A study of food intake and production in grazing ewes II. The interrelationships between food intake and productive output

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Owen ◽  
Jean W. Ingleton
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Apparent Difference ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Considerable Individual Variation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Productive Output

1. Observations were made during the autumn and spring of 1959–60, 1960–61, and 1961–62 on pregnant and lactating Clun ewes of mixed ages grazing under natural conditions. The pattern of food intake during pregnancy and lactation, the output achieved in the form of weight of lambs produced at parturition, milk yield, and bodyweight change of the ewes themselves was investigated. The interrelationships between these factors, as influenced by the feeding of supplementary concentrate, either for 7 weeks before or 7 weeks after lambing, or during both periods, was elucidated.2. Daily dry-matter intake was found to be of the order of 1·5–2·0 kg. for this type of ewe, but there was considerable individual variation (coefficient of variation about 20%). Intake did not increase concurrently with the demands of the foetus during the later stages of pregnancy, and even became depressed as parturition approached. Immediately after lambing there was a spectacular increase in intake, which, after rising to a peak, was maintained at a high level during the lactation. Ewes receiving supplementary concentrates showed an increase in food intake over those unsupplemented, but this increase was less than the amount of dry matter fed in the supplement, even on rather bare pasture.3. During the early stages of pregnancy there was no apparent difference in the weight gains of singleand twin-bearing ewes, but during the last 8 weeks prior to lambing twin-bearing ewes made greater weight gains. In relation to weights taken just after parturition ewes producing twins had lost most weight. Unsupplemented ewes lost more weight than those receiving supplements. Lack of supplementation prior to lambing only limited production in the case of twin-bearing ewes.

Effect of intraruminal infusion of urea on the response in voluntary food intake by sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
JK Egan ◽  
PT Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Six mature Merino sheep received three treatments in a randomized block design experiment. The treatments were: chopped oaten hay diet at 90% of ad libitum intake without urea (L); the ciet offered at the same level as for L with urea infused into the rumen at 11.5 g kg-1 dry matter intake (LU); and the diet offered at 90% of the ad libitum intake achieved with urea infused at 11.5 g kg-1 dry matter intake (HU). Sheep given HU consumed 37% more (P < 0.01) organic matter (OM) than those fed L or LU, but the apparent digestibility of OM did not vary (59.2-61.8%) between treatments. The addit onal food consumption was associated with c. 20% increase (P < 0.05) in the weight of OM in the reticulorumen and significantly higher (by 10-35%; P < 0.05) fractional outflow rates of most dietary and microbial constituents of digesta. The fractional digestion rate of potentially digestible plant cell walls was not affected by urea, but the flow of microbial non-ammonia nitrogen from the abomasum was enhanced (L, 7.0; LU, 8.2; HU, 12.5 g day-1; P < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the stimulatory effect of urea upon food intake was associated with the provision of additional microbial protein for digestion in the intestines, rather than changes in the rate or extent of organic matter fermentation in the reticulorumen.

A note on the flow of endogenous protein to the omasum and abomasum of steers

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Hart ◽  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
Digestible Protein

Three steers cannulated in the rumen and abomasum were given a diet of wheat straw, chopped and soaked in sodium hydroxide and then washed to pH less than 8. The straw was sprayed with sucrose, urea and minerals. The diet was free of digestible protein and given at 1·7 to 4·1 kg/day. Microbial protein flowing to the omasum was measured by 15N. By difference, the flow of endogenous protein nitrogen to the omasum was found to be 2·2 g/kg dry-matter intake. The flow of endogenous protein nitrogen to the abomasum was 3·3 to 9·4 g/kg dry-matter intake, and it decreased with increasing food intake.

Further studies on the fattening value of grass silage and on the effect of the dry-matter percentage of the diet on dry-matter intake in ruminants

1954 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Dodsworth
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Weight Gains

1. A feeding trial is described including four groups of cattle fed on silage only, two mixtures of silage and roots, and roots, straw, hay and oats.2. The live-weight gains made are recorded together with the rate of dry-matter intake.3. The efficiency of the dry matter of the diets was calculated.4. Silage fed alone produced a significantly greater rate of fattening than the other three diets.5. Cattle receiving roots in the morning and silage at night consumed 10·78% more dry matter and made greater live-weight gains than cattle fed on silage in the morning and roots at night.6. Calculation of the starch values of the roots and silage showed that these are higher when fed together than when silage is fed alone or when roots are fed with straw, hay and oats.7. An experiment is described designed to determine the effect of the dry-matter percentage of the diet on dry-matter intake in ruminants and of sudden changes in dry-matter content on digestibility.8. Sheep receiving 19·46% dry-matter silage consumed 16·7% more dry matter and 19·8% more starch equivalent than sheep eating 15·85% dry-matter silage.9. When the dry-matter percentage of the silage fell from 19·46 to 15·77 the digestibility of the dry matter fell by over 10%.10. The starch equivalent of the silage when fed alone was determined from the results of a digestibility trial and according to the performance of the cattle in the feeding trial. The values found were 65·88 and 66·15% respectively.11. The losses suffered in silage-making in twentyfive silos are recorded and discussed. The loss of dry matter and crude protein both average approximately 40% of that ensiled. The need for finding methods of reducing these losses is again stressed.

