A difference in production and associated events in two races of spruce grouse

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 2116-2123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Keppie
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Nest Success ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Average Brood

Analyses are given for several parameters in the production of juvenile spruce grouse in a local population in southwest Alberta (Canachites canadensis franklinii), 1970–1975, and in northeast New Brunswick (C. c. canace), 1975–1980. Canachites c. canace exhibited greater clutch size, nest success, proportion of females with broods and production of juveniles. Hatchability of eggs, average brood sizes, and mortality rates of juveniles were similar. Differential nest success appeared to be a primary influence on the difference in production of juveniles. In autumn, canace exhibited a substantial net reduction in juveniles as a consequence of dispersal, but not franklinii. Densities of juveniles in winter were similar. Speculation is provided about the differences in production and their association with other aspects of life history, notably the quality of juvenile stock.

scholarly journals Diabetes Mellitus in Pediatric Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 533-562
Author(s):  
Sofía Álvarez Ortega ◽  
Diego Serrano-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Systematic Search ◽  
Therapeutic Adherence ◽  
Calidad De Vida ◽  
The Difference

Introducción: La Fibrosis Quística (FQ) es una enfermedad hereditaria recesiva que afecta a varios órganos, fundamentalmente de los aparatos respiratorio y digestivo. La Diabetes Relacionada con la Fibrosis Quística (DRFQ) es una de sus principales complicaciones.Objetivos: Estudiar las complicaciones específicas de los pacientes pediátricos que padecen DRFQ y cómo afectan a su calidad de vida. Comparar las tasas de mortalidad de los pacientes pediátricos con FQ y con DRFQ. Poner de manifiesto la importancia del personal de enfermería en el manejo de los pacientes pediátricos con DRFQ.Metodología: Se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica sistemática. Se incluyeron estudios publicados, en inglés y castellano, durante los últimos 10 años, y que analizaban una muestra de población de entre 0 y 9 años con FQ y/o DRFQ.Resultados: Se utilizaron 4 bases de datos para la búsqueda sistemática. Se analizaron 10 artículos para la resolución de los objetivos.Conclusiones: Las complicaciones que provocan la DRFQ, y los cuidados que requieren afectan a la calidad de vida de los pacientes. La progresión del diagnóstico y los tratamientos ha hecho que mejore su calidad de vida y que la diferencia de mortalidad entre los pacientes con FQ y con DRFQ se reduzca. El personal enfermero que atiende a los niños con DRFQ es un recurso de información esencial para los pacientes y sus familias. Las enfermeras deben transmitir la importancia de la adhesión a los tratamientos para conseguir una mejor calidad de vida.   Introduction: Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary recessive disease that affects several organs, mainly within the respiratory and digestive systems. Cystic Fibrosis Related Diabetes (CFRD) is one of its main complications.Objectives: To study the specific complications of pediatric patients suffering from CFRD and how they affect a patient’s quality of life. To compare the mortality rates of pediatric patients with CF and with CFRD. To highlight the importance of nurses in the management of pediatric patients with CFRD.Methodology: A systematic bibliographic review was conducted. We included studies, in English and Spanish, published over the last 10 years, which analysed a population aged between 0 and 9 years old with CF and/or CFRD.Results: Four databases were used for the systematic search. We analysed 10 articles to address the objectives.Conclusions: The complications caused by CFRD and the care that patients require affect the patient’s quality of life. Progress both with diagnosis and with treatment has improved the quality of life of patients, and has contributed to reductions in the difference between the mortality rates of patients with CF and without CFRD. Nurses who care for children with CFRD are essential as an information resource for patients and their families. Nurses must convey the importance of therapeutic adherence to achieve a better quality of life.  

