Effect of supplemental cover on survival of snowshoe hares and cottontail rabbits in patchy habitat

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 1357-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric W. Cox ◽  
Robert A. Garrott ◽  
John R. Cary
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Range Limits ◽  
Sylvilagus Floridanus ◽  
Fragmented Habitat ◽  
Snowshoe Hares ◽  
Patchy Habitat ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
And Control

We examined mortality patterns of sympatric snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) on sites with and without brush piles to evaluate the protective role of cover in the fragmented habitat typical at the range limits of both species. Treatment sites received ≥2 oak brush piles per hectare in August and September 1994. Leporids used a minimum of 56% of created brush piles, but we failed to detect a difference in survivorship between animals occupying treatment and control sites, suggesting that brush piles may not have served as effective refugia to leporids of either species. Coyotes (Canis latrans) killed leporids in understory cover similar in mean density to that of study sites, whereas raptor kills occurred in areas with sparser understory than the average for the study sites or at coyote kills. We concluded that other methods of habitat alteration may be more effective means of increasing numbers of snowshoe hares and cottontail rabbits.

Role of Factor Xiii Val 34 Leu Polymorphism in Patients with Migraine

Cephalalgia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 837-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Iniesta ◽  
J Corral ◽  
R González-Conejero ◽  
A Díaz Ortuño ◽  
ML Martínez Navarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Factor Xiii ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Ischaemic Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Specific Restriction ◽  
A Chain ◽  
And Control

At present, it is contradictory to determine if the combination of certain prothrombotic polymorphisms and migraine increases the risk to develop ischaemic cerebrovascular disease. Recently, the common Val34Leu polymorphism of the A-chain factor XIII gene, associated with variations in factor XIII activity, has been suggested to play a significant role in the development of arterial and venous thrombotic disorders. We analysed the prevalence of this polymorphism in 17 patients with coexisting ischaemic cerebrovascular disease and migraine (5 with aura, and 12 without aura), 89 patients with migraine (43 with aura, and 46 without aura), 116 patients with ischaemic cerebrovascular disease, and 467 healthy Caucasian controls from the South of Spain. Genomic PCR amplification, using a mutated oligonucleotide, and allele-specific restriction assays were used for genotyping. The factor XIII Leu 34 variant was present in 47.1; 40.5; 34.9; and 35.1% of patients with coexisting ischaemic cerebrovascular disease and migraine, ischaemic cerebrovascular disease, migraine, and control subjects, respectively. These data suggest that the factor XIII Leu 34 allele does not play a protective role against these disorders in our population.

The Role of Trust and Control Institutions in Informal Monetary Transactions

2012 ◽  
pp. 48-64
Author(s):  
A. Lyasko
Keyword(s):  
Protective Role ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Developing Markets ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Continuous Reproduction ◽  
High Level ◽  
Financial Arrangements ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
And Control

Auxiliary institutions fail to perform the function of protecting economic agents trust in the liquidity of various monetary obligations. Still, despite these conclusions, there exist some forms of monetary arrangements that seemingly demonstrate a high level of trust among their participants. The durability and continuous reproduction of these monetary arrangements in both developing markets and mature economies need to be explained. Part of this explanation has to address the question of trust arising among the parties to these financial transactions and its role in preventing opportunism and breach of promises made by their participants. As shown in this paper, a possible answer to this question might consist in the argument that the protective role of trust in these financial arrangements is replaced by the opposite norm of control over the agents behavior within close-knit social and economic communities. The degree of control may vary, but control always crowds out trust in order to add reliability to these financial setups.

scholarly journals The role of health managers in community prevention and control of Corona Virus Disease 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 235 ◽  
pp. 01052
Author(s):  
Fahu Yuan ◽  
Jiangyuan Chen ◽  
Xiaoqing Chen ◽  
Zhongqiang Chen ◽  
Ying Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
And Control ◽  
Health Managers

Since the outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in December 2019, more than 26 million people have been infected. Urban and rural communities are the first line of defense for epidemic prevention and control. As an effective means of disease prevention and control at the community level, health management is of great significance in how to give full play to the professional advantages of health managers at present, and in combination with the current urgent situation of lack of specific drugs and vaccines, to maintain the health and social stability of the community population to the maximum extent. By assessing and intervening the health risk factors of COVID-19, the health manager can help the community effectively control the source of covid-19 infection, cut off the transmission route of COVID-19, effectively protect the vulnerable population in the community, and thus delay the spread and spread of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Tbet expression by Tregs is needed to protect against Th1-mediated immunopathology during Toxoplasma infection in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Warunek ◽  
Richard M Jin ◽  
Sarah Blair ◽  
Matthew R Garis ◽  
Brandon J Marzullo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Toxoplasma Infection ◽  
Commensal Flora ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii Infection ◽  
And Control

