Demography, behavior, and genetics of a colonizing population of blue grouse

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1948-1957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred C. Zwickel ◽  
James A. Redfield ◽  
John Kristensen
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Dendragapus Obscurus ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
Starch Gels ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Subsequent Replacement

The demography, behavior, and genetics of a population of blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) that colonized an area from which most grouse were removed were compared with those of grouse on a nearby control area. Population density increased on the removal area from 1971 to 1974 but remained essentially stable on the control area. Although there were some differences in survival and reproductive rates among years and between areas, none appeared related to the experimental removal and subsequent replacement by new founders.No consistent differences in potentially aggressive behavior were observed between birds in the two populations. Behavioral differences that occurred were likely related to differences in age structures of the two populations or to the synchronous settling of a cohort of mostly young birds on the experimental area.There was no excess of Ng (Birdsall, α., J. A. Redfield, and D. G. Cameron. White bands on starch gels stained for esterase activity; a new polymorphism. Biochem. Genet. 4: 655–658 (1970)) homozygotes among recruits to the experimental area, in contrast with Redfield's (Demography and genetics in colonizing populations of blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus). Evolution, 27(4): 576–592 (1974)) report of such an excess among birds colonizing new habitat.The increase in the population on the experimental area compared with the control area must have resulted from an increased recruitment of yearlings. No clear evidence was found that this increase was related to qualitative differences between stocks on the two areas.

Surplus yearlings and the regulation of breeding density in blue grouse

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 896-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred C. Zwickel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Removal Experiment ◽  
Breeding Density ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Total Removal ◽  
Breeding Range ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Dendragapus Obscurus

An experiment in which yearlings of both sexes of blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus) were removed from breeding range showed that about two times, or more, yearlings of each sex were identified here as compared with a nearby control area, though numbers of "surplus" yearlings varied among years. The removal of large numbers of yearlings from the experimental area did not reduce breeding density, except ephemerally in 1 year. Nor did the removal of these birds affect populations in the surrounding area. These data confirm results from earlier studies with blue grouse, that surplus yearlings of both sexes are present on the breeding range. Replacement yearlings of both sexes (those taking the place of birds removed) were able to breed, but those removed sequentially (1974 to 1976) were lighter in body weight than those captured on control areas or those that settled synchronously after a near-total removal experiment in the same area. I infer from these results that some form of behaviour keeps surplus yearlings from settling on the breeding range and that this behaviour is a key mechanism involved in the regulation of breeding density. The important behaviour may involve either yearling–yearling or adult–yearling interactions.

Comparative demography of increasing and stable populations of blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Redfield
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Dendragapus Obscurus ◽  
Comparative Demography ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
Stable Populations

The demographic characteristics of an increasing population of blue grouse were studied from 1968 to 1971. Increasing populations of grouse had high reproductive rates and slightly higher than average mortality rates among females as compared to stable populations.

scholarly journals Community-based Oral Health Education Program in a Rural Population of Haryana: A 25 years Experience

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-104
Author(s):  
Amrit Tewari ◽  
Utkal Mohanty ◽  
Ashima Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Education Program ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Health Education Program ◽  
Oral Health Promotion ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Oral Health Education ◽  
Experimental Area

ABSTRACT Background An Indian Council of medical Research (ICMR) task force project was started in 1985 covering a population of 120,000 of Raipur Rani block of Haryana to study the feasibility of implementation of oral health promotion and prevention in the community and in the schools by utilizing existing manpower at different sectors. Objectives (i) To evaluate the long-term role of healthcare workers in imparting primary preventive strategies of oral health to adult community (ii) To study the knowledge, attitude and practice of the community regarding oral health. Methodology A total of 600 households (300 in experimental block and 300 in control block) were included by stratified random sampling method depending on the distance from Community Health centre of Raipur Rani to assess KAP and Caries activity among the population. Results The use of toothbrush as an oral hygiene method is being practiced by 96.6% of population in the experimental area compared to 84% in the control population where no oral health promotion activity was carried out. A great variation was seen in the frequency of its usage; 56% of the population in experimental area brushes twice per day compared to 7% of control area. According to the present data, 80% of the population in the experimental area is aware about the etiology, progress and consequences of gum diseases due to continuous oral health education delivered by the trained health staff during their routine beat program. In the control area where no oral health program was implemented, this knowledge was seen in 22 to 35% of the population. Conclusion In a developing country like India there is a pressing need of community-based oral health programs to reduce the burden of oral diseases, improve quality of life and reduce out of pocket expenditure incurring toward treatment of these diseases. How to cite this article Goyal A, Gauba K, Mohanty U, Tewari A. Community-based Oral Health Education Program in a Rural Population of Haryana: A 25 years Experience. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(3):101-104.