The influence of microtines on polygyny, productivity, age, and provisioning of breeding Northern Harriers: a 5-year study

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2447-2456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Simmons ◽  
Phoebe Barnard ◽  
Bruce MacWhirter ◽  
Gay L. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Nest Predation ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Prey Abundance ◽  
Nest Defence ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Circus Cyaneus ◽  
The Difference

Breeding Northern Harriers, Circus cyaneus, and their principle prey, the vole Microtus pennsylvanicus, underwent synchronous fluctuations in New Brunswick between 1980 and 1984. Microtines were abundant in 1980 and 1983 and were significantly tracked by the number of nesting harriers (r = 0.90), the number of polygynous males (r = 0.89), the number of harem females (r = 0.90), and the mean clutch size (r = 0.94), but not the reproductive success of successful females (r = 0.72). Male nest defence likewise exhibited a strong relationship (r = 0.99, n = 3) with prey abundance, but nest predation did not. An unexpected association with prey abundance was the greater proportion of young females (≤ 2 years) breeding at vole lows; the reverse was true for yearling males. Young females that did breed at vole highs were significantly more productive than were old females breeding at highs. The difference arose principally through nest predation. Successful females also consistently reared significantly greater proportions of their hatchlings when voles were increasing than when they were decreasing. Our results suggest that New Brunswick harriers were affected by prey fluctuations in most aspects of their reproduction and population dynamics. Significant correlations between male food provisioning rates and clutch size and reproductive success over 3 years provide a proximate mechanism through which fecundity may vary annually. They may also provide a proximate pathway mediating for polygyny.

scholarly journals A study of the effect of water quality-related variables on some age-related diseases adjusted for other well-known risk factors: a multivariate multilevel study

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-425
Author(s):  
Kapuruge Nishika Oshadini Ranathunga ◽  
M. R. Sooriyarachchi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Multivariate Multilevel Model ◽  
Respiratory Conditions

Mortality rates of some diseases are affected by water quality. This research examines the roles of two factors related to water quality, namely the quality of drinking water termed ‘water’ and the quality of sanitation termed ‘sanitation’. Two age-related diseases, cardiovascular disease and diabetes (CDD) and chronic respiratory conditions (CRC) are considered while adjusting for personal health issues, environmental and geographical factors. The dataset consists of worldwide mortality rates of adults for the mentioned diseases in 195 countries. These countries are clustered within continents geographically and literature shows the importance of considering the geographical effect of a continent. Furthermore, the two diseases were highly related to each other. Accordingly, the multivariate multilevel model was fitted to the dataset. The results indicated that when the usage of improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities decreases, the chance of mortality from the two diseases increases. Furthermore, the difference in the risk of the diseases was statistically significant between the continents. It showed that North America and Europe had a lower risk of having CDD and CRC compared to Asia and Oceania. Therefore, the results revealed that the factors ‘water’ and ‘sanitation’ play important roles for this macro geographical variation of CDD and CRC.

scholarly journals GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN CLUTCH SIZE AMONG Lophura AND Syrmaticus PHEASANTS ON TAIWAN AND MAINLAND OF CHINA

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (63) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuhao Huang ◽  
Naifa Liu
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
The Difference

Clutch size, the important parameters of bird reproduction, directly influences bird reproductive result. The difference of interspecific or/and intraspecific clutch size has been widely applied to explain life history evolution. In order to know the factors limiting clutch size of pheasants on island and examine Ashmole’s hypothesis and Cody’s hypothesis,clutch size and egg size of Lophura swinhoii and Syrmaticus mikado on Taiwan were compared with those of relative species on mainland of China. The average clutch size of L.swinhoii and S.mikado on Taiwan were significantly less than those of relative species on mainland. But the egg size of the two pheasants on Taiwan was notably bigger than those of relative species on mainland. They reduced clutch size and increased egg sizes, their reproductive strategies tended to k-selection. While the relative species on mainland laid more and smaller eggs, their reproductive strategies tended to rselection. The analysis on environmental factors showed the pheasants on Taiwan didn’t support Ashmole’s and Cody’s hypotheses. Unexpected weather condition on island might lead to the breeding strategy on island tend to k-selection. Among Gallinaceous birds, there was a highly significant positive correlation between clutch size and their distributed area, and the number of subspecies. The breeding strategy of pheasants on island was determined by the effects of area and heredity.

