In vitro-produced embryos are less viable than their in vivo counterparts. It is known that the developmental speed is a reliable marker of embryo viability. One of the major factors impairing in vitro embryo development is oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to evaluate oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in bovine in vitro-produced embryos that reached different developmental stages at the end of culture. Abattoir-derived oocytes were matured in vitro in TCM-199 with 15% bovine serum, 0.5 μg mL–1 of FSH, 5 μg mL–1 of LH, 0.8 mM L-glutamine and 50 mg mL–1 of gentamicin. Mature cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC) were fertilized in Tyrode's modified medium, supplemented by 5.3 SI mL–1 of heparin, 30 μM penicillamine, 15 μM hypotaurine, 1 μM epinephrine and 1% of bovine serum. Both in vitro maturation and IVF were carried out at 39°C and 5% CO2 in air. After 20 to 22 h of gamete co-incubation, presumptive zygotes were denuded and cultured in SOF for 7 days at 39°C under humidified air with 5% CO2, 7% O2 and 88% N2 in air. At the end of culture, embryos were assessed according to the stage of development as tight morulae (TM), early blastocysts (eBl), blastocysts (Bl), expanded blastocysts (XBl) and hatched blastocysts (HBl). For each stage of development, an average of 20 embryos were used to determine manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity and levels of nitric oxide (NO2–) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). The SOD activity was determined by a colourimetric method (Caraglia M et al. 2011 Cell Death Dis. 2, 150, doi:10.1038/cddis.2011.34) whereas NO2– and TBARS were measured by a spectrophotometric method (Balestrieri et al. 2011 J. Cell. Physiol. doi:10.1002/jcp.22874). Data were analysed by t-test. Greater (P < 0.05) MnSOD activity was observed in faster developing embryos (i.e. XBl and HBl) compared with slower ones (i.e. TM, eBl and Bl; 0.46 ± 0.04, 0.46 ± 0.03, 0.14 ± 0.01, 1.66 ± 0.01 and 3.26 ± 0.3 U μg–1 of protein, in TM, eBl, Bl, XBl and HBl, respectively). At the same time, XBl and HBl showed the lowest NO2– levels. However, NO2– values were lower in TM compared with eBl and Bl (0.04 ± 0.002, 0.07 ± 0.005, 0.06 ± 0.003, 0.01 ± 0.002 and 0.01 ± 0.001 nM μg–1 of protein, in TM, eBl, Bl, XBl and HBl, respectively). Similarly to NO2–, TBARS levels were lower in XBl and HBl compared with the other stages (0.0059 ± 0.002, 0.009 ± 0.003, 0.006 ± 0.002, 0.001 ± 0.0001 and 0.0009 ± 0.0002 μM μg–1 of protein, in TM, eBl, Bl, XBl and HBl, respectively). In conclusion, these results clearly indicate developmental stage-dependent changes in MnSOD activity and levels of NO2– and TBARS, suggesting that oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are reduced in faster developing embryos.
Carnosine Protects Macrophages against the Toxicity of Aβ1-42 Oligomers by Decreasing Oxidative Stress