Genetic correlations between linear type traits, food intake, live weight and condition score in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Veerkamp ◽  
S. Brotherstone
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Type Traits

AbstractVariance components were estimated from an animal model using a restricted maximum likelihood procedure which allowed for unequal design matrices and missing observations (VCE). Data sets containing: (i) 15 275 records of linear type classifications on heifers, (ii) 3399 live weight and condition scores measured at calving and (iii) 1157 records of yield, dry-matter intake, average live weight and condition score during the first 26 weeks of lactation; were analysed jointly.Heritability estimates for dry-matter intake, live weight and condition score in the largest data set were 0·44, 0·44 and 0·35 respectively and the genetic correlation between condition score and the yield traits ranged from −0·29 to −0·46. The genetic correlation between milk yield and average live weight was negative (−0·09) but after adjusting for the genetic variation in condition score this correlation was positive (0·29). Genetic correlations between live weight and stature, chest width, body depth and rump width were consistently high (0·52 to 0·64; 0·75 to 0·86; 0·59 to 0·81; 0·56 to 0·74, respectively). Chest width and body depth were little to moderately correlated with dry-matter intake (0·25 to 0·28 and 0·20 to 0·34 respectively), and angularity (−0·47 to −0·77) and chest width (0·32 to 0·73) appeared to be good predictors of condition score. These correlations showed that (i) the relative value of live weight compared with food intake capacity determines the optimum direction of selection for stature, chest width, body depth and angularity, and consequently the optimum size of the dairy cow, and that (ii) live weight, condition score and food intake can be predicted from the type traits with little loss in accuracy. A restricted index which maintains condition score at its current level was predicted to reduce overall (economic) genetic gain by 5%.

Energy metabolism of oiled muskrats

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1057-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. McEwan ◽  
N. Aitchison ◽  
P. E. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Thermal Conduction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Feeding Activities

The heat production of muskrats (Ondatra zibethica), oiled with varying quantities of crude oil, was measured at three ambient temperatures, −5, 5, and 10C on days 0, 1, and 3 after oiling. On day 0, the heat production of muskrats oiled with 1.9 to 42.3 g of oil was from 14 to 119% higher, respectively, than the non-oiled muskrats. Three days after oiling, the metabolic rate of oiled muskrats was about the same as the control values. A similar trend was determined for ambient temperatures of 5 and 10C. Heavy oiling increased the thermal conduction of muskrats by as much as 122%. To compensate for the loss of insulation and increased thermal conductivity of the fur, there was a 2.5-fold increase in dry-matter intake. In view of their dependence on water, both for feeding activities and a place for refuge, it is doubtful if muskrats exposed to moderate quantities of oil could survive under natural conditions.

The development of solid food intake in calves 3. The relation between solid food intake and the development of the alimentary tract

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Milk Substitute

SUMMARY1. Jersey calves were fed on milk substitute at the rate of 10% of live weight per day for 5 weeks and were offered either chopped dried grass or ground, pelleted dried grass to appetite. Calves were slaughtered at birth and after 5, 6, 7, 9 and 12 weeks on experiment, and the weights of the component parts of the alimentary tract and their contents were measured.2. There were close correlations between the weights of the sections of the alimentary tract or their contents and the solid food intake at slaughter, total solid food intake, or empty body weight of the calves. There were no consistent changes with age in the DM concentration or the density of the digesta in any section of the alimentary tract except the abomasum, or in the digestibility or mean retention time of the diets.3. Grinding and pelleting the diet increased the DM concentration but did not affect the density of the digesta. The increase in the weight of rumen contents per unit increase in dry-matter intake was much greater for chopped than for pelleted diets. The reverse was true for the contents of the abomasum and small intestine. There were relatively small variations between diets in the predicted weight of rumen contents, total digesta, or the volume of organs in the abdomen, at the within-diet mean levels of dry-matter intake.

scholarly journals Evaluation of dairy sheep lambs supplemented with crude glycerin conveyed in water during pregnancy and lactation

