Quantitative and aesthetic factors in the definition of an ideal environment
Environmental idealism is rooted in our Western religious traditions, according to which the quality of our surroundings has fallen, because of our sins, from some Garden of Eden ideal to its present deplorable state. Through our faith and work it is eventually to be redeemed to new glory (formerly only in Paradise, now thought to be awaited in this world).By contrast, measurements on the environment, based on scientific realism, approach the ideal by stages, the simplest being the notion of death as exemplified in the pioneer "limiting factors" approach of A. G. Huntsman. Today's examples include, among other things, the monitoring of air and water as pollutants.Experiments by F. E. J. Fry led him to replace the negative idea of lethal factors with the positive concept of "scope for activity." Extension of the latter idea, when applied to the human environment, brings in consideration of the "quality of life," which is associated, on this continent, with the name of Ian L. McHarg. It has brought with it, multidisciplinary measurements that lead to the planned division of a large area, say a river valley, into zones for optimal distribution of man's activities.Thus a beginning is made of reconciliation between the humanistic vision and the age of realism. The possibilities of developing a unified system are discussed.