The Impacts of Humans on Geomorphology

2021 ◽  
pp. M58-2020-24
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Goudie
Keyword(s):  
Ground Subsidence ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Process Change ◽  
Channel Form ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Oil Exploitation ◽  
Engineering Problems ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Global Heating

AbstractThis chapter discusses the factors that have led to an increasing interest in the human impact in geomorphology, and then discusses the literature that appeared between c 1960 and 2000. These developments were in four main areas: (i) intellectual and policy-related (ii) technological developments that alter geomorphological processes (iii) demographic trends, and (iv) proliferation of techniques for the study of landform and process change. Much work was undertaken on landforms produced by construction and excavation. Interest also developed in accelerating ground subsidence, which is a widespread phenomenon that creates engineering problems. Indeed, with increasing exploitation of tundra areas for such activities as oil exploitation, there was an increasing interest in the problems associated with permafrost. Rivers have also been greatly impacted. Humans have modified sediment transport by rivers in two ways. First, as a result of accelerated soil erosion, the delivery of sediment to rivers has increased. Secondly, burgeoning dam construction has caused sediment to be trapped in reservoirs. Far-reaching changes in channel form have been produced by land-use and land-cover changes. In addition to non-deliberate changes to river systems, there have been a whole range of deliberate modifications (e.g. channelization). Some valley bottoms areas have suffered from accelerated sedimentation while others have become incised with gullies (arroyos). Studies have indicated an increasing incidence of mass movements. These have been attributed to such factors as deforestation, road cuts, changes in slope drainage and irrigation of farm land. Much work has also been undertaken on wind erosion of dryland surfaces. Human activities, most notably air pollution, have changed the nature and rate of weathering, though enhanced weathering by salt can also be accelerated by irrigation. Large numbers of people live in coastal zones and have had a major impact on coastal landforms and processes. Many of the world's shorelines have been eroding and the complex mix of causes, natural and anthropogenic, that could be responsible have been analysed. Finally, since the 1980s there has been a growing realisation of the importance of global heating for geomorphological phenomena.

Assyria

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
The Third ◽  
Debt Bondage ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Economic Position ◽  
Tenant Farmers ◽  
Legal Understanding

This chapter explores the archival texts of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and attempts to gauge the legal and economic position of slavery in Assyrian society. It shows that the Assyrians held a similar legal understanding of slavery to the Greeks, and knew also of the phenomenon of debt bondage. The chapter then moves on to consider the location of slavery in Assyrian society, showing widespread and significant levels of slave ownership among the Assyrian elite; however, relatively high slave prices prevented slave ownership from becoming a more widespread phenomenon. The third part of the chapter looks at the Assyrian countryside more broadly, and shows that despite often owning large numbers of slaves, members of the Assyrian elite more probably drew the bulk of their income from the exploitation of bound tenant farmers.

A Novel Paradigm for Engineering Education: Virtual Internships With Individualized Mentoring and Assessment of Engineering Thinking

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi C. Chesler ◽  
A. R. Ruis ◽  
Wesley Collier ◽  
Zachari Swiecki ◽  
Golnaz Arastoopour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Education ◽  
First Year ◽  
Collaborative Environment ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Engineering Problems ◽  
Complex Engineering ◽  
Potential Impact

Engineering virtual internships are a novel paradigm for providing authentic engineering experiences in the first-year curriculum. They are both individualized and accommodate large numbers of students. As we describe in this report, this approach can (a) enable students to solve complex engineering problems in a mentored, collaborative environment; (b) allow educators to assess engineering thinking; and (c) provide an introductory experience that students enjoy and find valuable. Furthermore, engineering virtual internships have been shown to increase students'—and especially women's—interest in and motivation to pursue engineering degrees. When implemented in first-year engineering curricula more broadly, the potential impact of engineering virtual internships on the size and diversity of the engineering workforce could be dramatic.

Towards a Postpatriarchal Family

1998 ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Patricia S. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Political Responsibility ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Familial Relations ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Mother Child Relationship

Ours is a time of dramatic and confusing transformations in everyday life, many of them originating in the social enfranchisement of women that has occurred over the past twenty-five years. Sociologist Arlie Hochschild demonstrates a widespread phenomenon of work-family imbalance in our society, experienced by people in terms of a time bind, and a devaluation of familial relationships. As large numbers of women have moved into the workplace, familial relations of all sorts have been colonized by what Virginia Held critically refers to as the contractual paradigm. Even the mother/child relationship, representing for Held an alternative feminist paradigm of selfhood and agency, has been in large part "outsourced." I believe that an Arendtian conception of speech and action might enable us to assert anew the grounds for familial relations. If we require a new site upon which to address our human plurality and natality, the postpatriarchal family may provide that new site upon which individuals can freely act to recreate the fabric of human relationships. It would seem to be our moral and political responsibility as social philosophers today to speculatively contribute to the difficult yet imperative task of reconfiguring the family. In this paper, I attempt to articulate the basic assumptions from which such a reconfiguration must begin.