The financial benefits of improved street lighting, based on crime reduction

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate A Painter ◽  
David P Farrington
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Crime Reduction ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Street Lighting ◽  
Financial Costs ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Financial Benefits ◽  
One Year

Two research projects were carried out to investigate the effects of improved street lighting on crime in Dudley and Stoke-on-Trent. In Dudley, crimes decreased by 41% in the experimental area, compared with a 15% decrease in a control area. In Stoke, crimes decreased by 43% in the experimental area and by 45% in two adjacent areas, compared with a decrease of only 2% in two control areas. In the two projects, the financial savings (from reduced crimes) exceeded the financial costs by between 2.4 and 10 times after one year. It is concluded that improved street lighting can be extremely cost-effective.

Demographic consequences of artificial selection at the LAP locus in voles (Microtus townsendii)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1825-1840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice LeDuc ◽  
Charles J. Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Experimental Population ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Genetic Composition ◽  
Gene Frequencies ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Altered Gene ◽  
Microtus Townsendii

A number of studies on small mammals have shown that changes in the frequency of alleles at polymorphic loci are correlated with population fluctuations. To determine whether the genetic composition of a population affected its density changes, we altered gene frequencies in two field populations of the vole Microtus townsendii. The fast allele, LAPF, was present in a control population at a frequency of about 35% from July 1971 to July 1973. By removing homozygous LAPS/LAPS voles from one experimental population we maintained an LAPF frequency of about 75%. Removal of LAPF/LAPF homozygotes from a second population resulted in an LAPF frequency of about 25%. We monitored demographic variables of the populations while the selection was being applied. The populations went through increasing and peak phases and then declined sharply during the spring of 1973. Different genotypes had an advantage in survival and reproduction during different phases of population density on the control area, and the selection that maintained the polymorphism on the control area could be correlated with population density. The altered allelic frequencies on the experimental areas did not produce any consistent effects on demography.

scholarly journals Culture of Moina macrocopa Using Different Types of Organic Wastes

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Kamrunnahar Kabery ◽  
Md. Anisuzzaman ◽  
U-Cheol Jeong ◽  
Seok-Joong Kang
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Moina Macrocopa ◽  
Animal Manures ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
The Impact

Moina macrocopa was cultured with different animal manures (chicken manure, pig manure and cow manure) and food waste to determine the impact of these food sources on its mass production. All diets were provided at five different concentrations: 500, 1000, 2500, 5000 and 10000 ppm. Gross and net reproductive rates were higher in 1000 ppm concentration of food waste medium and the highest average population growth was obtained of about 9 org mL-1 whereas pig manure treatment showed the lowest among all the culture medium. The highest population density was observed in low concentration treatments, on the contrary, higher concentrations showed an adverse effect on M. macrocopa cultivation. The results of this study suggest that 1000 ppm concentration of food waste produces better results than other animal manures which showed the highest population density and exhibited a comparatively higher percentage of highly unsaturated fatty acids than the other treatments and could be an inexpensive and sustainable cultivation approach of Moina macrocopa.

An experimental evaluation of the short-term effects of trawling on infaunal assemblages of the coast off southern Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Lívio Prantoni ◽  
Paulo da Cunha Lana ◽  
Leonardo Sandrini-Neto ◽  
Orlei Antônio Negrello Filho ◽  
Verônica Maria de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Benthic Assemblages ◽  
Fishing Activity ◽  
Bottom Trawling ◽  
Experimental Area

Bottom trawling is a large-scale fishing activity along the Brazilian coast, but its effects on benthic infauna are still poorly known. This is the first experimental evaluation of benthic responses to bottom trawling along the Brazilian coast. We tested the effects of trawling on macroinfaunal assemblages on the inner continental shelf off Paraná (southern Brazil) by using a sampling design with adjacent trawl and control areas. We hypothesized that if trawl fishing has a negative effect then we should expect lower numbers of species and lower benthic densities after an experimental trawling. Sampling was conducted at adjacent sites within each area to minimize confounding due to spatial variation. Five sites were sampled at a control, and five at an experimental area for infaunal and sedimentological variables. Sampling was carried out just before and one hour after experimental trawling. Multidimensional scaling followed by a PERMANOVA did not show any clear variation tendencies in the structure of the benthic assemblages in the impacted area before and after trawling. However, variance analysis showed a significant and unexpected increase in infaunal total density, in the density of the numerically dominant species (except for the polychaetes Capitella sp. and Loandalia tricuspis) and in species richness in the experimental area. Conversely, no significant variations were recorded in the control area. We suggest that the overall increase in benthic density after a disturbance is correlated with the reworking of the sediment matrix and benefits the suspension-feeders after sediment resuspension.