T. gondii infection has proven to be an ideal model to understand the delicate balance between protective immunity and immune-mediated pathology during infection. Lethal infection causes a collapse of Tregs mediated by loss of IL-2, and conversion of Tregs to IFNγ producing cells. Importantly, these Tregs highly express the Th1 transcription factor Tbet. To determine the role of Tbet in Tregs, we infected Tbx21f/f-Foxp3YFPCre and control Foxp3YFPCre mice with the type II strain of T. gondii, ME49. The majority of Tbx21f/f-Foxp3YFPCre mice succumb to a non-lethal acute infection. Notably, parasite burden is comparable between Tbx21f/f-Foxp3YFPCre and Foxp3YFPCre control mice. We found that Tbx21f/f-Foxp3YFPCre mice have significantly higher serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines IFNγ and TNFα, suggestive of a heightened immune response. To test if CD4+ T cells were driving immunopathology, we treated Tbx21f/f-Foxp3YFPCre mice with anti-CD4 depleting antibody and partially rescued these mice. Broad spectrum antibiotic treatment also improved survival, demonstrating a role for commensal flora in immunopathology in Tbx21f/f-Foxp3YFPCre mice. RNA-seq analysis reinforced that Tbet regulates several key cellular pathways, including chromosome segregation, cytokine receptor activity and cell cycle progression, that help to maintain fitness in Tregs during Th1 responses. Taken together, our data shows an important role for Tbet in Tregs in preventing lethal immunopathology during Toxoplasma gondii infection, further highlighting the protective role of Treg plasticity to self and microbiota.

scholarly journals SARS-Cov 2 infection and anti-tuberculosis immunity: temporal association or real protective role?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAMMI SANAA ◽  
BOURKIA MYRIEM ◽  
ADIL NAJDI ◽  
CHAHBOUNE RAJAE ◽  
RISSOUL KARIMA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factor ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cross Immunity ◽  
And Control ◽  
Rule Out ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Abstract Introduction: According to the literature consulted to date, there is epidemiological heterogeneity of covid 19 between countries depending on their vaccination policy, in particular BCG vaccination. These findings have led to several hypotheses, including the protective role of immunity induced by the BCG tuberculosis vaccine against Covid-19 infection. The immunity induced by the BCG vaccine significantly increases the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, in particular IL-1B, which has been shown to play an essential role in antiviral immunity. This cross-immunity, although not specific, if highlighted, is a real providence that must be taken advantage of in the face of this pandemic. The main objective of this study is to rule out or confirm that anti-tuberculosis immunity protects against SARS-COV 2 in our context. Materiel and methods: Two groups will be compared: cases infected with the virus and controls who have never been infected with the virus. Both case and control groups will undergo a tuberculin skin test: the intra dermal tuberculin reaction (IDR). Results: We found that our control group had a high IDR immunity value, with an IDR tuberculin positive percentage of 67.2%. This suggests that immunity to IDR is a protective factor against coronavirus disease. Conclusion: The hypothesis of nonspecific anti-tuberculosis protection deserves further verification studies; it would have large positive repercussions for developing countries.

Food supplementation experiments revisited: verifying that supplemental food is used by its intended recipients

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Wirsing ◽  
D.L. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Food Supplementation ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Supplemental Food ◽  
Snowshoe Hares ◽  
Extra Food ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Natural Foods ◽  
And Control ◽  
Free Ranging

Field-based food supplementation experiments can determine whether populations are limited by natural food availability. However, they may yield spurious results if added food is hoarded by dominants, exploited by immigrants, or delivered ineffectively. Surprisingly, population-level approaches accounting for these potential sources of bias have not been established. We explored responses of free-ranging snowshoe hares ( Lepus americanus Erxleben, 1777) to food supplementation by contrasting per capita browsing rates on three study sites with added food with those on three control sites during two winters. Food augmentation reduced foraging pressure by hares; this reduction was significant when browse species of high dietary importance were considered. By implication, hares on manipulated sites switched from favored natural foods to supplemental food, meaning that the extra food found its mark and was not heavily exploited by immigrants or hoarded by dominants. Demographic responses to food addition were not detected on the manipulated sites, indicating that the study population was not food limited. Given the success with which we detected the signal of supplementation and eliminated potential confounding factors, we suggest that future studies using food addition in the context of herbivore population dynamics would benefit from a more mechanistic approach; this may involve measurement of browsing rates on manipulated and control sites.

scholarly journals The protective role of saffron petal extracts on gentamicininduced nephrotoxicity in rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Omidi ◽  
Zahra Totrabi
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Crocus Sativus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
And Control ◽  
Histopathologic Findings

