scholarly journals Bacteriome Structure, Function, and Probiotics in Fish Larviculture: The Good, the Bad, and the Gaps

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuno Borges ◽  
Tina Keller-Costa ◽  
Gracinda M.M. Sanches-Fernandes ◽  
António Louvado ◽  
Newton C.M. Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Fish Pathogens ◽  
Animal Physiology ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
And Behavior

Aquaculture is the fastest-growing sector in food production worldwide. For decades, research on animal physiology, nutrition, and behavior established the foundations of best practices in land-based fish rearing and disease control. Current DNA sequencing, bioinformatics, and data science technologies now allow deep investigations of host-associated microbiomes in a tractable fashion. Adequate use of these technologies can illuminate microbiome dynamics and aid the engineering of microbiome-based solutions to disease prevention in an unprecedented manner. This review examines molecular studies of bacterial diversity, function, and host immunity modulation at early stages of fish development, where microbial infections cause important economic losses. We uncover host colonization and virulence factors within a synthetic assemblage of fish pathogens using high-end comparative genomics and address the use of probiotics and paraprobiotics as applicable disease-prevention strategies in fish larval and juvenile rearing. We finally propose guidelines for future microbiome research of presumed relevance to fish larviculture. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 9 is February 16, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Advances in Microbiome Research for Animal Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel S. Peixoto ◽  
Derek M. Harkins ◽  
Karen E. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
And Behavior

Host-associated microbiomes contribute in many ways to the homeostasis of the metaorganism. The microbiome's contributions range from helping to provide nutrition and aiding growth, development, and behavior to protecting against pathogens and toxic compounds. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the diversity and importance of the microbiome to animals, using representative examples of wild and domesticated species. We demonstrate how the beneficial ecological roles of animal-associated microbiomes can be generally grouped into well-defined main categories and how microbe-based alternative treatments can be applied to mitigate problems for both economic and conservation purposes and to provide crucial knowledge about host–microbiota symbiotic interactions. We suggest a Customized Combination of Microbial-Based Therapies to promote animal health and contribute to the practice of sustainable husbandry. We also discuss the ecological connections and threats associated with animal biodiversity loss, microorganism extinction, and emerging diseases, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 9 is February 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Gang Research in the Twenty-First Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caylin Louis Moore ◽  
Forrest Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Criminological Theory ◽  
First Century ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
State Interventions ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Analytical Approaches

For nearly a century, gang scholarship has remained foundational to criminological theory and method. Twenty-first-century scholarship continues to refine and, in some cases, supplant long-held axioms about gang formation, organization, and behavior. Recent advances can be traced to shifts in the empirical social reality and conditions within which gangs exist and act. We draw out this relationship—between the ontological and epistemological—by identifying key macrostructural shifts that have transformed gang composition and behavior and, in turn, forced scholars to revise dominant theoretical frameworks and analytical approaches. These shifts include large-scale economic transformations, the expansion of punitive state interventions, the proliferation of the Internet and social media, intensified globalization, and the increasing presence of women and LGBTQ individuals in gangs and gang research. By introducing historically unprecedented conditions and actors, these developments provide novel opportunities to reconsider previous analyses of gang structure, violence, and other related objects of inquiry. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Criminology, Volume 5 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Perspective on Data Science

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Peng ◽  
Hilary S. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Iterative Process ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Broad Definition ◽  
The Core ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
New Knowledge

The field of data science currently enjoys a broad definition that includes a wide array of activities which borrow from many other established fields of study. Having such a vague characterization of a field in the early stages might be natural, but over time maintaining such a broad definition becomes unwieldy and impedes progress. In particular, the teaching of data science is hampered by the seeming need to cover many different points of interest. Data scientists must ultimately identify the core of the field by determining what makes the field unique and what it means to develop new knowledge in data science. In this review we attempt to distill some core ideas from data science by focusing on the iterative process of data analysis and develop some generalizations from past experience. Generalizations of this nature could form the basis of a theory of data science and would serve to unify and scale the teaching of data science to large audiences. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Statistics, Volume 9 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Modern Clinical Text Mining: A Guide and Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany Percha
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Text Mining ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Biomedical Data ◽  
Clinical Text ◽  
Quality Improvement Research ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Technical Advances

Electronic health records (EHRs) are becoming a vital source of data for healthcare quality improvement, research, and operations. However, much of the most valuable information contained in EHRs remains buried in unstructured text. The field of clinical text mining has advanced rapidly in recent years, transitioning from rule-based approaches to machine learning and, more recently, deep learning. With new methods come new challenges, however, especially for those new to the field. This review provides an overview of clinical text mining for those who are encountering it for the first time (e.g., physician researchers, operational analytics teams, machine learning scientists from other domains). While not a comprehensive survey, this review describes the state of the art, with a particular focus on new tasks and methods developed over the past few years. It also identifies key barriers between these remarkable technical advances and the practical realities of implementation in health systems and in industry. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science, Volume 4 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Sanctions, Perceptions, and Crime

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Apel
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
Situational Cues ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Criminal Opportunity ◽  
And Behavior