scholarly journals We age because we grow

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1663) ◽  
pp. 1837-1844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillard S. Kaplan ◽  
Arthur J. Robson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Budget Constraint ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Universal Feature ◽  
Determinate Growth ◽  
Model Features ◽  
Resultant Theory ◽  
Extended Survival

Why do we age? Since ageing is a near-universal feature of complex organisms, a convincing theory must provide a robust evolutionary explanation for its ubiquity. This theory should be compatible with the physiological evidence that ageing is largely due to deterioration, which is, in principle, reversible through repair. Moreover, this theory should also explain why natural selection has favoured organisms that first improve with age (mortality rates decrease) and then deteriorate with age (mortality rates rise). We present a candidate for such a theory of life history, applied initially to a species with determinate growth. The model features both the quantity and the quality of somatic capital, where it is optimal to initially build up quantity, but to allow quality to deteriorate. The main theoretical result of the paper is that a life history where mortality decreases early in life and then increases late in life is evolutionarily optimal. In order to apply the model to humans, in particular, we include a budget constraint to allow intergenerational transfers. The resultant theory then accounts for all our basic demographic characteristics, including menopause with extended survival after reproduction has ceased.

Letter to the Editor: The Continuing Challenge of Evaluating RSD Impairment and Disability

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 8-10
Author(s):  
Robert L. Knobler ◽  
Charles N. Brooks ◽  
Leon H. Ensalada ◽  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Disability Evaluation ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Major Cardiac Event ◽  
Clinical Scenarios ◽  
Impairment Score ◽  
Occupational Activities ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The author of the two-part article about evaluating reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) responds to criticisms that a percentage impairment score may not adequately reflect the disability of an individual with RSD. The author highlights the importance of recognizing the difference between impairment and disability in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides): impairment is the loss, loss of use, or derangement of any body part, system, or function; disability is a decrease in or the loss or absence of the capacity to meet personal, social, or occupational demands or to meet statutory or regulatory requirements because of an impairment. The disparity between impairment and disability can be encountered in diverse clinical scenarios. For example, a person's ability to resume occupational activities following a major cardiac event depends on medical, social, and psychological factors, but nonmedical factors appear to present the greatest impediment and many persons do not resume work despite significant improvements in functional capacity. A key requirement according to the AMA Guides is objective documentation, and the author agrees that when physicians consider the disability evaluation of people, more issues than those relating to the percentage loss of function should be considered. More study of the relationships among impairment, disability, and quality of life in patients with RSD are required.

COMBINATORIAL POLYNOMIALLY COMPUTABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSTITUTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR NIKONOV ◽  
◽  
ANTON ZOBOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Expectation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bijective Function ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Element Base ◽  
Selection Of

The construction and selection of a suitable bijective function, that is, substitution, is now becoming an important applied task, particularly for building block encryption systems. Many articles have suggested using different approaches to determining the quality of substitution, but most of them are highly computationally complex. The solution of this problem will significantly expand the range of methods for constructing and analyzing scheme in information protection systems. The purpose of research is to find easily measurable characteristics of substitutions, allowing to evaluate their quality, and also measures of the proximity of a particular substitutions to a random one, or its distance from it. For this purpose, several characteristics were proposed in this work: difference and polynomial, and their mathematical expectation was found, as well as variance for the difference characteristic. This allows us to make a conclusion about its quality by comparing the result of calculating the characteristic for a particular substitution with the calculated mathematical expectation. From a computational point of view, the thesises of the article are of exceptional interest due to the simplicity of the algorithm for quantifying the quality of bijective function substitutions. By its nature, the operation of calculating the difference characteristic carries out a simple summation of integer terms in a fixed and small range. Such an operation, both in the modern and in the prospective element base, is embedded in the logic of a wide range of functional elements, especially when implementing computational actions in the optical range, or on other carriers related to the field of nanotechnology.