scholarly journals FENOMENOLOGI APLIKASI TIKTOK BAGI USAHA ONLINE MARICA FARMS

Kinesik ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-136
Author(s):  
Asia Khairunnisa Luthan ◽  
Zahira Xenia Asmoro Putri
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Animal Sacrifice ◽  
Uses And Gratification ◽  
Uses And Gratification Theory ◽  
The World ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Online Business ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Business Data ◽  
Depth Interviews

The TikTok phenomenon has become a widespread phenomenon throughout the world. The TikTok application is now a trend as well as evidence of technological developments that help humans carry out their activities. Not only as a medium for self-existence but also used by online business actors, one of which is Marica Farms. This study aims to describe the phenomenology of the TikTok application for Marica Farms' online business. Marica Farms is an online animal sacrifice business that uses the TikTok application to help market its products. Using a phenomenological approach, the researcher finds out the meaning of the TikTok application for Marica Farms' online business. Equipped with Uses and Gratification Theory which helps researchers in analyzing the phenomenon of the TikTok application for Marica Farms online business. Data were collected using in-depth interviews with the owners of Marica Farms. The results of this study are the phenomenology of the TikTok application for Marica Farms' online business, namely as a medium that makes it easier for online businesses to have things out of the box, reach a broad market and help increase knowledge and awareness of Marica Farms' online business. The content provided by TikTok Marica Farms has also been adapted to the needs of its audience, such as information and entertainment needs so that the audience feels satisfied.

scholarly journals TAX PROFILES OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-69
Author(s):  
Salvatore Antonello Parente
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Production Distribution ◽  
Virtual Economy ◽  
Source State ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Digital Transactions ◽  
Uncertain Future ◽  
Circulation Of Knowledge ◽  
Very High

Computer science and technological developments of the last decades has impacted considerably on the forms and methods of production and circulation of wealth, encouraging the spread of new activities completely dematerialized within a social and economic context characterized by frenetic circulation of knowledge and information available than just a "click" and from a production, distribution and consumption of goods increasingly virtual and intangible. As activities that might acquire economic value, in terms of tax, we wondered if, in order to face emergencies raised by virtual economy, is sufficient to adapt existing fiscal instruments or is necessary, rather, developing new forms of levy, creating a virtual world taxation. Special emphasis hiring then tax profiles of the activities carried out by large multinational companies, digital society, with subsidiaries in several countries, that can produce very high incomes, hardly taxed in the source State or otherwise frequently taxed to a lesser extent than the ordinary tax regime. The Italian legal system has tried to remedy this widespread phenomenon, with timid actions which seek to establish, first, a Google tax, then a digital tax, before arriving to the web tax, recently adopted in two different subsequent versions (before “digital transactions tax” and after “digital services tax”), but characterized by an uncertain future.

Groundwater in the Quaternary deposits of Scotland: a valuable resource and a potential engineering hazard

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-255
Author(s):  
N. S. Robins ◽  
D. F. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Ground Subsidence ◽  
Permeable Material ◽  
Quaternary Deposits ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Engineering Problems ◽  
Island Communities ◽  
Hydrogeological Properties ◽  
The Common

AbstractThe Scottish Quaternary strata contain a wide range of lithologies with an equally wide spectrum of hydrogeological properties. The more permeable material contains valuable groundwater resources which increasingly are being exploited for rural and island communities. However, the common juxtaposition of high and low permeability strata, the occurrence of confined groundwater in clay-capped gravels, and the risk of ground subsidence due to dewatering, together provide a range of potential Engineering problems and hazards.

Analysis of ancient metals

1970 ◽  
Vol 269 (1193) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Metal Artefacts ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Analytical Results ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Specific Analysis ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Second Category

The study of the chemical composition of ancient materials dates back to the work of the pioneer analyst, Martin Heinrich Klaproth, towards the end of the eighteenth century. From that time onwards thousands of specimens of ancient materials have been analysed, and from the beginning the composition of ancient metals attracted particular attention, because of the inherent interest of chemists in metals and their corrosion, and because of the importance that archaeologists attached to metal artefacts as a source of information about technological developments in ancient cultures. The early analytical researches on metals have been reviewed by Caley (1951, 1964). These were, for the most part, of a rather spasmodic nature and somewhat restricted in scope because of the limitations imposed by the analytical methods available at that time which required relatively large samples. The intensive application of analysis first became possible when precise and sensitive microchemical methods were used, and it has undergone further development with the introduction of the modern ultra-microchemical techniques of analysis that have opened up new possibilities. The application of these modern techniques to the analysis of ancient metals has, however, introduced certain problems that must be taken into consideration, if one wishes to obtain analytical results that are both reliable and meaningful. This is because the analysis of ancient metal objects presents problems that are not encountered in the examination of modern metals and alloys in an industrial or conventional research laboratory. It is therefore appropriate to consider in general terms what are the particular requirements of analytical procedures in a museum laboratory. The factors involved may be conveniently discussed as follows: 1. Type of analysis Here two main categories may be considered. The first may be referred to as systematic analysis, i. e. the analysis of large numbers of metal antiquities of a similar kind in order to obtain analytical results of statistical significance that can be used to provide information about such archaeological questions as sources of ore materials, possible trade routes, significant changes in composition that might be correlated with different types of objects, e. g. in bronze objects, or with changes in technology. The second category is that of specific analysis, i. e. the analysis of single objects or small groups of objects to obtain information that may help to solve specific problems, including questions of authenticity.