The interplay of sanctions, perceptions, and crime has special significance in criminology and is central to a long tradition of perceptual deterrence research as well as to more recent scholarship on crime decision-making. This article seeks to review this body of research as it pertains to three basic questions. First, are people's perceptions of punishment accurate? The evidence indicates that people are generally but imperfectly aware of punishments allowed under the law but are nevertheless sensitive to changes in enforcement, especially of behaviors that are personally relevant. Second, does potential apprehension affect people's perceived risk and behavior when faced with a criminal opportunity? A highly varied body of literature supports the conclusion that perceptions are sensitive to situational cues and that behavior is sensitive to perceived risk, but these links can be weakened when individuals are in emotionally or socially charged situations. Third, do people revise their risk perceptions in response to crime and punishment experiences? Studies of perceptual change support the contention that people systematically update their perceptions based on their own and others’ experiences with crime and punishment. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Criminology, Volume 5 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Perspectives on Allele-Specific Expression

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siobhan Cleary ◽  
Cathal Seoighe
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Biomedical Data ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
Gene Copies

Diploidy has profound implications for population genetics and susceptibility to genetic diseases. Although two copies are present for most genes in the human genome, they are not necessarily both active or active at the same level in a given individual. Genomic imprinting, resulting in exclusive or biased expression in favor of the allele of paternal or maternal origin, is now believed to affect hundreds of human genes. A far greater number of genes display unequal expression of gene copies due to cis-acting genetic variants that perturb gene expression. The availability of data generated by RNA sequencing applied to large numbers of individuals and tissue types has generated unprecedented opportunities to assess the contribution of genetic variation to allelic imbalance in gene expression. Here we review the insights gained through the analysis of these data about the extent of the genetic contribution to allelic expression imbalance, the tools and statistical models for gene expression imbalance, and what the results obtained reveal about the contribution of genetic variants that alter gene expression to complex human diseases and phenotypes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science, Volume 4 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Astrocytes and Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Kofuji ◽  
Alfonso Araque
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cells ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
And Behavior

Animal behavior was classically considered to be determined exclusively by neuronal activity, whereas surrounding glial cells such as astrocytes played only supportive roles. However, astrocytes are as numerous as neurons in the mammalian brain, and current findings indicate a chemically based dialog between astrocytes and neurons. Activation of astrocytes by synaptically released neurotransmitters converges on regulating intracellular Ca2+ in astrocytes, which then can regulate the efficacy of near and distant tripartite synapses at diverse timescales through gliotransmitter release. Here, we discuss recent evidence on how diverse behaviors are impacted by this dialog. These recent findings support a paradigm shift in neuroscience, in which animal behavior does not result exclusively from neuronal activity but from the coordinated activity of both astrocytes and neurons. Decoding how astrocytes and neurons interact with each other in various brain circuits will be fundamental to fully understanding how behaviors originate and become dysregulated in disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 44 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Gut Microbiome as a Regulator of the Neuroimmune Landscape

2022 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis W. Yu ◽  
Gulistan Agirman ◽  
Elaine Y. Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Bidirectional Interactions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Microbial Effects

The gut microbiome influences many host physiologies, spanning gastrointestinal function, metabolism, immune homeostasis, neuroactivity, and behavior. Many microbial effects on the host are orchestrated by bidirectional interactions between the microbiome and immune system. Imbalances in this dialogue can lead to immune dysfunction and immune-mediated conditions in distal organs including the brain. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and dysregulated neuroimmune responses are common comorbidities of neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurological disorders, highlighting the importance of the gut microbiome–neuroimmune axis as a regulator of central nervous system homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent evidence supporting a role for the gut microbiome in regulating the neuroimmune landscape in health and disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Data Science in the Food Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
George-John Nychas ◽  
Emma Sims ◽  
Panagiotis Tsakanikas ◽  
Fady Mohareb
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Biomedical Data ◽  
Constant State ◽  
Food Integrity ◽  
Multi Stakeholder

Food safety is one of the main challenges of the agri-food industry that is expected to be addressed in the current environment of tremendous technological progress, where consumers’ lifestyles and preferences are in a constant state of flux. Food chain transparency and trust are drivers for food integrity control and for improvements in efficiency and economic growth. Similarly, the circular economy has great potential to reduce wastage and improve the efficiency of operations in multi-stakeholder ecosystems. Throughout the food chain cycle, all food commodities are exposed to multiple hazards, resulting in a high likelihood of contamination. Such biological or chemical hazards may be naturally present at any stage of food production, whether accidentally introduced or fraudulently imposed, risking consumers’ health and their faith in the food industry. Nowadays, a massive amount of data is generated, not only from the next generation of food safety monitoring systems and along the entire food chain (primary production included) but also from the internet of things, media, and other devices. These data should be used for the benefit of society, and the scientific field of data science should be a vital player in helping to make this possible. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science, Volume 4 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Recent Challenges in Actuarial Science

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Embrechts ◽  
Mario V. Wüthrich
Keyword(s):  
Probability Theory ◽  
Generalized Linear Models ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Actuarial Science ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Cross Fertilization

For centuries, mathematicians and, later, statisticians, have found natural research and employment opportunities in the realm of insurance. By definition, insurance offers financial cover against unforeseen events that involve an important component of randomness, and consequently, probability theory and mathematical statistics enter insurance modeling in a fundamental way. In recent years, a data deluge, coupled with ever-advancing information technology and the birth of data science, has revolutionized or is about to revolutionize most areas of actuarial science as well as insurance practice. We discuss parts of this evolution and, in the case of non-life insurance, show how a combination of classical tools from statistics, such as generalized linear models and, e.g., neural networks contribute to better understanding and analysis of actuarial data. We further review areas of actuarial science where the cross fertilization between stochastics and insurance holds promise for both sides. Of course, the vastness of the field of insurance limits our choice of topics; we mainly focus on topics closer to our main areas of research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Statistics, Volume 9 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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