). At best (when using %Wpeak) in only 63% and 72% of all patients VT1 and VT2, respectively, corresponded to the same guideline-based exercise intensity domain, but this dropped to about 48% and 52% at worst (when using %HRR and %HRpeak, respectively). In particular, the patient’s VO2peak related to differently elicited guideline-based exercise intensity domains ( P < 0.05). Conclusion The guideline-based exercise intensity domains for cardiovascular disease patients seem inconsistent, thus reiterating the need for adjustment.

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: More Accurate Than Heart Rate for Monitoring Intensity in Running in Hilly Terrain

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis-Peter Born ◽  
Thomas Stöggl ◽  
Mikael Swarén ◽  
Glenn Björklund
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Saturation Index ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Hilly Terrain

Purpose:To investigate the cardiorespiratory and metabolic response of trail running and evaluate whether heart rate (HR) adequately reflects the exercise intensity or if the tissue-saturation index (TSI) could provide a more accurate measure during running in hilly terrain.Methods:Seventeen competitive runners (4 women, V̇O2max, 55 ± 6 mL · kg–1 · min–1; 13 men, V̇O2max, 68 ± 6 mL · kg–1 · min–1) performed a time trial on an off-road trail course. The course was made up of 2 laps covering a total distance of 7 km and included 6 steep uphill and downhill sections with an elevation gain of 486 m. All runners were equipped with a portable breath-by-breath gas analyzer, HR belt, global positioning system receiver, and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device to measure the TSI.Results:During the trail run, the exercise intensity in the uphill and downhill sections was 94% ± 2% and 91% ± 3% of maximal heart rate, respectively, and 84% ± 8% and 68% ± 7% of V̇O2max, respectively. The oxygen uptake (V̇O2) increased in the uphill sections and decreased in the downhill sections (P < .01). Although HR was unaffected by the altering slope conditions, the TSI was inversely correlated to the changes in V̇O2 (r = –.70, P < .05).Conclusions:HR was unaffected by the continuously changing exercise intensity; however, TSI reflected the alternations in V̇O2. Recently used exclusively for scientific purposes, this NIRS-based variable may offer a more accurate alternative than HR to monitor running intensity in the future, especially for training and competition in hilly terrain.

scholarly journals ANALISIS WACANA BLACK CAMPAIGN (KAMPANYE HITAM) PADA PILPRES TAHUN 2014 DI MEDIA KOMPAS, JAWA POS DAN KEDAULATAN RAKYAT

NATAPRAJA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
La Januru
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
The People ◽  
Very High

This thesis discusses black campaign discourse analysis (smear campaign) in the 2014 presidential election in the three media such as Kompas, Jawa Pos, and Sovereignty of the People. Discourse analysis in three media smear campaign by using the theory of critical discourse analysis (CDA) of Norman Fairclough. Research method in this research was discourse analysis. The study concluded that the practice of black campaign in the 2014 presidential election occurred in very high intensity, especially mediated-media both print and electronic media. It can be seen from the following indicators: first, the unhealthy campaign or unproductive as to demonize the other candidates. Second, the advertisement certainly has a tendency to attack (political attacks). Third, these ads do not have a clear source. Thus it can be said that these advertisement were problematic from any perspective. The messages in these ads were very provoking and does not give a good political education for the public.Keywords: Black Campain and Media.

scholarly journals Analysis and comparison of intensity in specific soccer training sessions

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Antonacci Condessa ◽  
Christian Emmanuel Torres Cabido ◽  
André Maia Lima ◽  
Daniel Barbosa Coelho ◽  
Vinicius M. Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
High Intensity Zone ◽  
Soccer Training ◽  
And Training

This study compared the exercise intensity of four specific soccer training sessions (friendly and training match, tactical and technical workouts). Ten professional soccer players (24.2 ± 3.7 years, 177.9 ± 7.3 cm, 63.2 ± 4.6 mLO2•kg-1•min-l) were recruited. A treadmill progressive interval test was performed to determine the players' VO2max, maximal heart rate (HRmax), HR-VO2 curve, and the heart rate corresponding to blood lactate concentrations of 2 and 4 mmol/L. The heart rate during the training sessions was used to estimate the exercise intensity and to classify them into intensity zones (low-intensity: <2 mmol/L; moderate-intensity: between 2 and 4 mmol/L; high-intensity: >4 mmol/L). Exercise intensities were different among training sessions (friendly match: 86.0 ± 5.1% HRmax; training match: 81.2 ± 4.1% HRmax; tactical workout: 70.4 ± 5.3% HRmax; technical workout: 62.1 ± 3.6% HRmax). The friendly match presented the highest percentage of time performed in the high-intensity zone.

scholarly journals Exercise Intensity and Validity of the Ratings of Perceived Exertion (Borg and OMNI Scales) in an Indoor Cycling Session