scholarly journals Integrated Analysis of the Combined Risk of Ground Subsidence, Sea Level Rise, and Natural Hazards in Coastal and Delta River Regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 3431
Author(s):  
Qing Zhao ◽  
Jiayi Pan ◽  
Adam Devlin ◽  
Qing Xu ◽  
Maochuan Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Ground Subsidence ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Sea Level Changes

Non-climate-related anthropogenic processes and frequently encountered natural hazards exacerbate the risk in coastal zones and megacities and amplify local vulnerability. Coastal risk is amplified by the combination of sea level rise (SLR) resulting from climate change, associated tidal evolution, and the local sinking of land resulting from anthropogenic and natural hazards. In this framework, the authors of this investigation have actively contributed to the joint European Space Agency (ESA) and the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) Dragon IV initiative through a project (ID. 32294) that was explicitly designed to address the issue of monitoring coastal and delta river regions through Earth Observation (EO) technologies. The project’s primary goals were to provide a complete characterization of the changes in target scenes over time and provide estimates of future regional sea level changes to derive submerged coastal areas and wave fields. Suggestions are also provided for implementing coastal protection measures in order to adapt and mitigate the multifactor coastal vulnerability. In order to achieve these tasks, well-established remote sensing technologies based on the joint exploitation of multi-spectral information gathered at different spectral wavelengths, the exploitation of advanced Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) techniques for the retrieval of ground deformations, the realization of geophysical analyses, and the use of satellite altimeters and tide gauge data have effectively been employed. The achieved results, which mainly focus on selected sensitive regions including the city of Shanghai, the Pearl River Delta in China, and the coastal city of Saint Petersburg in Europe, provide essential assets for planning present and future scientific activities devoted to monitoring such fragile environments. These analyses are crucial for assessing the factors that will amplify the vulnerability of low-elevation coastal zones.

Sports Journalism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter English
Keyword(s):  
Sports Journalism ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Investigative Reporting ◽  
Editorial Material ◽  
Academic Scholarship ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Journalistic Field

Sports journalism is a popular area of contemporary media that has a long history of delivering results, analysis, and opinion to both broad and specialized audiences. Like other media, it has had to adapt consistently with technological developments and demands but continues to gain widespread coverage across print, broadcast, and digital platforms. Sports journalism has often been viewed as “the toy department,” a place of trivial pursuits instead of the chasing of hard news. As a result, its journalists are viewed as having low professionalism and status and are often accused of being controlled by sources. What these criticisms overlook is the value of this significant subfield in relation to the amount of sports content produced across media, the large numbers of journalists involved in producing the news, and its power in attracting readers and viewers. These elements combine to make sports journalism a rich area for academic scholarship. However, in comparison with its place in newsrooms, this topic has also been criticized in research and has not been treated as seriously as a space for scholarship. While there have been recent increases in scholarly work, sport has been described as an underresearched area of the journalistic field. The field’s literature has streams dedicated to practical, instructional texts and scholarly analysis of contemporary and historical issues. Key areas of investigation involve content within the sports pages, which can involve as much as 30% of editorial material in a media publication, and work exploring the perceptions, routines, and practices of sports journalists. The role of the sports journalist has also been examined, with descriptions often focusing on a tendency to operate as cheerleaders with a home-team bias. However, the position of sports journalist also involves aspects of critical, watchdog-style coverage, including through investigative reporting. Much of the academic work involving sports journalism has been descriptive in scope, which leaves space for greater analysis through a theoretical lens. An important future topic of research is the increasing commercialization of sport, which has implications for journalists, publications, and audiences.

Analysis of Size-Effects in the Miniaturized Deep Drawing Process

2007 ◽  
Vol 344 ◽  
pp. 791-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Justinger ◽  
Gerhard Hirt
Keyword(s):  
Deep Drawing ◽  
Foil Thickness ◽  
Drawing Process ◽  
Process Change ◽  
Deep Drawing Process ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Plastic Dissipation ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
Small Parts

With the increasing trend towards miniaturization and the enhanced demand for small components, reliable processes for mass production are needed. Today the deep drawing process is already used to produce large numbers of small parts (diameter < 1 mm) at low costs per part. But a better understanding of the process in relation to miniaturization is required to improve process stability, because several aspects of the process change when scaled down. For example, product accuracy and process parameters can be influenced by changing the ratio of surface to volume or the ratio of grain size to foil thickness. For the analysis of these effects experiments with geometrically scaled deep drawing tool sets from 8 mm to 1 mm punch diameter have been carried out, using CuZn37 foils in different annealed conditions and a foil thickness ranging from 0.3 mm to 0.04 mm. Additionally, the deep drawing process is simulated via FE-methods to consider influences that cannot be measured using the available experimental setup, such as temperature conditions resulting from the heat generated due to plastic dissipation and friction.

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