Dehydration tolerance in Awassi fat-tailed sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Laden ◽  
L. Nehmadi ◽  
R. Yagil
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Urine Excretion ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Awassi Sheep ◽  
Active Substances

Young Awassi sheep were subjected to 5-d periods of complete water restriction in metabolic cages. During water deprivation there were steady declines in food intake and faeces and urine excretion. The blood haematocrit and urine and plasma osmolalities increased. There was a decline in blood and faecal water. As dehydration progressed, urinary excretion of osmotically active substances was greatly reduced. When drinking water was presented following 5 d of restriction it took 24 h to replace water losses and for urine to be excreted. Faecal water did not return to normal within 24 h. The sheep were as capable of withstanding dehydration as the other small desert ruminants that are mentioned in the literature. The dehydrated sheep relied on faecal and renal water conservation to survive. The sheep are not rapid replenishers of water losses, nor are they rapid reabsorbers of water, making their stay at water holes longer than that of goats.

Water balance and food consumption in dehydrated growing jirds (Meriones shawi shawi)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malika Sahni ◽  
Jacqueline Peignoux-Deville ◽  
Evelyne Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Physiological Tolerance ◽  
And Performance

This study was an investigation of the degree to which water conservation is adapted in jirds (Meriones shawi shawi) when dehydration occurs during growth. During total water deprivation, three different stages became evident. For the first 7 days of total dehydration food intake decreased, then it stabilized over the next 4 weeks, until it approached the initial amounts, and finally increased to twice control levels. Analysis of changes water flux in growing M. s. shawi, with and without a supply of water, revealed that dehydrated animals are able to develop physiological tolerance and performance with respect to their water balance. The excretion of hyperosmotic urine in response to prolonged dehydration is intimately linked to the adaptive morphological kidney changes, i.e., selective hypertrophy, that we observed.

scholarly journals Effect of water restriction on feeding and metabolism in dairy cows

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (2) ◽  
pp. R418-R427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine Steiger Burgos ◽  
Markus Senn ◽  
Franz Sutter ◽  
Michael Kreuzer ◽  
Wolfgang Langhans
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

We investigated how lactating cows are able to cope with a sustained water restriction. In experiment 1, body weight and meal patterns were recorded with ad libitum access to water (baseline) and during 8 days of 25 and 50% restriction of drinking water relative to ad libitum intake. In experiment 2, indirect calorimetry was combined with nitrogen and energy balance and plasma hormone and metabolite measurements to assess the effects of 50% water restriction on digestion and metabolism. In experiment 1, food intake and body weight declined during the first 3 days of water restriction depending on the restriction level and stabilized thereafter at a lower level. The daily food intake reduction with 50% water restriction was entirely due to a reduction of meal size. The size of the first meal on every day was markedly (>50%) reduced with 25 and 50% water restriction. In experiment 2, urea concentrations in milk and blood as well as plasma sodium and hematocrit were increased by 50% water restriction. Energy balance was not affected by 50% water restriction, but nitrogen balance became negative, because, relative to intake, nitrogen excretion via urine and milk was higher. The lower energy intake during 50% water restriction was compensated by a lower milk production, a higher digestibility of organic matter and energy, and, apparently, a more efficient energy use. Through these changes and a preserved water balance, the cows reached a new equilibrium at a lower water turnover level, which enabled them to cope with a sustained drinking water restriction of 50%.

Reduced feeding during water deprivation depends on hydration of the gut

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (5) ◽  
pp. R1061-R1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guus H. M. Schoorlemmer ◽  
Mark D. Evered
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Portal Vein ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Meal Frequency ◽  
Electrolyte Excretion ◽  
Hepatic Portal Vein ◽  
Hepatic Portal

Removal of drinking water at the start of the dark period reduced food intake in freely feeding rats within 45 min. Both first and later meals were smaller during 7.5 h of water deprivation, but meal frequency did not change. Ingestion of a normal-sized meal (3 g) rapidly increased plasma tonicity when drinking water was withheld, but intravenous infusions of hypertonic NaCl causing similar increases in plasma tonicity did not reduce feeding. Feeding during 6 h of water deprivation was restored by slowly infusing the volume of water normally drunk into the stomach, jejunum, or cecum, but not in the vena cava or hepatic portal vein. The infusions did not alter water or electrolyte excretion or affect food intake in rats allowed to drink. We conclude that the inhibition of feeding seen during water deprivation is mediated by a sensor that is located in the gastrointestinal tract or perhaps in the mesenteric veins draining the gut, but not the hepatic portal vein or the liver. In the absence of drinking water, signals from this sensor provoke the early termination of a meal.

Temporal variability of disinfection by-products concentration in urban public water system

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-398
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Water System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
System P ◽  
Public Water System ◽  
Drinking Water Samples ◽  
By Products

The occurrence of trihalomethanes (THMs) was studied in the drinking water samples from urban water supply network of Karachi city that served more than 18 million people. Drinking water samples were collected from 58 locations in summer (May-August) and winter (November-February) seasons. The major constituent of THMs detected was chloroform in winter (92.34%) and summer (93.07%), while the other THMs determined at lower concentrations. Summer and winter concentrations of total THMs at places exceed the levels regulated by UEPA (80 μg l-1) and WHO (100 μg l-1). GIS linked temporal variability in two seasons showed significantly higher median concentration (2.5%-23.06%) of THMs compared to winter.