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Muyor
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Heart Rate Reserve ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion

Abstract The purpose of the study was: 1) to determine the intensity of an indoor cycling session; 2) to know the correlation between the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scales (Borg and OMNI) and % heart rate reserve (%HRR) with categories; and 3) to evaluate the validity of RPE scales (Borg and OMNI) with respect to the heart rate (HR) and %HRR. A total of fifty-three subjects, 25 males and 28 females (ages: 28.79 ± 6.04 years; body height: 1.71 ± 0.09 m; body mass: 69.59 ± 13.69 kg) were recruited from a private fitness club. All subjects performed the same predesigned indoor cycling session with a total duration of 50 minutes. During the experimental trial, the HR was recorded every 5 s. The Borg 6-20 RPE and OMNI 0-10 scales were used to assess perceived exertion in each phase. The average HR in the cardiovascular phase was 152.24 ± 14.11 b•min-1, the %HRR was 80.62 ± 7.10; and the overall RPE (Borg and OMNI scales) was 14.94 ± 1.11 and 7.18 ± 0.79 points, respectively. The correlation between an average HR and %HRR with Borg and OMNI scales was lower than r = 0.4 (p < 0.05). The correlation value between the Borg and the OMNI RPE scales was r = 0.82 (p < 0.001). It can be concluded that indoor cycling elicits effort of high intensity which could be inappropriate for some participants. The Borg and OMNI scales showed a low validity to quantify the intensity performed in indoor cycling sessions. It indicates the necessity to control the intensity of effort with other instruments to improve efficacy and decrease the risk of overload in this activity.

scholarly journals Physiological responses of batsmen during a simulated One Day International century

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Pote
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Training Programmes

Background: There is a limited amount of literature on thephysiological cost of batting. Of the studies that have beencompleted, most have used protocols that are of short durationand high intensity, and it has been questioned whether thisrepresents actual game play. Furthermore, it is difficult to studysports such as cricket due to the intermittent nature of the game.Objective: To determine the physiological responses of batsmenduring a simulated One Day International century.Methods: Seventeen male batsmen from the Rhodes UniversityCricket Club performed a simulated batting work bout knownas the BATEX© protocol. The protocol consisted of six, five oversstages, each lasting 21 minutes. Three of the stages (stages one,three and five) were low-intensity stages and the other three(stages two, four and six) were high-intensity stages. During thework bout selected physiological responses were recorded..Results: Heart rate (124±15-159±14 beats.min-1), oxygen uptake(29.3±6.1-43.4±6.3 ml.kg-1.min-1), energy expenditure (48.1±9.2-109.2±10.5 kJ.min-1) and core temperature (37.7±0.3-38.7±0.4 oC)responses all increased significantly (p<0.05) between stageone and stage six. The respiratory exchange ratio decreasedsignificantly (p<0.05) between stages one and six (0.90±0.19-0.89±0.37).Conclusions: Batting is more physically demanding thanoriginally thought, and as a result training programmes shouldconcentrate on simulating real match play situations to improveperformance and reduce the risk of injury.

Improvement of Sprint Triathlon Performance in Trained Athletes With Positive Swim Pacing

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1024-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam S.X. Wu ◽  
Jeremiah J. Peiffer ◽  
Peter Peeling ◽  
Jeanick Brisswalter ◽  
Wing Y. Lau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Subsequent Performance

Purpose:To investigate the effect of 3 swim-pacing profiles on subsequent performance during a sprint-distance triathlon (SDT). Methods:Nine competitive/trained male triathletes completed 5 experimental sessions including a graded running exhaustion test, a 750-m swim time trial (STT), and 3 SDTs. The swim times of the 3 SDTs were matched, but pacing was manipulated to induce positive (ie, speed gradually decreasing from 92% to 73% STT), negative (ie, speed gradually increasing from 73% to 92% STT), or even pacing (constant 82.5% STT). The remaining disciplines were completed at a self-selected maximal pace. Speed over the entire triathlon, power output during the cycle discipline, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for each discipline, and heart rate during the cycle and run were determined. Results:Faster cycle and overall triathlon times were achieved with positive swim pacing (30.5 ± 1.8 and 65.9 ± 4.0 min, respectively), as compared with the even (31.4 ± 1.0 min, P = .018 and 67.7 ± 3.9 min, P = .034, effect size [ES] = 0.46, respectively) and negative (31.8 ± 1.6 min, P = .011 and 67.3 ± 3.7 min, P = .041, ES = 0.36, respectively) pacing. Positive swim pacing elicited a lower RPE (9 ± 2) than negative swim pacing (11 ± 2, P = .014). No differences were observed in the other measured variables. Conclusions:A positive swim pacing may improve overall SDT performance and should be considered by both elite and age-group athletes during racing.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document