scholarly journals Distribution and population density of the Endangered Cauca Guan Penelope perspicax

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUSTAVO H. KATTAN ◽  
ADRIANA LEÓN ◽  
GERMÁN CORREDOR ◽  
WILLIAM BELTRÁN ◽  
MÓNICA PARADA
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Density Estimates ◽  
The Andes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Exotic Tree ◽  
Fraxinus Chinensis ◽  
Two Populations

The original 24,900 km2 distribution of the Cauca Guan Penelope perspicax is currently reduced to less than 750 km2. In addition, forest within this range is fragmented and populations are isolated. We conducted surveys to determine the presence of the Cauca Guan at several locations within its present range, and mapped all known localities with guan records. Cauca Guan populations are confirmed to occur at only four sites, and the guan is absent from several localities with historic records. Some sites where the Cauca Guan is potentially present are highlighted. In particular, the possible existence of populations on the Pacific slope of the Andes requires confirmation, since a large habitat block is available. Population density estimates were obtained in two protected areas. In Yotoco Forest Reserve (559 ha) we estimated 8.6 guans km−2. At Otún-Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary (489 ha), guans fed seasonally on leaves of Chinese ash Fraxinus chinensis, an exotic tree planted in a revegetation programme. Seasonal densities in ash plantations were over 100 guans km−2, whereas in mixed forest, mean density was 41.6 birds km−2. Ash has apparently become a key resource for this population. Although these two populations are within protected areas and have relatively high densities, they are small and isolated and require continued monitoring.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of a redesigned iron supplementation delivery system for pregnant women in Negros Occidental, Philippines

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 932-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Grace D Risonar ◽  
Pura Rayco-Solon ◽  
Lorena W Tengco ◽  
Jesus N Sarol ◽  
Lourdes S Paulino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Hb Concentration ◽  
Health Related Behaviour

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of a redesigned Fe supplementation delivery system (ISDS) in improving Hb concentrations and compliance among pregnant women.DesignA controlled before and after study design was used. Interviews and Hb measurements of randomly selected pregnant women in both treatment areas were conducted at baseline and after 6 months. The redesigned ISDS, reached by consensus based on the surveys and focus group discussions, involved the health workers in spot mapping and clustering; Fe tablets’ distribution, monitoring and promotion; and counselling of pregnant women.SettingNegros Occidental and Negros Oriental, Philippines.SubjectsIn total, 1180 pregnant women given Fe/folic acid tablets daily through the redesigned ISDS in the experimental areas and the existing ISDS in the control areas.ResultsThere were significantly more anaemic pregnant women in the experimental than in the control area at baseline (50·7 v. 37·3 %; P = 0·001). However, at endline, the anaemia prevalence rate in the experimental area was comparable to that of the control (35·6 v. 33·1 %; P = 0·530). Also, the mean Hb concentration increased significantly in the experimental area by 0·5 g/dl (P = 0·002). An increase in the actual number of prenatal visits/trimester in the experimental area was observed (from 0·99 to 1·66; P < 0·0001). Pregnant women in the experimental area were four times more likely to take Fe tablets (OR = 3·79; P < 0·001) and sixteen times more likely to being monitored for Fe intake (OR = 16·86; P < 0·001) compared to the control.ConclusionsThe redesigned ISDS was effective in improving the Hb concentration and health-related behaviour of pregnant women.

Population dynamics, production, and prey consumption of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in prairie wetlands: a bioenergetics approach

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
W G Duffy
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
Prey Consumption ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Prairie Wetlands ◽  
Net Production ◽  
Commercial Harvest ◽  
Two Populations

I assessed the population dynamics of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in prairie wetlands and developed a bioenergetics model to estimate their production and prey consumption. I sampled populations in four wetlands weekly from late May through June and biweekly during July and August using a Kushlan 1-m2 throw trap. I imposed commercial harvest on two populations; the other two populations served as controls. Weekly population density estimates ranged from 52 000 to 356 000 ·ha-1 during early June and from 5400 to 19 700 ·ha-1 in late August. Simulated commercial harvest did not influence population density, mortality rates, or size of fathead minnows. Standing stock biomass differed among wetlands sampled, ranging from 144 to 482 kg ·ha-1 in early June and from 1 to 33 kg ·ha-1 during late August. However, differences were attributed to differential predation pressure rather than harvest pressure. Net production during the period ranged from 71.5 to 202.7 kg ·ha-1. Daily net production was greatest in early June (2.6-13.5 kg ·ha-1 ·day-1) and then declined during July and August (0.1-1.2 kg ·ha-1 ·day-1). Total mass of prey consumed by fathead minnows ranged from 332.7-1104.8 kg ·ha-1 among wetlands.

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