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2681
Author(s):  
Hemilly Cristina Menezes Sá ◽  
Iran Borges ◽  
Gilberto De Lima Macedo Junior ◽  
Felipe Santiago Santos ◽  
Luigi Francis Lima Cavalcanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Crude Glycerin ◽  
Dairy Sheep ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Linear Behavior ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of crude glycerin (CG) suplementation in sheep diets during pregnancy and transition period. Twenty-four Lacaune x East Friesian genotypes sheep were randomly assigned to four treatments. Diet was composed of roughage: tifton hay, and standard concentrate for the categories, being these similar among the treatments, whereas the CG differed for the supplements in (zero, 1,5, 3,0 and 4,5% of dry matter) being It added to the animals’ drinking water. The sheep received supplementation during all pregnancy and lactation. Dry matter intake during gestation was reduced with the higher supplementation of CG in the animals’ drinking water, presenting a linear decreasing response and remaining until delivery. Throughout lactation, the variable presented a linear behavior with the supplementation of CG on the eighteenth day of this phase, after a quadratic behavior was observed until the end of the evaluated period. The beta-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids levels were not influenced by CG supplementation throughout the gestation period. CG suplementation conveyed in water did not affect negatively milk production and composition.

NITROGEN ADDITIVES TO CORN SILAGE FED TO GROWING CALVES

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. MOWAT ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH ◽  
G. K. MACLEOD ◽  
J. E. CORE
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Silage Additives

Three separate experiments were conducted to investigate performance of light-weight calves fed corn silage supplemented with different non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources added at ensiling time. In one experiment NPN was also added at feeding time. For calves up to approximately 290 kg body weight all supplements containing only NPN reduced weight gains by approximately 0.10–0.15 kg/day compared to soybean meal or low-urea supplements. Corn silage treated with NPN silage additives resulted in reduced dry matter intake compared to soybean meal supplementation. Thus, the effect on feed efficiency was not as great as on weight gains. Treated silages tended to be higher in pH and lactic acid but lower in acetic acid content. A large portion of the NPN added at ensiling time was analyzed as ammonia in the silages. Also, true protein content of the treated silages tended to be higher than that of the controls.

scholarly journals Evaluation of dairy sheep lambs supplemented with crude glycerin conveyed in water during pregnancy and lactation

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2681
Author(s):  
Hemilly Cristina Menezes Sá ◽  
Iran Borges ◽  
Gilberto De Lima Macedo Junior ◽  
Felipe Santiago Santos ◽  
Luigi Francis Lima Cavalcanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Crude Glycerin ◽  
Dairy Sheep ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Linear Behavior ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of crude glycerin (CG) suplementation in sheep diets during pregnancy and transition period. Twenty-four Lacaune x East Friesian genotypes sheep were randomly assigned to four treatments. Diet was composed of roughage: tifton hay, and standard concentrate for the categories, being these similar among the treatments, whereas the CG differed for the supplements in (zero, 1,5, 3,0 and 4,5% of dry matter) being It added to the animals’ drinking water. The sheep received supplementation during all pregnancy and lactation. Dry matter intake during gestation was reduced with the higher supplementation of CG in the animals’ drinking water, presenting a linear decreasing response and remaining until delivery. Throughout lactation, the variable presented a linear behavior with the supplementation of CG on the eighteenth day of this phase, after a quadratic behavior was observed until the end of the evaluated period. The beta-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids levels were not influenced by CG supplementation throughout the gestation period. CG suplementation conveyed in water did not affect negatively milk production and composition.

Influence of phosphorus content on feed intake and weight gain in sheep

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (80) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Ozanne ◽  
DB Purser ◽  
KMW Howes ◽  
I Southey
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

In two experiments penned sheep were fed the dry residues from subterranean clover based pastures. Phosphorus levels in the pelleted residues, produced by varying the rate of superphosphate application, ranged from 0.07 to 0.23 per cent. In addition, a high phosphorus ration was produced by the addition of inorganic phosphate salts. This supplement raised the phosphorus concentration from 0.07 to 0.30 per cent of dry matter. In both experiments, increasing the concentration of phosphorus in the dry feed by higher fertilizer rates resulted in: increased dry matter intake; increased percentage of dry matter digested (at least in one experiment) ; more phosphorus retained by the sheep (although on feed containing 0.1 1 per cent phosphorus or less, losses still exceeded gains) ; and increased body weight gains. Increasing the phosphorus content of the feed by use of an inorganic supplement gave: a smaller increase in dry matter intake; decreased digestibility; positive phosphorus balances; and an increase in body weight gain of about half that given by unsupplemented feed high in phosphorus. The results indicate that for maximum animal production, phosphorus concentrations needed in the dry feed are higher than those produced by fertilizing legume-based pastures at the lowest rate that gives maximum dry matter production. Near linear responses in body weight gains were obtained up to phosphate fertilizer rates of about three times those needed for maximum pasture yield.

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