Enteric viruses in drinking water supplies

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
A.P. Wyn-Jones ◽  
J. Watkins ◽  
C. Francis ◽  
M. Laverick ◽  
J. Sellwood
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Water Supplies

Two rural spring drinking water supplies were studied for their enteric virus levels. In one, serving about 30 dwellings, the water was chlorinated before distribution; in the other, which served a dairy and six dwellings the water was not treated. Samples of treated (40 l) and untreated (20 l) water were taken under normal and heavy rainfall conditions over a six weeks period and concentrated by adsorption/elution and organic flocculation. Infectious enterovirus in concentrates was detected in liquid culture and enumerated by plaque assay, both in BGM cells, and concentrates were also analysed by RT-PCR. Viruses were found in both raw water supplies. Rural supplies need to be analysed for viruses as well as bacterial and protozoan pathogens if the full microbial hazard is to be determined.

Rapid correction of severe hyponatremia in the rat: histopathological changes in the brain

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (5) ◽  
pp. F711-F719 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Ayus ◽  
R. K. Krothapalli ◽  
D. L. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Severe Hyponatremia ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Rapid Correction

The purpose of the present studies was to examine the effects of rapid correction of severe hyponatremia (serum sodium less than 120 meq/liter) either to mildly hyponatremic levels (serum sodium = 130 meq/liter) or to normonatremic levels (serum sodium = 150 meq/liter) on the brain histology of rats. In group I, 13% of the rats revealed brain lesions following correction to mildly hyponatremic levels by the administration of 855 mM NaCl. All the rats (100%) in group II had brain lesions following correction to normonatremic levels by 24 h of water restriction. Similarly, all the rats in group III showed brain lesions following correction to normonatremic levels by the administration of 855 mM NaCl. Severe hyponatremia by itself did not cause any brain lesions in another group. We conclude that rapid correction of severe hyponatremia to mildly hyponatremic levels by the administration of 855 mM NaCl does not cause significant brain lesions. On the other hand, rapid correction to normonatremic levels either by water restriction or by the administration of 855 mM NaCl results in significant brain lesions.

Analysis of Legal System and Public Policy on Rural Water Source in China

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 4126-4129
Author(s):  
Zhen Hua Liu
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Laws And Regulations

Source of water is the beginning of rural drinking water projects, safe water source is the key to rural drinking water safety. Status of rural drinking water source in china and laws and regulations on rural water conservation were analyzed. The population of centralized water supply accounts for 51% of the total population in rural areas in 2008, centralized water supply 49%. Groundwater source accounts for 57% of the population of centralized water supply projects in rural areas in 2008, surface water sources 43%. China has a relatively sound legal system of drinking water source, including basic law, general law, administrative regulations, local regulations.The paper draws a conclusion that sources of drinking water in rural areas is mainly groundwater, water conservation is short of specific laws and regulations and not suitable for rural area,it is necessary to improve laws and regulations on rural water conservation, government must assume responsibility for rural water conservation, especially financial investment and public policy support.

scholarly journals Centrally and Peripherally Administered Ghrelin Potently Inhibits Water Intake in Rats

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 1638-1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirofumi Hashimoto ◽  
Hiroaki Fujihara ◽  
Makoto Kawasaki ◽  
Takeshi Saito ◽  
Minori Shibata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Atrial Natriuretic

Ghrelin is known as a potent orexigenic hormone through its action on the brain. In this study, we examined the effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) and iv injection of ghrelin on water intake, food intake, and urine volume in rats deprived of water for 24 h. Water intake that occurred after water deprivation was significantly inhibited by icv injection of ghrelin (0.1, 1, and 10 nmol/rat) in a dose-related manner, although food intake was stimulated by the hormone. The antidipsogenic effect was as potent as the orexigenic effect. Similarly, water intake was inhibited, whereas food intake was stimulated dose dependently after iv injection of ghrelin (0.1, 1, and 10 nmol/kg). The inhibition of drinking was comparable with, or even more potent than, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), an established antidipsogenic hormone, when administered icv, although the antidipsogenic effect lasted longer. ANP had no effect on food intake. Urine volume decreased dose relatedly after icv injection of ghrelin but not by ANP. Intravenous injection of ghrelin had no effect on urine volume. Because drinking usually occurs with feeding, food was withdrawn to remove the prandial drinking. Then the antidipsogenic effect of ghrelin became more potent than that of ANP and continued longer than when food was available. Expression of Fos was increased in the area postrema and the nucleus of the tractus solitarius by using immunohistochemistry after icv and iv injection of ghrelin. The present study convincingly showed that ghrelin is a potent antidisogenic peptide in rats.

scholarly journals Phenotypic correlations among meat quality traits in broilers

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1475-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luana Bertollini de Jesus Silva ◽  
Leila de Genova Gaya ◽  
Ana Paula Madureira ◽  
Graziela Tarôco ◽  
José Bento Sterman Ferraz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Protein Denaturation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Ph Measurements ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Phenotypic Correlations ◽  
Meat Quality Traits ◽  
Initial Ph

The goals of this research were to estimate the phenotypic correlations among various meat quality traits from a male broiler line and to describe the relation among these variables. Phenotypical correlations were determined among quality traits, isolating the effects of slaughter date, the age of the mother and sex. The evaluated traits were pH measurements taken at time 0 and at 6 and 24 hours after slaughtering, color parameters, water loss due to exudation, thawing and cooking of the meat, and shear force. Important associations (P<0.01) were found to be significant and, in most cases, weak or moderate, varying from -0.35 to 0.28. The initial pH of the meat was not associated (P>0.05) to the other traits of the meat, whereas the pH at 24 hours after slaughter was able of directly interfering with the attributes of the meat, since this trait was inversely related with lightness and water losses, which indicates an effect of pH fall along 24h after slaughtering on protein denaturation. This study demonstrates that the variables of poultry meat quality are related and that there is a phenotypical association between lightness and cooking losses and the other attributes of the meat. The pH at 24 hours after slaughtering, lightness and cooking losses could be efficient meat quality indicators in this broiler line.

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