Reproduction of the Roman snail (Helix pomatia L.) from a local natural population in farm conditions and in a natural habitat

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Ligaszewski ◽  
Przemysław Pol
Keyword(s):  
Natural Population ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Helix Pomatia ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Animal Reproduction ◽  
Snail Helix Pomatia ◽  
June July ◽  
A Site

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the quality of clutches and reproduction results of two groups of Roman snails (Helix pomatia) from the same local population, laying eggs simultaneously in semi-natural farm conditions and in a natural habitat. The study material were Roman snails aged 2 or more years which had entered the third phenological season of their life and thus the first season of sexual maturity. Observations were conducted at an earthen enclosure in a greenhouse belonging to the experimental farm for edible snails at the National Research Institute of Animal Reproduction in Balice near Kraków (Poland) as well as at a site where a local population naturally occurs in the uncultivated park surrounding the Radziwiłł Palace. In the June-July season, differences among such parameters as weight of clutch, number of eggs in clutch, mean egg weight, and hatchling percentage when compared to the total number of eggs in the clutch were compared. It was determined that clutches of eggs from the natural population laid in the greenhouse were of lesser weight (P<0.01), contained fewer eggs (P<0.05), and the mean weight of individual eggs was less (P<0.05) than in clutches laid simultaneously in a natural habitat. Both in the greenhouse and the natural habitat, in the first phase of laying eggs (June) the weight of the clutch and number of eggs its contained were greater than in the second phase (July). However, only for snails laying eggs in the greenhouse were these differences statistically significant (P<0.05) and highly significant (P<0.01), respectively. Statistically significant differences were not observed in hatchling percentage between eggs laid in the greenhouse and the natural habitat. The lower number of eggs laid in the farmed conditions of the greenhouse was successfully compensated for by the absence of mass destruction by rodents which occurred in the natural habitat.

THE INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE SYSTEMS ON THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD OF LONG-FLAX

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Dumych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Flax Seeds

The purpose of research: to improve the technology of growing flax in the Western region of Ukraine on the basis of the introduction of systems for minimizing tillage, which will increase the yield of trusts and seeds. Research methods: field, laboratory, visual and comparative calculation method. Research results: Field experiments included the study of three tillage systems (traditional, canning and mulching) and determining their impact on growth and development and yields of trusts and flax seeds. The traditional tillage system included the following operations: plowing with a reversible plow to a depth of 27 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing and pre-sowing tillage. The conservation system is based on deep shelfless loosening of the soil and provided for chiseling to a depth of 40 cm, disking to a depth of 15 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing, pre-sowing tillage. During the implementation of the mulching system, disking to a depth of 15 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing and pre-sowing tillage with a combined unit was carried out. Tillage implements and machines were used to perform tillage operations: disc harrow BDVP-3,6, reversible plow PON-5/4, chisel PCh-3, cultivator KPSP-4, pre-sowing tillage unit LK-4. The SZ-3,6 ASTPA grain seeder was used for sowing long flax of the Kamenyar variety. Simultaneously with the sowing of flax seeds, local application of mineral fertilizers (nitroammophoska 2 c/ha) was carried out. The application of conservation tillage allows to obtain the yield of flax trust at the level of 3,5 t/ha, which is 0,4 t/ha (12.9 %) more than from the area of traditional tillage and 0,7 t/ha (25 %) in comparison with mulching. In the area with canning treatment, the seed yield was the highest and amounted to 0,64 t/ha. The difference between this option and traditional and mulching tillage reaches 0,06 t/ha (10,3 %) and 0.10 t/ha (18.5 %), respectively. Conclusions. Preservation tillage, which is based on shelf-free tillage to a depth of 40 cm and disking to a depth of 15 cm has a positive effect on plant growth and development, yield and quality of flax.

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