Different potentially therapeutic approaches to prevent or attenuate gentamicin sulfate (GM) induced nephrotoxicity have been proposed. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the saffron petals extracts (<em>Crocus sativus</em>) (SPE) on male Wistar rats with kidney failure. Rats (40) were randomly assigned into five groups of 8 animals each: i) the control group, that received normal saline (0.5 mL/kg); ii) the GM group, that received GM (80 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection on a daily basis; iii) the <em>GM+SPE</em> group that received the same dose of GM and SPE (40 mg/kg) by i.p. injection on a daily basis; iv) the <em>GM+2SPE</em> group, that received the same dose of GM and twofold of SPE (80 mg/kg) by i.p. injection on a daily basis; whereas v) <em>2SPE+GM</em> group, that received 80 mg/kg of SPE a week before initiating the treatment with GM (prevention group). Significant differences were seen in the concentration of glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine between treatment groups and control in the male Wistar rats. GM was observed to cause nephrotoxicity, which was evidenced by an elevation of serum BUN and creatinine levels. The biochemical findings of the current study are concordant with those of histopathologic findings. The results of this study indicate that SPE especially in dose of 40 mg/kg can ameliorate harmful effects of GM on the kidney. The present results may suggest that the SPE have ameliorative effects on kidney failures induced by GM.

scholarly journals SARS-Cov 2 infection and anti-tuberculosis immunity: temporal association or real protective role?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAMMI SANAA ◽  
BOURKIA MYRIEM ◽  
ADIL NAJDI ◽  
CHAHBOUNE RAJAE ◽  
RISSOUL KARIMA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factor ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cross Immunity ◽  
And Control ◽  
Rule Out ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Abstract Introduction: According to the literature consulted to date, there is epidemiological heterogeneity of covid 19 between countries depending on their vaccination policy, in particular BCG vaccination. These findings have led to several hypotheses, including the protective role of immunity induced by the BCG tuberculosis vaccine against Covid-19 infection. The immunity induced by the BCG vaccine significantly increases the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, in particular IL-1B, which has been shown to play an essential role in antiviral immunity. This cross-immunity, although not specific, if highlighted, is a real providence that must be taken advantage of in the face of this pandemic. The main objective of this study is to rule out or confirm that anti-tuberculosis immunity protects against SARS-COV 2 in our context. Materiel and methods: Two groups will be compared: cases infected with the virus and controls who have never been infected with the virus. Both case and control groups will undergo a tuberculin skin test: the intra dermal tuberculin reaction (IDR). Results: We found that our control group had a high IDR immunity value, with an IDR tuberculin positive percentage of 67.2%. This suggests that immunity to IDR is a protective factor against coronavirus disease. Conclusion: The hypothesis of nonspecific anti-tuberculosis protection deserves further verification studies; it would have large positive repercussions for developing countries.

Effect of Cinnamon and its Procyanidin-B2 on Diabetic Retinopathy in Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Muthenna Puppala ◽  
Kishore Kumar Godisela ◽  
Bhanuprakash Reddy Geereddy ◽  
Akileshwari Chandrashaker ◽  
Raghu Gangula
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Active Principle ◽  
Immunoblotting Analysis ◽  
Diabetic Retina ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
And Control ◽  
Carboxy Methyl

<p><em>Advanced glycation end products (AGE) are amalgamated in the development of certain pathophysiologies including diabetic retinopathy (DR). Procyanidin-B2 (PCB2), an active principle of cinnamon, has shown to inhibit AGE formation</em><em>. In current study we inspected the protective role of PCB2 to prevent DR in diabetic rats.<strong> </strong>Diabetes was induced in Wistar-NIN rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg bodyweight) and the control rats received vehicle alone. The retinal morphology was studied by microscopy and immunohistochemistry of diabetic and control rats. The expression of retinal selective genes analysis was done via real-time PCR. Immunoblotting of diabetic and control rat retina was studied. Gene expression and immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis of diabetic retina from PCB2 and cinnamon fed rat showed declined expression of VEGF and GFAP and increased expression of NGF. Immunoblotting analysis resulted that feeding of PCB2 significantly reserved the formation of carboxy methyl lysine and RAGE in diabetic rats compare with controls. The results indicate that PCB2 was effective in protecting the diabetic retina from development of diabetic retinopathy in rats owing to its antiglycating potential. Thus, active principle of dietary sources, such as PCB2, may be explored for the prevention or delay of DR.<strong></strong></em></p>

Enhanced Root Production as a Feed-forward Response to Soil Water Deficit in Field-grown Tomatoes

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. Reid ◽  
A.R. Renquist
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Feed Forward ◽  
Root Death ◽  
And Control ◽  
Practical Demonstration

Much research on the role of roots as ‘sensors’ of soil water deficits (SWD) has been with plants growing in small volumes of soil. We examined adaptive responses to SWD in processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) growing in the field. The cv. Cannery Row was grown next to a rhizotron and trickle irrigated daily, except when water was withheld for 7 or 14 days during flowering in two deficit treatments. Rainfall was excluded. Within 7 days of withholding irrigation, there was a substantial increase in root production, particularly in the subsoil. However, predawn and midday leaf water potentials did not differ between non-irrigated and control treatments until around day 9. Even by day 14 the SWD had not affected stomatal conductances, evapotranspiration, or plant dry mass. A rapid increase in root death rate followed the re- irrigation of each deficit treatment. New root production in the non-irrigated plots appeared sufficient to maintain an adequate supply of water to the shoots. If so, this could be an even more effective means of stress avoidance than reducing leaf and stem expansion rates. Our results appear to be the first practical demonstration that root systems may play such a feed-forward role.

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